Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition最新文献

Cognitive control is task specific: Further evidence against the idea of domain-general conflict adaptation. 认知控制是特定任务：进一步的证据反对领域一般冲突适应的想法。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001480

Daxun Zhu, Xiangpeng Wang, Enwei Zhao, Nazbanou Nozari, Wim Notebaert, Senne Braem

{"title":"Cognitive control is task specific: Further evidence against the idea of domain-general conflict adaptation.","authors":"Daxun Zhu, Xiangpeng Wang, Enwei Zhao, Nazbanou Nozari, Wim Notebaert, Senne Braem","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001480","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001480","url":null,"abstract":"Adaptive control refers to flexible adjustments in control settings in response to conflicting situations. There has been a long-standing debate as to whether this adaptation relies on a domain-general or domain-specific process. Recent models predict a U-shaped relation where only highly similar or highly dissimilar tasks show adaptation across tasks, because only those tasks can be represented or activated in parallel. While there has been an abundance of evidence for adaptation within and across highly similar tasks, only some recent studies have reported adaptation across highly dissimilar tasks, with some failures to replicate. In order to further investigate this, we interleaved two very different conflict tasks, a manual multisource interference task and a vocal picture-word interference task. We ran this experiment in Dutch (Experiment 1) and Mandarin (Experiment 2). Across the two experiments, results show no cross-task conflict adaptation. These results do not fit with the suggestion of domain-general adaptive processes nor with the hypothesis of a U-shaped model. Instead, our results are most compatible with a task-specific view on the mechanisms behind adaptive control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1703-1715"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Great expectations: Print exposure predicts resolution of quantifier scope ambiguity. 大期望：印刷曝光预测量词范围歧义的解决。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001479

September Hope Cowley, Lucy Pearson, David Barner

{"title":"Great expectations: Print exposure predicts resolution of quantifier scope ambiguity.","authors":"September Hope Cowley, Lucy Pearson, David Barner","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001479","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001479","url":null,"abstract":"It is well established that in sentences exhibiting quantifier scope ambiguity such as \"a hiker climbed every hill,\" the surface scope interpretation (where a single hiker climbed all relevant hills) is preferred over the inverse scope interpretation (where multiple hikers each climbed potentially different hills). However, less is known about how individual differences modulate these preferences. In this study, we asked how language experience, as measured by print exposure, affects acceptability judgments and reaction times for surface versus inverse interpretations of sentences with quantifier scope ambiguity. We found that print exposure predicts both of these measures: participants with higher scores on measures of print exposure gave ambiguous sentences lower ratings than participants with lower levels of print exposure and had significantly longer reaction times for inverse scope items in particular than participants with lower levels of print exposure. We conclude that high print exposure may strengthen expectations for the dominant surface scope interpretation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1837-1850"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Planning units in Chinese handwriting: Comparing the role of radicals and logographemes. 汉语手写体中的规划单元：基字与义字的作用比较。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001458

Jie Wang, Leqi Cheng, Ya-Ning Chang, Urs Maurer, Suiping Wang, Hsuan-Chih Chen

{"title":"Planning units in Chinese handwriting: Comparing the role of radicals and logographemes.","authors":"Jie Wang, Leqi Cheng, Ya-Ning Chang, Urs Maurer, Suiping Wang, Hsuan-Chih Chen","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001458","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001458","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigated the word-form encoding process of handwriting in a nonalphabetic writing system, Chinese. The form-preparation paradigm (Experiment 1) and the picture-word interference paradigm (Experiment 2) were adopted to examine the facilitation effects of radical or logographeme overlap in Chinese handwritten production. Three different groups of Chinese writers were involved: Mainland Chinese participants who mainly used phonology-based Chinese input methods (Pinyin) for typewriting and the simplified Chinese script, Hong Kong participants who mainly used orthography-based input methods (e.g., Sucheng, Cangjie) and the traditional script, and Taiwanese participants who mainly used phonology-based input methods (Zhuyin) and the traditional script. The radical effects were consistently observed in the two paradigms across groups, indicating a prominent role of radicals in planning Chinese handwritten production. The Hong Kong participants showed a significantly larger radical effect than the Taiwanese participants, suggesting an influence of typewriting experience on the salience of radicals during Chinese handwriting. On the other hand, the logographeme effects were significant in the Mainland participants only and significantly smaller than the radical effects in the form-preparation paradigm and at 0-ms stimulus onset asynchrony in the picture-word interference paradigm. No significant difference was found between the radical and logographeme effects at -100- and 100-ms stimulus onset asynchrony, suggesting that the time courses of radical processing and logographeme processing are similar despite the lower salience of logographemes in planning Chinese handwritten production. Overall, these findings suggest that radicals and (nonradical) logographemes are processed at the same level of word-form encoding during Chinese handwritten production, but with different saliences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1821-1836"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143415931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High coherence among training exemplars promotes broad generalization of face families. 训练样本之间的高度一致性促进了人脸家族的广泛泛化。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001478

