Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition最新文献_第2页

Estimation bias away from zero in mixed sequences: Mental representation, memory recall, and integration of negative numbers in mean estimates of number sequences. 混合数列中离零的估计偏差：心理表征、记忆回忆和数列平均估计中负数的整合。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-05-11 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001596

Hannah Seidler, Benjamin Scheibehenne, Sebastian Olschewski

{"title":"Estimation bias away from zero in mixed sequences: Mental representation, memory recall, and integration of negative numbers in mean estimates of number sequences.","authors":"Hannah Seidler, Benjamin Scheibehenne, Sebastian Olschewski","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001596","url":null,"abstract":"Processing numerical information, including negative numbers, is crucial for many everyday decisions. Recent debates question whether deviations from expected value maximization arise solely from subjective preferences or from regularities in number processing. Here, we examine how the mental representation, memory recall, and integration of sequentially experienced numbers affect mean estimates, with a focus on negative numbers. In three experiments, participants estimated the mean of number sequences containing negative, positive, or mixed types of numbers. Experiment 1 found an estimation bias toward zero for positive-only and negative-only sequences. This bias is consistent with a symmetrically compressed mental number line for positive and negative numbers and offers an alternative explanation for the reflection effect that is independent of subjective preferences. However, in mixed sequences with nonzero means, the pattern reversed, and participants showed an estimation bias away from zero. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrate that this bias is not due to differences in number representation or memory recall between positive and negative numbers in pure and mixed settings. Instead, higher response times and estimation noise for mixed compared to pure sequences hint at qualitative differences in how numbers are integrated. In sum, our findings suggest that the processing of numeric information differs between contexts varying in number ranges. These findings emphasize the need to distinguish deviations from expected value maximization that reflect limitations in information processing and those that are shaped by subjective preferences toward risks and losses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147870062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Do You See What I See (DYSWIS)? Understanding individual differences in spontaneous spatial perspective-taking. 你看到我看到的了吗（DYSWIS）？理解自发空间换位思考的个体差异。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-05-11 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001623

Serena Maria Stagnitto, Floris T van Vugt, Gabriele Chierchia, Serena Lecce

{"title":"Do You See What I See (DYSWIS)? Understanding individual differences in spontaneous spatial perspective-taking.","authors":"Serena Maria Stagnitto, Floris T van Vugt, Gabriele Chierchia, Serena Lecce","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001623","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial perspective-taking (sPT) contributes to social interactions, allowing individuals to imagine how a scene might appear to others. Traditionally, sPT has been investigated as the ability to take the perspective of others when explicitly instructed to do so. However, more recent findings suggest that, even in the absence of explicit instruction, as in most real-life settings, individuals sometimes take the spatial perspective of others, that is, they engage in spontaneous sPT. To explain why, research has so far focused on context-related features of the visual scene. Here, we focus on individual differences between observers, and how both contextual and person-related factors modulate spontaneous sPT. By developing a novel task, the Do You See What I See (DYSWIS) task, across four studies (N = 603; age range: 18-36 years), we find that some individuals are systematically more likely than others to choose the perspective of others, across different conditions and when tested 2 weeks apart. These individual differences in spontaneous sPT positively correlate with self-reported empathy (in three of four studies) and with sPT ability (only when considering the egocentric interference index) but not with mental rotation or nonverbal reasoning abilities. These associations are also stable across context-related conditions that increase spontaneous sPT, such as the presence of humans or their implied movement. From a theoretical perspective, these results suggest that individual differences in spontaneous sPT might not only be a matter of ability but also a matter of choice, justifying the study of spontaneous sPT as partly independent construct. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147870241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cognitive processes underlying the repetition-based truth effect: A diffusion model study. 基于重复的真相效应的认知过程：一个扩散模型研究。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-05-11 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001628

