International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A scaling method for predicting dynamic responses of reinforced concrete beams under blast loads","authors":"Sijia Liu,&nbsp;Li Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamic responses of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under blast loads exhibit significant scaling effects due to nonlinear mechanical characteristics such as strain rate sensitivity and plastic damage, making traditional elasticity-based scaling methods inadequate for reliable prototype prediction. To overcome this limitation, this study extends the equivalent static load-based scaling method, previously proposed by our group, to RC beams. The method introduces a dimensionless correction factor <em>K</em> to adjust model test results without requiring complex modifications to initial test conditions. A finite element model incorporating the coupled influence of strain rate and damage was developed to simulate the midspan displacement responses of RC beams under blast loading, serving for assessing the method's validity and predictive accuracy. The results confirm that the proposed approach effectively captures scaling effects and significantly enhances the accuracy of prototype response prediction. The error can be kept within 3.87% when predicting the dynamic response of the prototype under blast loads from the test data of the model RC beam for a small geometric scaling factor of 1/10. The analytical framework provides both theoretical guidance and practical reference for scaled model testing and the analysis of complex structural responses under severe dynamic loads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105611"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enclosed blast response of fibre-reinforced composite plates — with and without pre-damage","authors":"Helena Delmotte ,&nbsp;Stefan Clementz ,&nbsp;Stefan Hallström","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Composite structures have been increasingly used in military applications for their high specific strength and stiffness, combined with low thermal and electromagnetic signature properties. In such applications, resistance to blast is an important criterion, yet studies comparing different choices of material in the same experimental set-up are scarce. This comparative experimental and numerical study investigates the enclosed blast response of quasi-isotropic carbon and glass fibre composite plates. The study was performed on both undamaged and pre-damaged plates to examine the notch-sensitivity of the composite plates under blast loading. Pre-damages were done with two symmetrically located holes, drilled or shot with fragment simulating projectiles. Results were benchmarked against prior findings for thin steel plates under identical loading conditions. Experimentally, the carbon fibre composite plates exhibited the highest blast resistance (measured by mass of the explosive charge at failure), followed by equal-mass steel plates, and equal-mass glass fibre composite plates. Notably, pre-damage caused a more pronounced reduction in blast resistance for steel plates than for carbon and glass fibre composite plates. Interestingly, composite plates with pre-shot and pre-drilled holes displayed comparable blast performance, suggesting insignificant notch-type dependence. Finally, a finite element simulation model was built and verified with experimental data, showing good overall agreement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105583"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation and theoretical modelling of the penetration process of shape-stable rifle bullets into ballistic gelatine","authors":"Ji-Rui Wang,&nbsp;Kui Tang,&nbsp;Jin-Xiang Wang,&nbsp;Xu-Long Hao,&nbsp;Min-Hui Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ballistic gelatine is extensively employed as a soft tissue simulant in wound ballistics research. To investigate the penetration process of shape-stable rifle bullets into ballistic gelatine, an improved 3-DOF motion model describing the two directions translation and one direction rotation was established. Using high-fidelity Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations, validated against experimental data, the model effectively captured complex non-linear drag forces. A key finding indicates that due to the variant of the contact surface, the relationship between the translational drag coefficient and the yaw angle is intrinsically piecewise. Specifically, the Y-direction drag coefficient (<em>C</em>_dY)-yaw angle (<em>α</em>) relationship exhibits asymmetry at about 90°, and can be divided into three distinct stages: increasing, decreasing, and stable. Furthermore, the ratio of the X-direction drag force generated by the Y-direction drag force to the Y-direction drag force (<em>λ</em>_FY) can be divided into four linear stages, each of which passing through zero at 90° and 180°. Notably, the rotational drag coefficient does not need to be divided because the moment generated by the angular velocity is non-negligible. By comparing the 7.62 mm 57-N-231S bullet with its small-calibre variants, it was found that reducing the bullet length, calibre, or incorporating lighter materials promotes faster rotation, enhancing incapacitation performance through more efficient energy transfer and moving high-drag stages forward. This research provides valuable insights for optimising bullet design for enhanced wound ballistics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105594"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145555228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of the impact force generated by cylindrical ice water pellets","authors":"Jordan Berton ,&nbsp;Maurine Montagnat ,&nbsp;Pascal Forquin ,&nbsp;Fabien Souris","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the force-time response of cylindrical water ice specimens subjected to impact loadings. Spherical specimens are traditionally used to characterize the impact behavior of water ice. However, they cannot be used to study the geometric effects induced by a cylindrical shape. Impact tests were carried out on a Hopkinson bar at 30 m s⁻¹. These tests have demonstrated the importance of the impact angle in terms of both the increase in the load and the peak force at impact. Contrarily to what