International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Shock resistance of a bio-inspired double corrugated sandwich panel impacted by a graded cellular projectile","authors":"Xiaofei Yi ,&nbsp;Kefeng Peng ,&nbsp;Baixue Chang ,&nbsp;Yuanrui Zhang ,&nbsp;Jilin Yu ,&nbsp;Zhijun Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sandwich structures with a thin-walled core layer exhibit remarkable shock resistance, but most of them suffer from high initial peak stress, limiting their load mitigation ability. Inspired by the S-shaped corrugated wall of the cuttlefish bone and the herringbone corrugation of <span><math><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span> <span><math><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span> dactyl, a sandwich panel with a bio-inspired double corrugated (BDC) core is proposed to enhance the shock resistance. Impact simulations and experiments using graded cellular projectiles were conducted to analyze the effects of core layer configuration on the shock resistance performance of the sandwich panels and to validate the necessity of well-designed graded cellular projectiles in simulating blast loads. It is found that compared to hexagonal honeycomb and bio-inspired single corrugated sandwich panels of the same density, the BDC sandwich panels exhibit superior shock resistance performance, with a reduction of 97.9% and 40.7% in maximum transmission stress and maximum deformation, and an increase of 38.0% in crushing force efficiency. The maximum transmission stress of the BDC sandwich panel is mitigated by the herringbone corrugations, and higher plateau stress is achieved. The underlying mechanism is that herringbone corrugations change the deformation mode, causing less plastic deformation at impact onset to attenuate peak stress, and later generating more wrinkles to increase plateau stress. A stable plateau stress and deformation during impact are guaranteed by the non-hermetic corrugated walls because they permit air to escape, avoiding strain hardening. The present findings provide a new inspiration and method for novel protective structure design and testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105313"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on progressive damage evolution for low-velocity impact simulation of woven composites","authors":"Shunqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Dayou Ma ,&nbsp;Mohammad Rezasefat ,&nbsp;Sandro Campos Amico ,&nbsp;Andrea Manes","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research aims at comparing the capability of three damage models, the enhanced composite damage model (MAT055), the Pinho laminated fracture model (MAT261), and the composite softening deformation gradient decomposition (DGD) model (MAT299) for woven composite materials, in predicting damage from low-velocity impacts. The first of them considers the empirical damage evolution with residual strength softening factors, and the other two control the damage evolution with fracture mechanism. To assess their predictive capabilities regarding mechanical response and damage, low-velocity impact (LVI) response of aramid-fibre epoxy plain-woven composites at four energy levels, from 27.9 J to 109.5 J, was investigated. A finite element model with macro-homogeneous solid element formulation was developed, and a rigorous calibration of the various physical and non-physical parameters was conducted (for all material models). Low-velocity impact tests were performed to identify the different failure mechanisms, focusing on the penetration of the impactor into the woven composites. The MAT261 with linear damage evolution better fits the experimental data at high impact energy levels, where it demonstrates high accuracy on mechanical response and damage propagation area. However, it requires significantly longer computational time. Overall, this study provides an in-depth understanding of the limitations and advantages of those material models, providing insight into their suitability to simulate the impact behaviour of woven composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105316"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient temperature rise for the penetrating projectile and its effects on high-speed penetration process","authors":"Shuangyang Yu,&nbsp;Yong Peng,&nbsp;Qirui Zhang,&nbsp;Xiangyu Li,&nbsp;Rong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During penetration, high temperature on the projectile will occur, which may have significant influence on the penetration mechanism and the research is obviously insufficient. Aiming to study the temperature rise effect of the projectile during penetration, this paper firstly measured the transient temperature of a hemi-spherical nosed projectile after penetrating a 5 mm 6061 aluminum target. The experimental results show that the temperature of the projectile can reach 422∼550 °C when the initial velocities of the projectile are 575∼676 m/s. A theoretical model for predicting the transient temperature rise, which varies with time and location on projectile, was established by combining the motion and heat conduction. Both the predicted motion parameters and temperature rise of the projectile show good agreements with the experimental data. Based on the theoretical model, the influence factors of temperature rise in the process of rigid projectile penetration are discussed. Furthermore, the effect of penetration temperature rise on the high-speed penetration mode is clarified. If the strength is strong enough, high temperature rise only acts on a thin layer on the projectile's surface and causes abrasion or even erosion on the projectile, which is the only reason for the change of penetration mode in this situation. The research provides some help for the research of high and even ultra-high speed penetration from the thermodynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105317"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-velocity impact performances of CFRP laminates containing 3D microvascular channels","authors":"Ziqian An ,&nbsp;Xiaoquan Cheng ,&nbsp;Yihao Ma ,&nbsp;Dafang Zhao ,&nbsp;Xin Guo ,&nbsp;Yujia Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microvascular self-healing composites are suitable for repairing low-velocity impact (LVI) damage in the structures, and their original mechanical performances need in-depth study. In this paper, the LVI and compression after impact (CAI) performances of composite laminates containing 3D microvascular channels were investigated experimentally. Then the microvascular laminates models were established by equating the channels