Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition最新文献

Phrase frequency does not modulate transposed-word effects in the visual and auditory modalities.

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001436

Sophie Dufour, Jonathan Mirault, Jonathan Grainger

{"title":"Phrase frequency does not modulate transposed-word effects in the visual and auditory modalities.","authors":"Sophie Dufour, Jonathan Mirault, Jonathan Grainger","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001436","url":null,"abstract":"We provide a further examination of the influence of top-down sentence-level constraints on the transposed-word effect by manipulating a factor-phrase frequency-that directly implicates sentence-level representations. The focus was on ungrammatical transposed-word sequences, and under the assumption that top-down influences would play a role in driving transposed-word effects, we predicted that ungrammatical decisions would be harder (longer reaction times and higher error rates) when the ungrammatical transposed-word sequences were derived from high-frequency compared with low-frequency phrases. Five experiments were conducted in which participants performed a speeded grammatical decision task. The results are clear-cut. Although phrase frequency did influence grammatical decisions to grammatically correct phrases, with shorter reaction times and lower error rates for high-frequency phrases relative to low-frequency phrases (Experiment 4), ungrammatical decisions were not influenced by the frequency of the base sentences from which the transposed-word sequences were formed, neither in the auditory (Experiments 1 and 2) nor in the visual modality (Experiment 3). In Experiment 5, we show that a transposed-word effect is observed when comparing the transposed-word sequences of Experiment 3 with nontransposed control sequences. We conclude that frequency-sensitive sentence-level constraints, as measured as the frequency of occurrence of a sequence of words in corpora of spoken and written language, do not modulate transposed-word effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143544114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Changes in learning strategies contribute to negative reactivity of immediate judgments of learning.

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001475

Franziska Ingendahl, Monika Undorf

{"title":"Changes in learning strategies contribute to negative reactivity of immediate judgments of learning.","authors":"Franziska Ingendahl, Monika Undorf","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001475","url":null,"abstract":"There is evidence that asking people to predict their own memory performance during learning (immediate judgments of learning, JOLs) can alter memory. Changes in the use of learning strategies have been proposed to contribute to these reactive effects of JOLs. This study addresses the impact of making JOLs on the use of learning strategies and the contribution of learning strategies to JOL reactivity. Across six experiments, participants studied related and unrelated word pairs and did or did not make JOLs during study, completed a cued-recall test, and reported the learning strategies they had used for each word pair. When we manipulated the requirement to make JOLs between participants, making JOLs enhanced memory for related pairs and impaired memory for unrelated pairs. Further, the learning strategies participants used differed across the JOL and no-JOL groups, and these differences mediated the detrimental effects of making JOLs on memory for unrelated pairs. In contrast, when we manipulated the requirement to make JOLs within participants, making JOLs enhanced recall performance for related pairs but did not impact recall for unrelated pairs or the use of learning strategies. Overall, our findings indicate that changes in the use of learning strategies underlie detrimental effects of making JOL on memory for unrelated pairs but only play a minor role in positive effects of making JOLs for related word pairs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143544111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Control of stimulus set and response set in task switching.

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001459

James A Grange

{"title":"Control of stimulus set and response set in task switching.","authors":"James A Grange","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001459","url":null,"abstract":"Successful goal-directed behavior requires not only selecting the correct response to an object in our environment but also requires selecting the correct object in our environment upon which to act. While most task-switching studies investigate the selection and maintenance of mental representations of response options (so-called response sets), they often do not investigate the selection and maintenance of mental representations of object selection (so-called stimulus sets). In the present study, participants were exposed to a taskswitching paradigm with multiple stimuli in which the relevant stimulus set (i.e., which object to respond to) and response set (i.e., how to respond to that object) independently either repeated or switched on each trial. Of interest was the nature of the task set representation required, and whether response set and stimulus set could be updated independently. Guided by predictions from a computational model of dual-task control (executive control of the theory of visual attention; Logan & Gordon, 2001), seven experiments were conducted that evaluated the independence of task-set components. All experiments confirmed executive control of the theory of visual attention's predictions of an underadditive interaction between response-set and stimulus-set sequence-diagnostic of independent and parallel reconfiguration of components. However, limitations to this independent updating were observed when participants were encouraged to selectively prioritize response-set or stimulus-set reconfiguration via component-specific preparation manipulations. The results are discussed in terms of various hypotheses on the structure of task-set representation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143525033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cognate facilitation in different-script trilinguals as a function of task demands.

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001442

Mariana Elias, Janet G van Hell, Anat Prior, Tamar Degani

引用次数: 0

Do models for paired-word recognition capture manipulations in the way they are meant to do? A model validation study.