was observed for tensile spalling test, porosity has no noticeable impact on the maximum peak force measured here. The importance of the impact angle is illustrated by comparing the mechanical response of ice spheres with pellet cylinders for equivalent kinetic energies and temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105597"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145555230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Double-shock induced spall damage and recompression in tin: experimental and modeling insights into dynamic damage evolution","authors":"Fengchao Wu ,&nbsp;Xuhai Li ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Duan,&nbsp;Yufeng Wang,&nbsp;Yuanchao Gan,&nbsp;Yi Sun,&nbsp;Yuan Wang,&nbsp;Sen Chen,&nbsp;Huayun Geng,&nbsp;Yuying Yu,&nbsp;Jianbo Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the dynamic response of materials under complex loading profiles remains challenging in contemporary impact engineering. In this study, we designed layered impactors to generate controlled double shockwaves with tunable profiles (flat-top vs. triangular) and intervals (0.5–3.4 μs). Tin (Sn) samples exhibit two distinct shock breakouts in the free surface velocity profiles, where the inferred secondary spall strength exhibits a systematic reduction relative to primary events. The sequence of dynamic behaviors, including spall evolution and damage recompaction, consistent with the measured characteristics of free surface velocities, was revealed by hydrodynamic simulations effectively. Moreover, the second shock structure (steep vs. ramp increase) directly correlates with the loading history and the resulting first damage degree, which was confirmed by hydrodynamic simulations that incorporated with damage compaction model taking inertia and viscosity into account. These findings establish the shock profile, dual-shock interval, and resultant damage state as governing factors for spall evolution and recompression dynamics, providing a calibrated modeling framework that captures the strength degradation and complex wave-damage interactions observed in multi-shock loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105595"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145555229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taylor impact response of tungsten heavy alloy: Multi-scale experiments and modeling","authors":"Christian C. Roth ,&nbsp;Teresa Fras ,&nbsp;Dirk Mohr","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the impact response and fracture behavior of 8 mm diameter tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) rods using a combined experimental and numerical approach. To address the dimensional constraints of the raw material, characterization is performed at two scales: conventional axisymmetric specimens for large-scale tension and compression tests, and sub-8 mm flat miniature specimens to probe a wide range of stress states, from shear to biaxial tension. Quasi-static and dynamic tests reveal significant strain rate sensitivity and a pronounced strength differential effect, with compressive flow stress approximately 14% higher than in tension. Taylor impact experiments are conducted with WHA projectiles and tungsten-carbide targets at velocities up to 180 m/s. A Drucker-Prager plasticity model, combined with Swift-Voce hardening and a modified Johnson-Cook rate/temperature dependence, captures the observed plastic response. Fracture initiation is accurately described using a strain rate dependent Hosford-Coulomb model. The calibrated model successfully predicts the crack initiation under various stress states, including the loading histories during projectile impact. The results demonstrate a robust methodology for characterizing and modeling metallic projectiles, particularly when conventional testing is limited by specimen size.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105607"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peridynamic differential operator-based method for modeling high-velocity impact","authors":"Haocheng Chang ,&nbsp;Jiajun Zhang ,&nbsp;Baixue Ge ,&nbsp;Zichao Pan ,&nbsp;Airong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a peridynamic differential operator (PDDO)-based non-local particle framework for simulating high-velocity impact (HVI). The Navier–Stokes equations are reformulated into an integral form using PDDO, enabling stable discretization and a natural treatment of discontinuities. Two modeling strategies are considered: an equation of state (EOS) approach to capture fluidization, and a constitutive model to describe fracture and damage. Artificial viscosity and density diffusion are incorporated to enhance stability. A comparison is presented among smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), corrected-SPH (CSPH), non-ordinary state-based peridynamics (NOSBPD), and the proposed framework. The comparison focuses on the accuracy and computational complexity of their respective equations of motion. The framework is validated through several numerical examples. Results show that the EOS method effectively reproduces fluidization of solids under HVI, while the constitutive equation method better captures localized damage. Comparisons with experiments confirm strong agreement in deformation patterns and characteristic variables. The proposed method provides a robust and versatile tool for analyzing extreme impact scenarios relevant to protective structures and material design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105582"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-ideal penetration / perforation performance of tungsten fiber reinforced metallic glass matrix composite long rod","authors":"Jicheng Li ,&nbsp;Lang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianliang Chen ,&nbsp;Fengpeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Yongjun Deng ,&nbsp;Ke Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrated with related oblique penetration / perforation experiments, three-dimensional (3D) finite element simulations on the non-ideal penetration / perforation of tungsten fiber reinforced metallic glass matrix (WF/MG) composite long rods onto the steel target is conducted, and comparative analysis with the normal impact condition is also performed. Subsequently, the effects of various factors, including oblique