as regions with discounted material properties, which were calculated by representative volume element (RVE) models of the channels. The validated models were used to analyze the damage mechanism of the microvascular laminates and parameter influence of the channels. The results indicate that the microvascular channels had small influence on the impact performances of the laminates, only slightly changing the damage configuration. The microvascular channels would not rupture before the impact damage extends to their regions when the impactor did not impact the channels directly. The effects of the impact energy, channel distribution and spacing on the impact performance of the microvascular laminates were obtained. And the design criteria based on damage tolerance design specification for channel spacing were proposed. This study offers a reference and basis for the design of microvascular self-healing composite structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105308"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behaviour of two semi-crystalline polymers at a wide range of rates and temperatures","authors":"Einar Schwenke,&nbsp;David Morin,&nbsp;Arild Holm Clausen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymers exhibit a strong and complex strain rate and temperature dependent mechanical behaviour. In this paper, we study the response of two semi-crystalline polymers across a large range of strain rates <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2.5</mn><mspace></mspace></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mspace></mspace><mtext>to</mtext><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> and temperatures <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mo>−</mo><msup><mrow><mn>30</mn></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup><mrow><mi>C</mi><mspace></mspace><mtext>to</mtext><mspace></mspace></mrow><msup><mrow><mn>80</mn></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup><mi>C</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>. A pre-tensioned split-Hopkinson tension bar and an Instron universal test machine are used in conjunction with climate chambers to achieve the various test conditions, using cameras and digital image correlation to acquire the local deformation field of the test specimen. We find a complex increase in flow stress with higher strain rates and lower temperatures. The test data are then used to evaluate the required features of thermo-viscoplastic flow rules for polymers. To this purpose we evaluate the physically motivated Ree-Eyring model and the phenomenological Johnson-Cook model. It is demonstrated that only the former one is able to represent the behaviour of both materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105292"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of rate-dependent behaviors of 3d printed material under shear impact","authors":"Richard J. Nash,&nbsp;Yaning Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A thumbtack-shaped specimen is proposed to characterize mechanical properties of material under shearing loads via both static and dynamic compression experiments. The shear strain rate varies in a large range from ∼0.001–1 s^-1 to ∼1000 s^-1. The specimen consists of three parts: a hard phase thumbtack-shaped nail and hard phase base joined via a softer tubular layer. By compressing the top nail part, the softer tubular layer is under a simple shear stress state. Thus, we named the sample the “thumbtack” specimen, and the type of experimentation it undergoes, the “Nail-It” experiment for characterizing shear-rate dependency of the tubular layer material. Under overall static and dynamic compression with different loading rates, materials in the softer tubular layer can achieve both low and high shearing strain rates accordingly. An analytical solution is derived to quantify the shearing response of the layer under both static and dynamic loading. Thumbtack specimens are fabricated via multi-material polymer jetting. Design guidelines of thumbtack specimen are explored via experiments on the 3D printed specimens. A series of impact tests are performed via a drop tower to characterize the shear-rate dependent behavior of the 3D printed soft layer material. This type of experiment offers a cost-effective, controlled, and highly reproducible approach to characterizing the dynamic shear response of materials, particularly 3D-printed materials/structures, under impact loading, providing more reliable, application-specific, and scalable material characterization compared to existing methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105314"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation on scattering evaluation behavior of forward ejecta and debris clouds from aluminum and magnesium alloy plates","authors":"Motoki Kawase ,&nbsp;Borja Valverde-Marcos ,&nbsp;Marcos Rodriguez-Millan ,&nbsp;Masahiro Nishida","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the dispersion behavior of forward ejecta and debris clouds produced by hypervelocity impacts on aluminum alloy AA6061-T6 and magnesium alloy AZ31B-H24 plates through experiments and simulations. Whipple shields, used in space structures to protect against microdebris, have inspired the testing of aluminum-magnesium clad materials by our group to enhance impact resistance. To gather essential data on the protective performance of these materials, impact tests were conducted at 2, 6, and 7 km/s using AA2017-T4 sphere projectiles. Simulations applied the Johnson–Cook model, Mie–Grüneisen equation of state, and FEM-SPH methods to model large deformations. Results indicate that forward ejecta primarily consists of fragments from the target material, with its dispersion influenced by initial deformation patterns. The mass of forward ejecta increases with impact velocity, while high-energy absorption results in larger perforations and narrower, slower debris clouds. While AZ31B-H24 disperses debris more effectively, AA6061-T6 shows better post-impact protection by reducing projectile kinetic energy. Optical measurements of pressurized walls provided insights into the link between debris cloud dispersion and alloy protective performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105298"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic response and damage mechanism of RC beam-column sub-assemblage under middle-joint drop-weight loading with different impact velocities","authors":"Haokun Liu ,&nbsp;Zhong-Xian Li ,&nbsp;Yanchao Shi ,&nbsp;J.Y. Richard Liew","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When a frame structure experiences a