Journal of Complexity最新文献

{"title":"Homogeneous algorithms and solvable problems on cones","authors":"David Krieg ,&nbsp;Peter Kritzer","doi":"10.1016/j.jco.2024.101840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jco.2024.101840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We consider linear problems in the worst-case setting. That is, given a linear operator and a pool of admissible linear measurements, we want to approximate the operator uniformly on a convex and balanced set by means of algorithms using at most <em>n</em> such measurements. It is known that, in general, linear algorithms do not yield an optimal approximation. However, as we show here, an optimal approximation can always be obtained with a homogeneous algorithm. This is of interest for two reasons. First, the homogeneity allows us to extend any error bound on the unit ball to the full input space. Second, homogeneous algorithms are better suited to tackle problems on cones, a scenario far less understood than the classical situation of balls. We use the optimality of homogeneous algorithms to prove solvability for a family of problems defined on cones. We illustrate our results by several examples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50227,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Complexity","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101840"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0885064X24000177/pdfft?md5=a93de3c8d5e250c4bbebc0c932ec7f46&pid=1-s2.0-S0885064X24000177-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140180611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radius of information for two intersected centered hyperellipsoids and implications in optimal recovery from inaccurate data","authors":"Simon Foucart ,&nbsp;Chunyang Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.jco.2024.101841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jco.2024.101841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For objects belonging to a known model set and observed through a prescribed linear process, we aim at determining methods to recover linear quantities of these objects that are optimal from a worst-case perspective. Working in a Hilbert setting, we show that, if the model set is the intersection of two hyperellipsoids centered at the origin, then there is an optimal recovery method which is linear. It is specifically given by a constrained regularization procedure whose parameters can be precomputed by semidefinite programming. This general framework can be applied to several scenarios, including the two-space problem and problems involving <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ℓ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-inaccurate data. It can also be applied to the problem of recovery from <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ℓ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-inaccurate data. For the latter, we reach the conclusion of existence of an optimal recovery method which is linear, again given by constrained regularization, under a computationally verifiable sufficient condition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50227,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Complexity","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101841"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140123263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A space-time adaptive low-rank method for high-dimensional parabolic partial differential equations","authors":"Markus Bachmayr,&nbsp;Manfred Faldum","doi":"10.1016/j.jco.2024.101839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jco.2024.101839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An adaptive method for parabolic partial differential equations that combines sparse wavelet expansions in time with adaptive low-rank approximations in the spatial variables is constructed and analyzed. The method is shown to converge and satisfy similar complexity bounds as existing adaptive low-rank methods for elliptic problems, establishing its suitability for parabolic problems on high-dimensional spatial domains. The construction also yields computable rigorous a posteriori error bounds for such problems. The results are illustrated by numerical experiments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50227,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Complexity","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101839"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0885064X24000165/pdfft?md5=4d8d034eef881c11a8710e5ae9111cdb&pid=1-s2.0-S0885064X24000165-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139737552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymptotic analysis in multivariate worst case approximation with Gaussian kernels","authors":"A.A. Khartov ,&nbsp;I.A. Limar","doi":"10.1016/j.jco.2024.101838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jco.2024.101838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We consider a problem of approximation of <em>d</em>-variate functions defined on <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msup></math></span> which belong to the Hilbert space with tensor product-type reproducing Gaussian kernel with constant shape parameter. Within worst case setting, we investigate the growth of the information complexity as <span><math><mi>d</mi><mo>→</mo><mo>∞</mo></math></span>. The asymptotics are obtained for the case of fixed error threshold and for the case when it goes to zero as <span><math><mi>d</mi><mo>→</mo><mo>∞</mo></math></span>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50227,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Complexity","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101838"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139714084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thomas Jahn, Tino Ullrich and Felix Voigtlaender are the Winners of the 2023 Best Paper Award of the Journal of Complexity","authors":"Erich Novak","doi":"10.1016/j.jco.2024.101834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jco.2024.101834","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50227,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Complexity","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101834"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0885064X24000116/pdfft?md5=1582996b1025acb2a96c8e9b4945e0ef&pid=1-s2.0-S0885064X24000116-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139647728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tamed-adaptive Euler-Maruyama approximation for SDEs with superlinearly growing and piecewise continuous drift, superlinearly growing and locally Hölder continuous diffusion","authors":"Minh-Thang Do ,&nbsp;Hoang-Long Ngo ,&nbsp;Nhat-An Pho","doi":"10.1016/j.jco.2024.101833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jco.2024.101833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>In this paper, we consider stochastic differential equations<span> whose drift coefficient is superlinearly growing and piecewise continuous, and whose diffusion coefficient is superlinearly growing and locally Hölder continuous. We first prove the existence and uniqueness of solution to such stochastic differential equations and then propose a tamed-adaptive Euler-Maruyama approximation scheme. We study the rate of convergence in </span></span><span><math><msup><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span><span>-norm of the scheme in both finite and infinite time intervals.