Annika Stump, Lukas Schumacher, Andreas Voss, Karl Christoph Klauer

{"title":"Cognitive processes underlying the repetition-based truth effect: A diffusion model study.","authors":"Annika Stump, Lukas Schumacher, Andreas Voss, Karl Christoph Klauer","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001628","url":null,"abstract":"People are more likely to judge repeated (vs. novel) information as true. This illusory truth effect is commonly attributed to increased processing fluency, with perceptual and semantic aspects of repetition assumed to enhance perceptual and conceptual fluency, respectively. While prior research has shown that the truth effect is affected by the temporal gap between presentations, the cognitive mechanisms underlying this effect-and how they are shaped by retention interval-remain insufficiently understood. In Experiment 1 (N = 75), we manipulated repetition (repeated vs. new statements) and retention interval (10 min vs. 1 week) within participants. Using diffusion modeling, we found that repetition increased drift rate, reduced nondecision time, and induced a bias toward \"true\" responses-suggesting contributions from both conceptual and perceptual fluency. These effects diminished with increasing retention interval. In Experiment 2 (N = 81), participants judged the validity of one-word answers to previously shown questions, allowing separate measurement of reading times and tighter control over nondecision time. When modeling only the answer-related response times, repetition did not affect drift rate, but the repetition-enhanced response bias remained. Reading times for repeated questions were reduced, indicating facilitated encoding. An additional analysis using total trial reaction times (reading + response time) revealed a repetition effect on drift rate, suggesting that information accumulation may begin during question reading. Together, these findings indicate that the illusory truth effect results from a combination of perceptual facilitation, response bias, and increased speed of information accumulation supporting the truthfulness of a statement-each contributing at different stages of the decision process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147870311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Examining the signal-detection account of visual working memory. 视觉工作记忆的信号检测机制研究。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-05-11 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001613

Yiou He, David Kellen, Henrik Singmann

{"title":"Examining the signal-detection account of visual working memory.","authors":"Yiou He, David Kellen, Henrik Singmann","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001613","url":null,"abstract":"The study of visual working memory has long centered on debates between signal-detection theory (SDT) and discrete-slots models. A notable limitation of these debates is the strong reliance on parametric assumptions and selective-influence manipulations that rarely receive direct test. Here we take a different approach by examining whether visual working-memory judgments satisfy the structural constraints implied by a random-scale representation-a general latent-variable framework from which both SDT and discrete-slots models can be derived. In Experiments 1a and 1b, multiple-alternative forced-choice judgments conformed to these constraints, allowing the reconstruction of single-item receiver operating characteristic functions without response-bias manipulations. The reconstructed receiver operating characteristic functions were curved and asymmetric, contradicting the linear predictions of discrete-slots accounts. Experiment 2 provided a complementary failure case, showing that random-scale constraints break down precisely when their theoretical conditions are not met. Experiment 3 extended the findings to item-location bindings in change detection, again yielding an asymmetric receiver operating characteristic function that neither equal-variance SDT nor discrete-slots models can accommodate. Together, the results show that visual working-memory judgments respect the general assumptions underlying SDT while undermining the core commitments of discrete-slots theories. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147870075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modeling the impact of prenatal audio attenuation on speech sound learning. 模拟产前音频衰减对语音学习的影响。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-05-07 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001616

Shuang Zheng, Frank Lihui Tan, Youngah Do

{"title":"Modeling the impact of prenatal audio attenuation on speech sound learning.","authors":"Shuang Zheng, Frank Lihui Tan, Youngah Do","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001616","url":null,"abstract":"Human infants demonstrate great knowledge about the sounds of their native language at birth, even though the uterine environment restricts their auditory perception to low-frequency ranges. This study explores the possibility that intrauterine low-pass filtering allows infants to extrapolate from prenatal impoverished input to postnatal speech sound knowledge. We trained neural network models in two stages, simulating prenatal and postnatal learning, and measured the impacts of natural low-frequency filtering, artificial high-frequency filtering, as well as full-frequency prenatal exposure, on speech sound learning. Three model architectures were utilized in the analysis: a long short-term memory-based neural network, a convolutional neural network, and a residual neural network. Results indicated that exposure to low-frequency sound input led to accelerated phonetic learning upon introduction of full-frequency sounds. In addition, the low-frequency filtering condition yielded better learning on phones compared to the high-frequency filtering condition during prenatal learning. These findings suggest the role of prenatal exposure to low-frequency sounds in enhancing infants' speech sound learning capabilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147845446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The integration and disintegration of newly learned meaningful words. 新学的有意义词语的整合和分解。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-05-07 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001607