Caitlin R Bowman, Dagmar Zeithamova

{"title":"High coherence among training exemplars promotes broad generalization of face families.","authors":"Caitlin R Bowman, Dagmar Zeithamova","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001478","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001478","url":null,"abstract":"How do we tailor learning experiences to promote the formation and generalization of conceptual knowledge? Exposing learners to a highly variable set of examples has been postulated to benefit generalization, but evidence is conflicting. In the present study, we manipulated training set variability in terms of both the typicality of training examples (high vs. low coherence) and the number of unique examples (small vs. large set size) while controlling the total number of training trials. The face family category structure was designed to allow participants to learn by picking up on shared features across category members and/or by attending to unique features of individual category members. We found relatively little effect of set size but a clear benefit of high-coherence (lower variability) training both in terms of category learning and generalization. Moreover, high-coherence training biased participants to make judgments based on shared features in both categorization and recognition. Using an exploratory model fitting procedure, we tested the hypothesis that high-coherence training facilitates prototype abstraction. Instead, we found an exemplar model advantage across training conditions. However, there was also systematic misfit for all models for some trial types, including underestimating the influence of shared features in categorization responses. Overall, we show that high-variability training is not necessarily beneficial for concept learning when the total length of training is controlled. Instead, training on typical examples promotes fast learning and broad category knowledge by helping learners extract shared category features. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1735-1760"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Episodic memory contributions to working memory-supported reinforcement learning. 情景记忆对工作记忆支持的强化学习的贡献。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001456

Soobin H Hong, Amy R Zou, Aspen H Yoo, Anne G E Collins

{"title":"Episodic memory contributions to working memory-supported reinforcement learning.","authors":"Soobin H Hong, Amy R Zou, Aspen H Yoo, Anne G E Collins","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001456","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001456","url":null,"abstract":"Reinforcement learning (RL) frameworks have been extremely successful at capturing how biological agents learn to make rewarding choices. However, there is also increasing evidence that multiple cognitive processes, including working memory (WM) and episodic memory (EM), support such learning in parallel with value-based mechanisms such as RL. Here, we investigate EM's role in a context where both RL and WM are known to strongly support learning. We develop two new experimental paradigms to isolate EM's contributions, using trial-unique signals (Experiment 1) and temporal context effects (Experiment 2) to tag EM. As predicted, our results across both experiments consistently showed a weak role of EM in learning alongside RL and WM. However, surprisingly, we showed that EM's contributions did not improve overall behavior; instead, participants appeared to primarily encode in or retrieve from the EM part of a past trial's information (the stimulus-action choice, without outcome), leading to characteristic error patterns. Across both experiments, computational modeling confirmed a small contribution of traces of past stimulus-action (association) events stored in EM to learning behavior. Our results shed light on the format of EM traces and how they support decision making. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1716-1734"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Control processes of cross- and within-language interference-A replication of Liu et al. (2019). 跨语言和语言内干扰的控制过程——刘等人（2019）的复制。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001476

Glenn P Williams, Neil W Kirk, Luz María Sánchez, Ziba Afshar, Yun Wen, Mathieu Declerck

{"title":"Control processes of cross- and within-language interference-A replication of Liu et al. (2019).","authors":"Glenn P Williams, Neil W Kirk, Luz María Sánchez, Ziba Afshar, Yun Wen, Mathieu Declerck","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001476","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001476","url":null,"abstract":"Language control is an essential cognitive process that allows bilinguals to fluently produce language by reducing cross-language interference. Yet, it remains unclear whether the control processes implemented when reducing cross-language interference are similar to those when reducing within-language interference. Since prior research has shown contradictory results, we set out to investigate this issue further based on a combination of language switch costs, as a measure of control processes resolving cross-language interference, and Stroop incongruency, as a measure of control processes resolving within-language interference. Relying on a range of statistical techniques, the results across three experiments, including a replication of Experiment 1 of Liu et al. (2019), testing three different groups of bilinguals (i.e., Dutch-English, Arabic-English, and Chinese-English) showed no clear interaction between language switch costs and Stroop incongruency, and neither was this pattern influenced by language dominance. These results are more in line with the claim that control processes implemented to reduce cross- and within-language interference are separate or occur in separate stages of processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1796-1820"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Great expectations: Anticipating a reminder influences prospective memory encoding and unaided retrieval. 大期望：预期提醒影响前瞻记忆编码和独立检索。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-02 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001494

