Journal of Mathematical Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Mutual interference in working memory updating: A hierarchical Bayesian model","authors":"Yiyang Chen ,&nbsp;Mario Peruggia ,&nbsp;Trisha Van Zandt","doi":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>We propose a hierarchical Bayesian model<span> for working memory updating. This model accounts for both the accuracy of the responses and the reaction times (RT) in the memory updating paradigm, which is a commonly used paradigm to measure working memory capacity. We adapt a mutual interference model from Oberauer and Kliegl (2006) to explain responses. Oberauer and Kliegl (2006) used a </span></span>Boltzmann equation<span><span><span> framework based on the activation levels of items stored in working memory to quantify the probability of correct response at the final recall step after memory updating. We expand the original framework with a </span>Markov chain<span> structure, so that the model accounts for the probabilities of all possible responses, correct or incorrect, at both the intermediate steps during memory updating and the final recall step after memory updating. We use a Wald diffusion process to characterize RT, where the drift rate parameters are associated with the activation levels of items in working memory. This model allows us to investigate the mechanisms underlying choices and RTs in the memory updating paradigm under a joint theoretical framework. A simulation study shows the effectiveness of this model, and </span></span>posterior predictive distributions<span> and out-of-sample validations show that this model gives a good account of empirical working memory updating findings. We apply the model to two published data sets. The first data set, from Oberauer and Kliegl (2001), examined age differences in working memory. Results from our model reveal an increased level of mutual interference, less use of memory trace information, and potentially less pre-activation of memorized items in older adults compared to younger adults. The second data set, from De Simoni and von Bastian (2018), investigated transfer effects of working memory training<span>. Results from our model reveal a potential transfer effect in the speed of information accumulation, where training in one working memory task may improve the information processing speed in another.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50140,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47617447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Galois connections between polytomous knowledge structures and polytomous attributions","authors":"Xun Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Polytomous knowledge structure theory (abbr. polytomous KST) was introduced by Stefanutti et al. (2020) and further results on polytomous KST were obtained by Heller (2021). As the interesting work, this paper discusses Galois connections in polytomous KST. In this paper, two derivations between polytomous knowledge structures and polytomous attributions are presented. In addition, this paper gives an explicit characterization to introduce the completeness of polytomous attributions and defines the concept of a complete polytomous knowledge structure by the property that such a polytomous knowledge structure is derived from a complete polytomous attribution. This paper establishes a Galois connection between the collection </span><span><math><mi>K</mi></math></span> of all polytomous knowledge structures and the collection <span><math><mi>F</mi></math></span> of all polytomous attributions, where the closed elements are respectively in <span><math><mi>K</mi></math></span> the complete polytomous knowledge structures, and in <span><math><mi>F</mi></math></span> the complete polytomous attributions. Furthermore, this Galois connection induces a one-to-one correspondence between the two sets of closed elements. Moreover, this Galois connection can also induce a Galois connection between the collection of all granular polytomous knowledge structures and the collection of all granular polytomous attributions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50140,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45262558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decline, adopt or compromise? A dual hurdle model for advice utilization","authors":"Mark Himmelstein","doi":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research on advice utilization often operationalizes the construct via Judge Advisor Systems (JAS), where a judge’s belief is elicited, they are provided advice, and given an opportunity to revise their belief. Belief change, or weight of advice (WOA), is measured as the shift in the judge’s belief proportional to the difference between their original belief and the advice. Several JAS studies have found WOA typically takes on a trimodal distribution, with inflation at the boundary values of 0 (indicating a judge declined advice) and 1 (adoption of advice). A dual hurdle beta model is proposed to account for these inflations. In addition to being an innovative computational model to address this methodological challenge, it also serves as a descriptive theoretical model which posits that the decision process happens in two stages: an initial discrete “choosing” stage, where the judge opts to either decline, adopt, or compromise with advice; and a subsequent continuous “averaging” stage, which occurs only if the judge opts to compromise. The approach was assessed via reanalysis of three recent JAS studies reflective of popular topics in the literature, such as algorithmic advice utilization, egocentric discounting effects, and judgmental forecasting. In each case new results were uncovered about how different correlates of advice utilization influence the decision process at either or both of the discrete and continuous stages, often in quite different ways, providing support for the descriptive theoretical model. A Bayesian<span> graphical analysis framework is provided that can be applied to future research on advice utilization.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50140,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49152262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theory and method: Directly measured stimulus differences","authors":"Stephen W. Link","doi":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Stevens’ idea of “direct measurement” of stimulus magnitude is extended to the direct measurement of stimulus differences. An important extension of Wave Theory provides predictions of response probabilities from single direct measures of comparative difference. As an illustration of the method, in an experiment 20 university students compared, only once, each of 16 job pairs, judging which has the larger salary and creating the size of salary differences. The correlation between a theoretical measure of the size of perceived salary difference and the direct measures of perceived salary difference is 0.99. The </span>probability of correctly predicting individual binary choices between jobs, based on the students’ generated measures of perceived stimulus difference, ranges to 1.00 from 0.935. This new theory draws together Stevens and Fechner by showing that they perceived the same underlying psychological events through perfectly related measures of subjective experience.