Rebecca Crowley, Amir-Homayoun Javadi, Jakke Tamminen

{"title":"The integration and disintegration of newly learned meaningful words.","authors":"Rebecca Crowley, Amir-Homayoun Javadi, Jakke Tamminen","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001607","url":null,"abstract":"Little is known about how newly learned words are retrieved from memory. Does retrieving the written form of a new word activate its meaning for example, or is it possible to retrieve single elements of a new word representation in isolation? Even less is known about whether it is possible to forget some elements of a newly learned word but retain others or whether such words are forgotten in an all-or-none manner. We addressed these questions by examining whether a statistical association exists between the retrieval successes of discrete elements from the same new word during cued recognition (retrieval dependency; Horner & Burgess, 2013) to assess whether elements constituting a new word representation are integrated and retrieved together from memory. Adult participants encoded new word triplets made from a pronounceable written nonword (e.g., flimir) presented alongside pictorial (e.g., balloon) and auditory (e.g., baby crying) elements representing meaning. Retrieval dependency was found immediately after learning showing that the elements rapidly formed an integrated associative structure underlying a new word representation. These associative connections maintained across 1 week of forgetting such that the word elements were forgotten together or not forgotten at all. This associative structure could however be disrupted by a mechanism akin to retrieval-induced forgetting during training, suggesting that newly formed word representations are susceptible to interference at least in the early stages of learning. These findings are not accounted for by existing theories of word learning or word representation which have tended to overlook memory retrieval and forgetting processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147845441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Articulatory rehearsal modulates word frequency effect in working memory tasks. 发音预演调节工作记忆任务中的词频效应。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-05-04 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001626

Marlène Abadie, Manon Rousselle, Marion Bouffier, Mariz Elsig, Valérie Camos

{"title":"Articulatory rehearsal modulates word frequency effect in working memory tasks.","authors":"Marlène Abadie, Manon Rousselle, Marion Bouffier, Mariz Elsig, Valérie Camos","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001626","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research has shown that long-term memory knowledge can support working memory performance. However, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. The present study investigated the role of two working memory maintenance mechanisms, attentional refreshing and articulatory rehearsal, in the short-term retention of words that are more or less easily retrievable from long-term memory, high- versus low-frequency words. Young adults studied a series of five (Experiment 1) or three (Experiment 2) high- versus low-frequency words in Brown-Peterson tasks. In Experiment 3, the number of words in the series varied from two to six. The opportunity to use refreshing was manipulated by varying the attentional demand of the concurrent task. Orthogonally, the use of rehearsal was either strengthened by instructions or impaired by concurrent articulation. The results showed that, when three or fewer words had to be maintained, the word frequency effect, that is, better correct recall of high- relative to low-frequency words, was reduced in the condition where the use of rehearsal was strengthened relative to the articulatory suppression condition (Experiments 2 and 3). However, when more than three words had to be maintained, the frequency effect was evident in both conditions (Experiments 1 and 3). Finally, the frequency effect was never moderated by opportunities for attentional refreshing (Experiments 1 and 2). These findings suggest that articulatory rehearsal is at least partly responsible for the impact of long-term memory knowledge on working memory recall performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147822992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Toward a comprehensive account of verbal memory: An embedded computational model across representational domains. 迈向言语记忆的综合描述：跨表征域的嵌入式计算模型。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-05-04 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001618