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001463

Anne Voormann, Mikhail S Spektor, Karl Christoph Klauer

{"title":"Do models for paired-word recognition capture manipulations in the way they are meant to do? A model validation study.","authors":"Anne Voormann, Mikhail S Spektor, Karl Christoph Klauer","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001463","url":null,"abstract":"How do people recognize objects they have encountered previously? Cognitive models of recognition memory aim to explain overt behavior using latent psychological processes, such as true recognition and pure guessing. Validation studies assess whether the mechanisms underlying cognitive models properly reflect the psychological processes they aim to explain. The present study provides such a validation study for models describing paired-word recognition-a paradigm in which participants have to categorize randomly constructed word pairs. Specifically, introducing a strength manipulation (Experiment 1), presenting certain words more often during study, a base-rate manipulation of response categories (Experiment 2), presenting certain pair types more often during test, a base-rate manipulation of overall frequencies of old and new words (Experiment 3), and a payoff manipulation, differentially incentivizing correct responses (Experiment 4), we assessed the validity of general recognition theory, a multidimensional signal detection theory model, and the paired two-high threshold model, a discrete-state model. Both models captured the strength manipulation as expected on mnemonic parameters describing memory sensitivity and detection probability. Unexpectedly, the base-rate and payoff manipulations affected (strategic) memory retrieval within the discrete-state model (Experiments 2-4) and both strategic retrieval (Experiment 2) and decision boundaries (Experiments 3 and 4) within the continuous model. Implications for model validity and the future use of these models for paired-word recognition are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Less is more: Local focus in continuous time causal learning. 少即是多：连续时间因果学习中的局部聚焦

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001451

Victor Btesh, Neil R Bramley, Maarten Speekenbrink, David A Lagnado

{"title":"Less is more: Local focus in continuous time causal learning.","authors":"Victor Btesh, Neil R Bramley, Maarten Speekenbrink, David A Lagnado","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001451","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigated human causal learning in a continuous time and space setting. We find participants to be capable active causal structure learners, and with the help of computational modeling explore how they mitigate the complexity of continuous dynamics data to achieve this. We propose that participants combine systematic interventions with a narrowed focus on causal dynamics that occur during and directly downstream of their interventions. This task decomposition approach achieves comparable accuracy to attending to all the dynamics, while discarding almost half of the data. We argue this strategy makes sense from a resource rationality perspective: Ignoring dynamics outside of interventions saves computational cost while the interventions naturally decompose the global learning problem into a series of more manageable subproblems. We also find that when the causal relata are given real-world labels, participants will use their domain-specific priors to guide their structure inferences. In particular, individuals with accurate prior expectations were less likely to make the common local computations error of mistaking an indirect for a direct relationship. Overall, our experiments reinforce the idea that humans are frugal and intuitive active learners who combine actions and inference to optimize learning while minimizing effort. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

True colors SNARC: Semantic number processing is highly automatic.

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001431

Lilly Roth, John Caffier, Ulf-Dietrich Reips, Krzysztof Cipora, Lydia Braun, Hans-Christoph Nuerk

{"title":"True colors SNARC: Semantic number processing is highly automatic.","authors":"Lilly Roth, John Caffier, Ulf-Dietrich Reips, Krzysztof Cipora, Lydia Braun, Hans-Christoph Nuerk","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001431","url":null,"abstract":"Numbers are highly relevant in our everyday lives. Besides intentionally processing number magnitude when necessary, we often automatically process it even when not required. The SNARC (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes; Dehaene et al., 1993) effect, describing faster left-/right-sided responses to smaller/larger numbers, respectively, provides evidence for this automaticity. It arises in semantic number-processing tasks both, when number magnitude is task-relevant (e.g., magnitude classification) and task-irrelevant (e.g., parity judgment). However, findings on the SNARC effect in tasks requiring the processing of nonsemantic number features are mixed: While it has been observed in orientation judgment tasks, it was mostly absent in color judgment tasks. Importantly, previous studies were underpowered or did not control for confounding variables. In two highly powered online experiments, we found a small but significant SNARC effect in both nominal color judgment (cyan vs. yellow; slope = -1.71 ms) and color intensity judgment (light cyan vs. dark cyan; slope = -1.13 ms) of Arabic digits from 1 to 9 excluding 5, which did not significantly differ in size. Further, we found little evidence for the Linguistic Markedness of Response Codes (i.e., faster left-/right-sided responses to odd/even numbers, respectively; Nuerk et al., 2004) effect. Moreover, the odd effect (i.e., faster responses to even than to odd numbers; Hines, 1990) was detected. Taken together, both magnitude and parity are processed automatically even if participants respond to physical nonsemantic and nonspatial number features, but the spatial mapping seems more automatic for magnitude than for parity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143469834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstracting time in memory.