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50140,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47583158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A consequence of complementary symmetry","authors":"Qingyun Gui ,&nbsp;Yi C. Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this note the property of complementary symmetry is shown to imply the following consequence: If <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub><mi>y</mi></mrow></math></span> is a binary prospect to win <span><math><mi>x</mi></math></span><span> with probability </span><span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span> and otherwise receive <span><math><mi>y</mi></math></span>, then the difference between the selling and buying prices of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub><mi>y</mi></mrow></math></span> will be equal to the difference between the selling and buying prices of the complement of this prospect, <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub><mi>x</mi></mrow></math></span>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50140,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43320927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A taxonomy of surprise definitions","authors":"Alireza Modirshanechi,&nbsp;Johanni Brea,&nbsp;Wulfram Gerstner","doi":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surprising events trigger measurable brain activity and influence human behavior by affecting learning, memory, and decision-making. Currently there is, however, no consensus on the definition of surprise. Here we identify 18 mathematical definitions of surprise in a unifying framework. We first propose a technical classification of these definitions into three groups based on their dependence on an agent’s belief, show how they relate to each other, and prove under what conditions they are indistinguishable. Going beyond this technical analysis, we propose a taxonomy of surprise definitions and classify them into four conceptual categories based on the quantity they measure: (i) ‘prediction surprise’ measures a mismatch between a prediction and an observation; (ii) ‘change-point detection surprise’ measures the probability of a change in the environment; (iii) ‘confidence-corrected surprise’ explicitly accounts for the effect of confidence; and (iv) ‘information gain surprise’ measures the belief-update upon a new observation. The taxonomy poses the foundation for principled studies of the functional roles and physiological signatures of surprise in the brain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50140,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249622000517/pdfft?md5=31473d52534a955697eab1608dc4fe83&pid=1-s2.0-S0022249622000517-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42565620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regular random choice and the triangle inequalities","authors":"Yves Sprumont","doi":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>We prove that every system of binary probabilities satisfying the </span>triangle inequalities is induced by a regular system of choice probabilities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50140,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45084915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hold-out strategy for selecting learning models: Application to categorization subjected to presentation orders","authors":"Giulia Mezzadri ,&nbsp;Thomas Laloë ,&nbsp;Fabien Mathy ,&nbsp;Patricia Reynaud-Bouret","doi":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this article, we develop a new general inference method for selecting learning models. The method relies upon a specific hold-out cross-validation, which takes into account the dependency within the data. This allows us to retrieve the model that best fits the learning strategy of a single individual. The novelty of our approach lies on the choice of the testing set, both in the experimental design and in the data analysis. This individual approach is then applied to two category learning models (ALCOVE and Component-cue) on data-sets manipulating presentation order, after verification of the reliability of our method. We found that both models performed equally well during transfer, but Component-cue best fits the majority of participants during learning. To further analyze these models, we also investigated a potential relation between the underlying mechanisms of the models and the actual types of presentation order assigned to participants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50140,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43407248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clustering and the efficient use of cognitive resources","authors":"Ishita Dasgupta ,&nbsp;Thomas L. Griffiths","doi":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>A central component of human intelligence is the ability to make abstractions, to gloss over some details in favor of drawing out higher-order structure. Clustering stimuli together is a classic example of this. However, the crucial question remains of how one </span><em>should</em><span> make these abstractions—what details to retain and what to throw away? How many clusters to form? We provide an analysis of how a rational agent with limited cognitive resources should approach this problem, considering not only how well a clustering fits the data but also by how ‘complex’ it is, i.e. how cognitively expensive it is to represent. We show that the solution to this problem provides a way to reinterpret a wide range of psychological models that are based on principles from non-parametric Bayesian statistics. In particular, we show that the Chinese Restaurant Process prior, ubiquitous in rational models of human and animal clustering behavior, can be interpreted as minimizing an intuitive formulation of representational complexity.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50140,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136587747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On compound mixed concepts","authors":"Michael Freund","doi":"10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We extend to a certain class of compound concepts the binary model classically used for the representation of simple concepts. This class consists of concepts that are determined or modified by a single feature. The treatment of such a mixed composition shows the need to differentiate between exceptional and non exceptional modifiers. In the first case, typicality is easily retrieved from the components of the composition, while, in the second case, it is necessary to isolate the characteristic features of the initial concept that contradict the modifier. The distinction between exceptional and non exceptional modifiers plays a key role in the evaluation of resemblance with mixed compositions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50140,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136587748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}