Dominic Guitard, Nelson Cowan, Jean Saint-Aubin, J Nick Reid, Randall K Jamieson

{"title":"Toward a comprehensive account of verbal memory: An embedded computational model across representational domains.","authors":"Dominic Guitard, Nelson Cowan, Jean Saint-Aubin, J Nick Reid, Randall K Jamieson","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001618","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001618","url":null,"abstract":"Human verbal list memory is inherently imperfect, often resulting in extralist errors-the incorrect recollection of unstudied information. While existing serial recall models have their strengths, they struggle to account for these imperfections due to the absence of a crucial component: a lexicon with structured representations. We address this limitation with the Embedded Computational Framework of Memory, an approach that integrates a lexicon into a recall model. This integration captures intrinsic similarities between studied and unstudied information, enabling word-specific predictions that reflect participants' behavior. We conducted computational demonstrations using large single-trial experiments (350 and 550 participants) and a multitrial serial recall experiment (1,000 participants). These demonstrations involved lists that were semantically (Demonstrations 1, 2, and 5), phonologically (Demonstration 3), or orthographically (Demonstration 4) related or unrelated, to assess the distribution of extralist errors. We used several variants of Embedded Computational Framework of Memory, each incorporating lexicons that captured either semantic, phonological, or orthographic information-or, for comparison, a random lexicon. The Embedded Computational Framework of Memory accounts for typical serial recall performance-including correct recall, intralist errors, and omissions-while also capturing the pattern of extralist errors. Furthermore, it uniquely evaluates memory errors at both the list and item levels, and delineates the relationship between the number of related words/nonwords and extralist errors across orthographic, phonological, and semantic information. This solution is compatible with most memory models and supports a shift from arbitrary to structured word representations in computational modeling, as a necessary step toward understanding why people recall unstudied words. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147822959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predicting the rate of novel words from word-level semantic measures in a taboo game setting. 从禁忌游戏情境下的词级语义测量预测新词的出现率。

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-05-04 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001615

Laura Raveling, Fritz Günther

{"title":"Predicting the rate of novel words from word-level semantic measures in a taboo game setting.","authors":"Laura Raveling, Fritz Günther","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001615","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigates novel word production rates for word meaning expressed by single words in an exploratory-confirmatory design. To capture a wide variety of semantic nuances of word meaning that influence individual processes of word creation, we quantify distributional, categorical, and psychological semantic factors of single words. These features are tested for their correlation with novel word response rates in an online study employing the taboo game paradigm, where speakers are presented with a word for which they have to express one meaning as accurately as possible in a single word. They are not allowed to use the target word itself. We first investigate a range of semantic predictors from a distributional semantic model (word2vec), a hierarchical taxonomic network model (WordNet), and psychological semantic ratings in an exploratory study. In a next step, we conduct a larger, preregistered confirmatory study to examine whether the identified effects can be replicated. Based on the results from these studies, we conclude that participants produce a higher rate of novel words for more concrete word meanings, as well as for word meanings that have lower connectivity within a network of taxonomically related words. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147822926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

IF 2.1 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-05-04 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001622

Ian Dauphinee, Dominic Guitard, Sho Ishiguro, Jean Saint-Aubin

{"title":"Semantic similarity disrupts order recall: Returning the black sheep of similarity effects to the flock.","authors":"Ian Dauphinee, Dominic Guitard, Sho Ishiguro, Jean Saint-Aubin","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001622","url":null,"abstract":"Similarity impacts all aspects of human behavior, from marital satisfaction to visual perception. Memory is no exception, with a large detrimental effect of similarity on order information recall for all studied features but the semantic ones. In fact, the insensitivity of short-term ordered recall performance to semantic similarity is challenging and a benchmark effect for evaluating memory models. Here, in five large-scale experiments, we revisited three key exceptions showing a detrimental effect of semantic similarity on short-term order recall and systematically tested if their findings were due to methodological issues. Despite the implementation of more stringent methodological controls, we consistently reproduced the detrimental effect of semantic similarity on order information across these five experiments. We then systematically reviewed the literature and found a substantial number of overlooked studies showing the presence of a detrimental effect of semantic similarity on order information recall. We identified task difficulty as a potential moderating variable accounting for previous inconsistencies. Across four additional experiments, we manipulated task difficulty by varying presentation speed and list length. As predicted, the detrimental effect of semantic similarity on order recall emerges under more difficult task conditions, and critically, when the task was easier, its effect on order recall vanished. The theoretical implications for contemporary models are reviewed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147822977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0