Phil Peper, B Hunter Ball

{"title":"Great expectations: Anticipating a reminder influences prospective memory encoding and unaided retrieval.","authors":"Phil Peper, B Hunter Ball","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001494","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001494","url":null,"abstract":"Research in the retrospective memory domain has shown that individuals encode information less effortfully when expecting a reminder system (i.e., external store) to be available at the test. Critically, this expectation leads to worse memory performance when the reminder is unexpectedly removed. The present study examined whether these findings extend to prospective memory (PM) intentions, which are thought to maintain a privileged status in memory and therefore may be less sensitive to expectancy effects. Participants formed the intention to make a special PM response to target items across four ongoing task blocks. Study duration (Experiments 1 and 3), pupil size (Experiment 2), and self-report (Experiments 1-3) indexed encoding effort while learning these targets. Participants had reminders available across the first three blocks (i.e., targets listed at the top of the screen), but not on the fourth. Critically, only one condition was informed that they would not have a reminder prior to encoding targets in the fourth block. Results showed that expecting a reminder lowered objective (Experiments 1 and 3) and subjective (Experiments 1-3) encoding effort and reduced unaided PM retrieval (Experiments 1-3) in the fourth block, independent of memory load (Experiments 3). Objective (Experiments 1 and 3) and subjective (Experiments 1-3) effort also partially mediated the influence of expectations on unaided PM retrieval. These findings suggest PM and retrospective memory encoding operate similarly and that participants can alter learning to more effectively commit PM targets to memory when reminders are not expected. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1761-1777"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12262018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the relationship between recognition judgments and truth judgments: Memory states moderate the recognition-based truth effect. 认知判断与真实判断的关系：记忆状态调节认知的真实效应。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001460

Lena Nadarevic, Edgar Erdfelder

{"title":"On the relationship between recognition judgments and truth judgments: Memory states moderate the recognition-based truth effect.","authors":"Lena Nadarevic, Edgar Erdfelder","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001460","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001460","url":null,"abstract":"Repeatedly seen or heard statements are typically judged to be more likely true than statements not encountered before, a phenomenon referred to as truth effect. Similarly, statements judged to be old typically receive higher truth judgments than statements judged to be new. However, it is unclear whether and how this recognition-based truth effect depends on the latent memory states underlying observed recognition judgments. In order to investigate this question, we used a model-based approach to compare truth judgments as a function of recognition judgments (\"old\" vs. \"new\") and their underlying memory states (state of memory certainty vs. state of uncertainty). In three experiments, we observed a recognition-based truth effect and found this effect to be larger in the state of memory certainty than in the state of uncertainty. This result also replicated for subjective instead of modeled memory states. Moreover, we found effects of recognition judgments on judged truth to be stronger than effects of factual repetition in all three experiments. Taken together, our research highlights the role of episodic memory processes in the truth effect and provides a methodological tool that takes underlying memory states into account. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1778-1795"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143442649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of semantics and phonology in bilingual picture naming: Evidence from the phono-translation effect. 语义和音系在双语图片命名中的作用：来自音系翻译效应的证据。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001535

Huanhuan Yin, Martin J Pickering

{"title":"The role of semantics and phonology in bilingual picture naming: Evidence from the phono-translation effect.","authors":"Huanhuan Yin, Martin J Pickering","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001535","url":null,"abstract":"To what extent do bilinguals activate information associated with the language that they are not currently using? To address this, we conducted three large-scale picture-word interference experiments involving highly proficient Chinese-English bilinguals in English-only (Experiment 1, one-language context) and mixed English-Chinese (Experiment 2, two-language context) settings and a control experiment involving monolingual English speakers (Experiment 3). In all experiments, participants named pictures in English while ignoring English auditory distractors that were phonologically related to the Chinese translations of the picture names (phono-translation distractors). Chinese-English bilinguals in both the one-language and two-language contexts were quicker to name pictures when just preceded by phono-translation than unrelated distractors, but no such facilitation was observed for monolingual English participants. In all experiments, participants showed inhibition for semantically related distractors and facilitation for phonologically related distractors. Taken together, our findings suggest that words from the nontarget language can be activated even when that language is irrelevant to the task, but the activated nontarget candidates do not compete for lexical selection. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145259861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The transmission of semantic, lexical, and orthographic information in young and older bilinguals' typed word production. 语义、词汇和正字法信息在青年和老年双语者打字词生产中的传递。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001536

Merel Muylle, Gonia Jarema

{"title":"The transmission of semantic, lexical, and orthographic information in young and older bilinguals' typed word production.","authors":"Merel Muylle, Gonia Jarema","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001536","url":null,"abstract":"Older adults may have weakened connections between words and their sounds/spelling, which affects top-down, but not bottom-up language processes (Burke et al., 1991). Similarly, bilinguals may show weaker connections in the same system because the frequency of input for each language is lower than in monolinguals (Gollan et al., 2008). We studied whether younger and older French-English bilinguals experienced top-down and bottom-up orthographic facilitation during the typed naming of English pictures while ignoring a visual distractor word. Half of the targets were interlingual homographs (e.g., \"coin\" [French meaning: corner]) and were paired with a semantic distractor (\"bill\"), a translation-related distractor (\"nook\") that was (related to) the French meaning of the homograph, or an unrelated distractor (\"dust\"). The other half were nonhomographs (e.g., \"chin\") appearing with a semantic (\"jaw\"), (bottom-up) orthographic (\"chip\"), or unrelated distractor (\"jar\"). Top-down orthographic facilitation was measured as the difference in first keystroke latencies between the translation-related and unrelated condition in homographs and bottom-up orthographic facilitation as the difference between the orthographic and unrelated distractor in nonhomographs. We found no top-down orthographic facilitation in either group, whereas bottom-up orthographic facilitation was generally observed. These findings support the idea of weakened connections in bilinguals and old age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145234032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0