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50227,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Complexity","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101833"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139508603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online regularized learning algorithm for functional data","authors":"Yuan Mao,&nbsp;Zheng-Chu Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.jco.2024.101825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jco.2024.101825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, functional linear models have attracted growing attention in statistics<span> and machine learning for recovering the slope function or its functional predictor. This paper considers online regularized learning algorithm for functional linear models in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space<span>. It provides convergence analysis of excess prediction error and estimation error with polynomially decaying step-size and constant step-size, respectively. Fast convergence rates can be derived via a capacity dependent analysis. Introducing an explicit regularization term extends the saturation boundary of unregularized online learning algorithms with polynomially decaying step-size and achieves fast convergence rates of estimation error without capacity assumption. In contrast, the latter remains an open problem for the unregularized online learning algorithm with decaying step-size. This paper also demonstrates competitive convergence rates of both prediction error and estimation error with constant step-size compared to existing literature.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50227,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Complexity","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101825"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139411895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On a class of linear regression methods","authors":"Ying-Ao Wang ,&nbsp;Qin Huang ,&nbsp;Zhigang Yao ,&nbsp;Ye Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jco.2024.101826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jco.2024.101826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, a unified study is presented for the design and analysis of a broad class of linear regression methods. The proposed general framework includes the conventional linear regression methods (such as the least squares regression and the Ridge regression) and some new regression methods (e.g. the Landweber regression and Showalter regression), which have recently been introduced in the fields of optimization and inverse problems. The strong consistency, the reduced mean squared error, the asymptotic Gaussian property, and the best worst case error of this class of linear regression methods are investigated. Various numerical experiments are performed to demonstrate the consistency and efficiency of the proposed class of methods for linear regression.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50227,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Complexity","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101826"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139411985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear Tikhonov regularization in Hilbert scales for inverse learning","authors":"Abhishake Rastogi","doi":"10.1016/j.jco.2024.101824","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jco.2024.101824","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we study Tikhonov regularization scheme in Hilbert scales for a nonlinear statistical inverse problem with general noise. The regularizing norm in this scheme is stronger than the norm in the Hilbert space. We focus on developing a theoretical analysis for this scheme based on conditional stability estimates. We utilize the concept of the distance function to establish high probability estimates of the direct and reconstruction errors in the Reproducing Kernel Hilbert space setting. Furthermore, explicit rates of convergence in terms of sample size are established for the oversmoothing case and the regular case over the regularity class defined through an appropriate source condition. Our results improve upon and generalize previous results obtained in related settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50227,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Complexity","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101824"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0885064X24000013/pdfft?md5=1a65eb323b09b712bcf07de5eb47b8eb&pid=1-s2.0-S0885064X24000013-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139375520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Randomized complexity of parametric integration and the role of adaption II. Sobolev spaces","authors":"Stefan Heinrich","doi":"10.1016/j.jco.2023.101823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jco.2023.101823","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;We study the complexity of randomized computation of integrals depending on a parameter, with integrands&lt;span&gt; from Sobolev spaces. That is, for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∈&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≤&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≤&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∞&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;[&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;]&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;[&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;]&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; we are given &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∈&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and we seek to approximate&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munder&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∫&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/munder&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∈&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; with error measured in the &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-norm. Information is standard, that is, function values of &lt;em&gt;f&lt;/em&gt;. Our results extend previous work of Heinrich and Sindambiwe (1999) &lt;span&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt; for &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∞&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and Wiegand (2006) &lt;span&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt; for &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≤&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&lt;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∞&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Wiegand's analysis was carried out under the assumption that &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; is continuously embedded in &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; (embedding condition). We also study the case that the embedding condition does not hold. For this purpose a new ingredient is developed – a stochastic discretization","PeriodicalId":50227,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Complexity","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101823"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139094532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}