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001449

Sophie K Herbst, Izem Mangione, Tadeusz W Kononowicz, Yunyun Shen, Virginie van Wassenhove

{"title":"Abstracting time in memory.","authors":"Sophie K Herbst, Izem Mangione, Tadeusz W Kononowicz, Yunyun Shen, Virginie van Wassenhove","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001449","url":null,"abstract":"Planning the future relies on the ability to remember how long events last, yet how durations are stored in memory is unknown. Here, we developed a novel n-item delayed duration reproduction task to assess whether elapsed time is stored as a continuous feature or as a discrete item in memory. In three experiments (N = 58), participants were presented with nonisochronous sequences composed of empty time intervals delimited by brief tones. Time intervals varied in number and in duration. Participants had to reproduce as precisely as possible the duration of all time intervals in the sequence following a delay period. We manipulated the number of time intervals (n-item) and the sequence duration to separate their effects on recall precision. In all three experiments, the precision of recall decreased with the number of items in the sequence, showing that durations can be stored as discrete items in working memory. Our analyses emphasize the distinction between reproduction biases that are captured by relative reproduction and decreased precision which indexes working memory load. Future research is needed to spell out the conditions under which durations are fully abstracted in working memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143469832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pupil dilation accompanying successful recognition is linearly related to memory precision.

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001467

Ádám Albi, Péter Pajkossy

{"title":"Pupil dilation accompanying successful recognition is linearly related to memory precision.","authors":"Ádám Albi, Péter Pajkossy","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001467","url":null,"abstract":"In a recognition memory task, correct \"old\" responses to previously studied target items (hits) trigger larger pupil dilation (PD) than correct \"new\" responses to previously not presented foil items (correct rejections). This pupil old/new effect reflects the specific processes involved in recognition decisions, with dilation being larger when decisions are based on recollection of contextual details rather than mere familiarity. However, previous research has been limited in determining the exact link between PD and recognition processes due to the categorical nature of tasks used to assess recollection/familiarity. To investigate this issue, we examined whether the precision of the recollected memory representation is related to PD during successful recognition. During encoding, target words were presented on the outline of an invisible circle, and during a subsequent recognition task, participants made old/new decisions. For \"old\" responses, participants had to indicate the exact location of the target on the outline of the invisible circle. We found that larger PD during the old/new decision was related to more precise subsequent localization decision. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that PD and memory precision are linearly related, and even hits followed by unprecise source localization trigger larger PD than correct rejections. Thus, increased PD is present for all recognition decisions, but its magnitude increases with increasing precision of source recollection. This pattern of results suggests that the pupil old/new effect might originate from two distinct components: The first is related to the mere recognition of a word, whereas the second reflects the quality of recollected source information. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143442650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating the effects of semantic radical consistency in chinese character naming with a corpus-based measure.

IF 2.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001425

Chia-Fang Cheng, Ya-Ning Chang

{"title":"Investigating the effects of semantic radical consistency in chinese character naming with a corpus-based measure.","authors":"Chia-Fang Cheng, Ya-Ning Chang","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001425","url":null,"abstract":"Semantic transparency refers to the degree to which the meaning of the whole word can be inferred from its constituents. For Chinese, semantic radicals generally carry information about the meanings of Chinese characters and, thus, can be used to reflect semantic transparency of Chinese characters. For those Chinese characters having the same semantic radicals (i.e., neighboring characters), their meanings are assumed to be semantically related to each other. However, to what extent those neighboring characters are close in their meanings remains unclear. A conventional crowdsource approach could provide a coarse measure of semantic relationships between semantic neighbors. However, those approaches are generally limited to a small sample size of characters. Here, we proposed a corpus-based measure of semantic transparency, termed semantic radical consistency (SRC). Specifically, we utilized the Word2Vec models to construct a Chinese semantic space and quantified the SRC for 3,423 characters. To evaluate the SRC, we first conducted linear mixed-effect modeling analyses to verify the explanatory power of SRC on a large-scale Chinese character naming reaction times. Second, we investigated the SRC effect by conducting a word naming task based on traditional factorial designs. Both the linear mixed-effect modeling and factorial naming results demonstrated that SRC was a unique and reliable variable to account for the variance in traditional Chinese character naming reaction times. The results indicated this innovative, corpus-derived SRC was able to effectively reflect the semantic transparency level by measuring semantic distances among characters in the same semantic radical category. Further investigations on the interaction between SRC and phonetic radical consistency demonstrated the cooperative nature between phonological and semantic reading pathways. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143442648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0