close-field explosion, an instantaneous tensile force may arise in the column due to significant lateral deformation. This force acts downward on the beam-column joint, generating an impact action in the affected span. Against this backdrop, this paper investigated the dynamic response and damage mechanism of an RC beam-column sub-assemblage subjected to middle-joint drop-weight loading with varying impact velocities. Firstly, a drop hammer was utilized to apply the impact load on the middle joint of the sub-assemblage with two distinct impact velocities, determined based on the equivalence of the impact force and axial tensile force induced by the blast scenarios. Then numerical model was established and validated through the test, followed by parametric studies covering a wider range of impact velocities. The study thoroughly examined the effect of impact velocity on the damage mode and internal force distribution of the beam of the sub-assemblage, elucidating the damage mechanism. It was found that in the dynamic response process, the beam got through a local response and global response in successive. There existed a critical velocity distinguishing two different damage mechanisms of the sub-assemblage. When the impact velocity was lower than the critical velocity, a flexure deformation appeared in the beam, resulting to a reverse arch action at local response stage. Compressive arch action and tensile catenary action emerged in success at global response stage. When it was higher than the critical velocity, a shear damage occurred at the beam end near middle joint at local response stage, followed by tensile catenary action at global response stage. An equivalent single degree of freedom (SDOF) model was employed to predict the peak middle joint displacement (MJD) of the sub-assemblage under different impact velocities. Two equivalent stiffness models were proposed respectively for the velocity lower and higher than the critical velocity. The prediction results were verified against the numerical model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105299"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ballistic impact behavior of commercially pure titanium with gradient nanostructure against projectiles with different nose shapes","authors":"Yansong Guo ,&nbsp;Yanxin Ge ,&nbsp;Lisha Deng ,&nbsp;Chenguang Wang ,&nbsp;Changqing Zhou ,&nbsp;Tianze Gao ,&nbsp;Ivan A. Bataev ,&nbsp;Hang Fan ,&nbsp;Qiang Zhou ,&nbsp;Pengwan Chen ,&nbsp;Bin Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the continuous development of lightweight armor, there is an increasing demand for titanium and its alloys with enhanced mechanical properties and ballistic performance. The introducing of gradient nanostructure (GNS) offers a promising approach to enhance comprehensive mechanical properties and ballistic performance of titanium and its alloys. In the present research, GNS commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) was prepared using explosion hardening (EH) technique. Both experimental tests and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate ballistic performance of GNS CP Ti. Projectiles with different head shapes were used to perforate GNS CP Ti targets at different velocities, and ballistic curves were fitted. The microstructure of the projectile holes in the recovered targets was characterized by optical microscopy to analyze the failure modes. The experiment results show that the introducing of GNS effectively increases the ballistic limit velocity of CP Ti. After the introducing of GNS, the ballistic limit velocity of CP Ti increased by 5.8 %, 7.5 %, and 12 % under impact against ogival-nosed, hemisphere-nosed, and blunt-nosed projectiles, respectively. Microstructural analysis of the projectile holes indicates that the deformation of targets against blunt-nosed projectile is less than that against ogival-nosed projectile. Targets against ogival-nosed projectile absorbs more energy, resulting in a higher ballistic limit velocity than that against blunt-nosed projectile. A finite element model of GNS CP Ti was established using a layered modeling approach, and the simulation results were in good agreement with experimental findings. The enhanced mechanisms of ballistic performance of GNS CP Ti were revealed through both experiments and simulations. The target of GNS CP Ti can absorb more energy than untreated CP Ti under penetration. The GNS produced by EH treatment can not only improve the shear resistance of the target plate, but also redistribute the stress distribution in the target plate. Therefore, the GNS CP Ti target plate under blunt nosed shaped projectile has the strongest enhancement effect of ballistic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105295"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic mixed mode I–II fracture of notched Brazilian discs fabricated by additive manufacturing","authors":"Mohammad Reza Khosravani ,&nbsp;Silu Zhang ,&nbsp;Tamara Reinicke ,&nbsp;Kerstin Weinberg","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considering applications of Additive Manufacturing (AM, i.e., 3D printing) in manufacturing of end-use products, the ability of 3D-printed components to withstand mechanical stress has grown in importance. In this respect, Notched Brazilian Disc (NBD) specimens are designed and fabricated based on the vat photopolymerization technique. In a series of experiments, we examined the NBD specimens under static and dynamic loading regimes. Particularly, we used the conventional Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) includes aluminium incident and transmission bars which generates a strain rate of 25<!--> <!-->s⁻¹. Notably, mixed mode I–II fracture is studied by diametrically loaded specimens with varying notch inclination angle values (0° to 90° with a 15° increment). In the experimental tests, a high speed camera is utilized as non-contact optical method to document the process from initial impact till the specimen failure. Parallel to the experiments, finite element models are developed to determine the dynamic mechanical response of the notched discs. The experimental findings and numerical outcomes have been compared, and the convergence investigated. In addition, a 3D laser microscope and a free-angle observation system have been used to study failure patterns and crack propagation paths in the specimens with initial notch. The documented findings can be used for new designs of 3D-printed parts with customized mechanical behavior and enhanced structural performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105290"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}