angle, attack angle and impact velocity, etc., on the ‘self-sharpening’ behavior of composite rod and its corresponding ballistic performances are analyzed in detail. Related analysis shows that under oblique penetration / perforation conditions, due to the asymmetric force on the rod nose, the rod gradually sharpens into an asymmetric sharp shape, and deviation also occurs in the penetration trajectory, correspondingly the ‘self-sharpening’ behavior of composite rod is weakened, and its penetration capability is reduced. Under the impact conditions with an attack angle, the rod experiences a large lateral load, and it leads to bending deformation in the rod shank and yawing in the latter penetration stage, and deviation also occurs in the trajectory; besides, damage occurs in the internal matrix, and the overall structural integrity of long rod is weakened, thus its ‘self-sharpening’ behavior is gradually weakened. Additionally, the impact velocity significantly influences the ‘self-sharpening’ characteristics and the ballistic performance of the composite rod under the non-ideal impact conditions, and the weakness in the penetration capability of composite rod derived from the oblique angle and attack angle is much more remarkable when the impact velocity is low. When the oblique angle reaches 50°, the composite rod is unable to penetrate effectively into the target within the impact velocity range of 900 m/s, and rod skipping will occur if the oblique angle further increases. When the attack angle exceeds 2°, the composite rod is hard to maintain its structural integrity at all impact velocities and oblique angles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105609"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the blast resistance behavior of steel-UHPC composite bridge decks for long-span bridges under contact explosion","authors":"Yunyi Yang ,&nbsp;Xudong Shao ,&nbsp;Suiwen Wu ,&nbsp;Chaomin Mu ,&nbsp;Wei Fan ,&nbsp;Yaobei He ,&nbsp;Yang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fatigue issues in conventional orthotropic steel bridge decks (OSDs) have led to the development of novel steel-UHPC composite bridge decks (STCs) by the authors, which enhance deck stiffness and reduce fatigue stress. STC structures, with a reinforced UHPC layer, have been applied in over 200 bridges and may offer improved protection for girders under explosion. However, the blast-resistance behavior of STC deck structures has not been studied yet. In this study, to bridge this knowledge gap, a 1:2 scale experiment was conducted on the traditional OSD deck structures and the novel STC deck structures under contact explosion including 2 identical OSDs and 2 identical STCs. The two identical specimens in each type were tested under the explosive equivalents of 1.6 kg and 2.0 kg TNT, respectively. The blast-resistance performance of the OSD and STC structures was then investigated in terms of explosive damage modes, blast-resistant toughness, and dynamic behavior. The test results indicated that the STC bridge deck structure had higher blast-resistant toughness, a higher threshold of explosive equivalent for perforation of steel plate, and better damage control capability. In addition, the damage of UHPC material under blast impact manifested as pulverization, which significantly absorbed explosive energy. Besides, additional test data was collected from similar experiments, upon which the mechanism for enhancing the blast-resistance performance of STC structures was given to a certain extent based on the stress wave theory and certain assumptions. Meanwhile, the damage modes of traditional OSD structures and STC bridge decks under different explosion intensities were analyzed and obtained. Finally, under the same explosive equivalent, STC structures will have smaller displacement, acceleration and strain responses than OSD structures. Meanwhile, for all specimens, the displacement only had one single pulse with short duration. The pulse duration is much smaller in STC structures than in OSD structures due to the relatively higher stiffness of STC provided by the reinforced UHPC layers. The experimental results of this paper can provide valuable data to validate numerical models. These findings provide crucial insights for the design and optimization of bridge deck structures under contact explosion, which can contribute to enhancing the safety and durability of bridges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 105578"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Damage evolution mechanism in concrete components under contact explosion: A coupled macro-meso perspective","authors":"Yi Xiao ,&nbsp;Weiqing Zhu ,&nbsp;Tangjie Wang ,&nbsp;Timon Rabczuk","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops a novel coupled macro‑meso analytical framework that couples structural response with localized mesoscopic damage evolution, providing a unified approach to investigate the multiscale damage evolution mechanism within concrete components during contact explosion. Within this framework, the propagation of blast stress waves and the resulting internal stress distributions are analyzed at the macro scale; the transitions of local stress states and corresponding meso‑scale damage mechanisms are examined at the meso‑scale. The effects of aggregate density, shape, and distribution on the local damage characteristics of concrete are further examined. Results show that the stress gradient of concrete near the blast center and free surface is steep along the incident direction and shallow laterally, gradually decreasing towards the interior of the component. Depending on the stress state, five typical local failure modes of concrete are identified: progressive crushing, overall collapse, crack-induced damage, internal spalling, and surface spalling. Aggregate characteristics affect concrete damage differently under various damage modes, showing a significant influence in the crack-induced and spalling zones but only a limited effect in the progressive-crushing zone. This work provides a comprehensive multiscale understanding of internal damage mechanisms of concrete components under contact explosion, thereby contributing to the rational design of blast-resistant structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 105577"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}