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Albertus Magnus on Alchemy: Between Ars and Scientia. 阿尔贝图斯·马格努斯谈炼金术：在艺术与科学之间。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2026-04-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889726100982
Athanasios Rinotas
{"title":"Albertus Magnus on Alchemy: Between <i>Ars</i> and <i>Scientia</i>.","authors":"Athanasios Rinotas","doi":"10.1017/S0269889726100982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889726100982","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this paper is to accurately assess the epistemological status of Albertus Magnus' (ca 1200-80) alchemy. In modern bibliography there is a \"black or white\" approach to the question of whether Albertus regarded alchemy as an art or <i>scientia,</i> and thus the adoption of an absolute thesis on the matter tends to create a series of interpretational problems. In contrast, I argue that Albertus' approach to alchemy does not exclude either art or <i>scientia</i> and, depending on the context, the Dominican master sometimes considers alchemy as an art-when it is connected with manual labor-and sometimes as a <i>scientia</i>-when it is connected to natural-philosophical and metaphysical aspects. At the end of my paper, I offer a way of properly assessing the Albertian alchemy, and determining how and when to accurately connect it with the notions of art and <i>scientia</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147787390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Rubbing salted butter into the wound: Jungius and division. 往伤口上抹盐黄油：Jungius和division。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2026-04-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889726100994
Dominic Dold, Niklaas Görsch
{"title":"Rubbing salted butter into the wound: Jungius and division.","authors":"Dominic Dold, Niklaas Görsch","doi":"10.1017/S0269889726100994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889726100994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We expound the notion of \"distinct experience\" (<i>experientia distincta</i>) as introduced in the writings of the early modern polymath Joachim Jungius (1587-1657) and operative in his scientific practice. After contextualizing \"distinct experience\" historically (e.g., vis-à-vis Francis Bacon's [1561-1626] concept of \"experience\") and embedding the notion conceptually into the broader category of \"division\" (<i>divisio</i>), we reconstruct the \"Problem of Distinct Experience\": Jungius' epistemology of science involves a circularity or an infinite regress because scientific methods (inductions and demonstrations) presuppose divisions, which are, in turn, built on distinct experiences, themselves presupposing divisions. However, we argue through a careful historical case study on his investigations of <i>fossilia</i> that his research practice shows why the problem posed only a limited threat for him and his contemporaries. We finish with a brief philosophical appraisal, contrasting his views with those of Jacopo Zabarella (1533-1589).</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147787423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
"On a mission": planning an economy with mutable mobiles. “执行任务”：规划一个具有可变流动性的经济。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100884
Mary S Morgan
{"title":"\"On a mission\": planning an economy with mutable mobiles.","authors":"Mary S Morgan","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889725100884","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When newly independent states in Africa set out to make their own economies in the 1960s, they did so under the label of \"planning,\" a generic term denoting economic policy-making to create the economic future. This planning was guided by international experts, sent \"on missions\" to help, or perhaps oversee, local economists in what was seen then as an expert, technocratic process. Nigeria offers an important example of this technocracy at work, under the guidance of its \"missionary\": Wolfgang Stolper. His diary, and his writings of the day, reveal how local information and local values travelled around social, political and economic circles, to be then spliced together according to certain economic principles in making a \"five-year plan\" for the future of Nigeria.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145497454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Trust and invigilation: The practical functions of time-fixed development plans, Colombia 1958-1970. 信任与监督：固定时间发展计划的实际作用，哥伦比亚，1958-1970。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100719
Andrés M Guiot-Isaac
{"title":"Trust and invigilation: The practical functions of time-fixed development plans, Colombia 1958-1970.","authors":"Andrés M Guiot-Isaac","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889725100719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Development planning was a form of interventionist social knowledge widely used in the mid-twentieth century. Planning was employed with different aims, and the adoption of concrete techniques and procedures was highly sensitive to each country's institutional context. This article studies the life trajectory of Colombia's Ten-year Plan, an internationally celebrated attempt to design economic development on a large scale in what actors characterized as a politically \"democratic\" and economically \"liberal\" setting. Based on the Colombian case, I argue that a central function of planning in developing countries was to build trust, on behalf of local stakeholders and international donors, in the state's capacity to credibly use public resources and foreign aid to achieve its development aims. In turn, planning also allowed outsiders to invigilate the actions taken by states on the economy, and to make them accountable for their commitments. I examine the media of persuasion used in the build-up to, and the publicization and revision of the Ten-year Plan, to account for the shift from the macro scale of comprehensive plans to the smaller-scale development interventions observed in the 1960s. This case shows that the malleability of planning procedures was key for the enduring resilience of the planning system.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145483436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Belgian 'Impossible Scenario' of 1980: Reinventing planning in times of 'crisis'. 1980年比利时的“不可能情景”：在“危机”时期重新制定规划。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100768
Zoé Evrard
{"title":"The Belgian 'Impossible Scenario' of 1980: Reinventing planning in times of 'crisis'.","authors":"Zoé Evrard","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889725100768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 1980, Belgian Plan Commissioner Robert Maldague clandestinely circulated a document called <i>The Impossible Scenario,</i> thereby reshaping planning practices in Belgium amidst a widely perceived moment of crisis. Using archival records and oral histories, this article traces how reformers within the (now federal) Belgian Planning Bureau combined foresight scenarios and macroeconomic modeling in <i>The Impossible Scenario</i>. It explains the use of foresight scenarios through the Planning Bureau's aim of restoring its capacity to intervene in Belgian policymaking. The article then highlights the broader political meaning of this epistemic transformation: the reconfiguration of planning infrastructures in Belgium-and, more broadly, in Europe-from instruments of democratic economic coordination to tools of market governance. Examining this previously underexplored Belgian case thereby reveals the neoliberaliz<i>ed</i> and neoliberaliz<i>ing</i> character of Western planning infrastructures in the early 1980s.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145483483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Social intervention in Curaçao: Using behavioral science technologies for social and economic development, 1969-1971. 库拉帕拉索的社会干预：用行为科学技术促进社会和经济发展，1969-1971。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100732
Lukas Held
{"title":"Social intervention in Curaçao: Using behavioral science technologies for social and economic development, 1969-1971.","authors":"Lukas Held","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889725100732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article examines how the American psychologist David McClelland advocated a quasi-colonial interventionist view to social science, shaped by his understanding of scientific progress, economic development, and social change. In the 1960s, he saw real-world experiments as a means both to test his theories and to generate knowledge efficiently and quickly-all with the ultimate aim of improving the human condition. While his primary focus was knowledge production rather than social transformation, his dual roles as professor and consultant carried an interventionist dimension, grounded in the belief that psychological measuring instruments could serve as tools for psychological training. By reconstructing this stance and the interstitial space McClelland created between academia and consultancy, I aim to show that his drive to intervene-exemplified by his company's work in Curaçao-stemmed less from a pre-scientific conviction than from a distinctive mode of scientific practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145460502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Introduction: Historicizing interventionist social knowledge, 1950s-1990s. 引言：将介入主义社会知识历史化，1950 -1990年代。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100872
Verena Halsmayer, Eric Hounshell
{"title":"Introduction: Historicizing interventionist social knowledge, 1950s-1990s.","authors":"Verena Halsmayer, Eric Hounshell","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889725100872","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
"Join us in preparing people for tomorrow's jobs": Robert Reich, the "New Economy," and mythic thinking as interventionist knowledge. “加入我们，让人们为明天的工作做好准备”：罗伯特·赖希，“新经济”，以及作为干预主义知识的神话思维。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2025-10-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100859
Lee Jared Vinsel
{"title":"\"Join us in preparing people for tomorrow's jobs\": Robert Reich, the \"New Economy,\" and mythic thinking as interventionist knowledge.","authors":"Lee Jared Vinsel","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889725100859","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article examines the intellectual and interventionist trajectory of American popular writer and commentator Robert Reich from his early 1980s advocacy of \"industrial policy\" to his time as US Secretary of Labor in the 1990s. It argues that Reich is an interesting figure to consider through the lens of \"interventionist knowledges\" because, although he draws selectively on social scientific data and knowledge, his syntheses of these things are more rooted in mythic thinking than in disciplined analysis. This article recounts the history of a failed bill, the Reemployment Act of 1994, to examine how Reich and those around him drew on and interpreted existing social scientific data to construct an idea of \"the New Economy\" and what, they claimed, it meant for national human capital policy. This article suggests that mythic visions of society and economy possibly play a large role in policy-making and issues advocacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145239979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The enriched knowledge economy: Ecomusées, regional development and French anthropology, 1960-1980. 丰富的知识经济：西非共同体、区域发展和法国人类学，1960-1980年。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100720
Niki Rhyner
{"title":"The enriched knowledge economy: Ecomusées, regional development and French anthropology, 1960-1980.","authors":"Niki Rhyner","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889725100720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article investigates how anthropological knowledge about regions with economic difficulties became part of regional development in France during the pivotal decade of the 1970s. It argues that ethnological fieldwork in French peripheries in the 1960s provided knowledge about regional culture and practices for its maintenance that became the core of a new development tool, the <i>Ecomusée.</i> It was via this tool that French anthropologists sought to intervene in regional development. By analyzing one of the first French ecomuseums, we gain an understanding of how anthropological practices and knowledge nurtured the shift to cultural development politics associated with the \"enrichment economy.\" Fieldwork in the 1960s, aimed at a professionalized <i>Ethnologie de France</i>, problematized interaction with the local population and produced knowledge about regional culture that identified a region with its economic past. The practices of documentation and participation established during these fieldwork projects shaped the enrichment economy.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Modernism, modernity, and politics in the general history of science: Implications of Herbert Mehrtens' work, from "Vienna 1900" to the Nazi era, and beyond. 科学通史中的现代主义、现代性和政治：从 "维也纳 1900 "到纳粹时代及其后赫伯特-梅尔腾斯著作的影响。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889724000061
Mitchell G Ash
{"title":"Modernism, modernity, and politics in the general history of science: Implications of Herbert Mehrtens' work, from \"Vienna 1900\" to the Nazi era, and beyond.","authors":"Mitchell G Ash","doi":"10.1017/S0269889724000061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889724000061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herbert Mehrtens' work and the implications of the historical ideas he advanced went beyond the history of any single discipline. The article therefore addresses three broad issues: (1) Mehrtens' reconceptualization of mathematical modernism, in his field-changing book <i>Moderne-Sprache-Mathematik</i> (1990) and other works, as an epistemic and cultural phenomenon in a way that could potentially reach across and also beyond the sciences and also link scientific and cultural modernisms; (2) the extension of his work to the history of modernity itself via the concept of \"technocratic modernism\"; (3) his seminal contributions to the historiography of the sciences and technology during the National Socialist period, focusing on his critique of claims that mathematics, the natural sciences and technology were morally or politically \"neutral\" during or after the Nazi era, and on his counter-claim that mathematicians and other scientists had in fact mobilized themselves and their knowledge in support of Nazism's central political projects. Taken as a guide for understanding science-politics relations in general, Mehrtens' work was and remains a counterweight to the political abstinence adopted by many who have followed the \"cultural turn\" in history of science and technology. In the broadest sense, the article is a plea for the culturally relevant and politically engaged historiography of the sciences and humanities that Mehrtens himself pursued.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142299554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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