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The enriched knowledge economy: Ecomusées, regional development and French anthropology, 1960-1980. 丰富的知识经济：西非共同体、区域发展和法国人类学，1960-1980年。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100720
Niki Rhyner
{"title":"The enriched knowledge economy: Ecomusées, regional development and French anthropology, 1960-1980.","authors":"Niki Rhyner","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889725100720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article investigates how anthropological knowledge about regions with economic difficulties became part of regional development in France during the pivotal decade of the 1970s. It argues that ethnological fieldwork in French peripheries in the 1960s provided knowledge about regional culture and practices for its maintenance that became the core of a new development tool, the <i>Ecomusée.</i> It was via this tool that French anthropologists sought to intervene in regional development. By analyzing one of the first French ecomuseums, we gain an understanding of how anthropological practices and knowledge nurtured the shift to cultural development politics associated with the \"enrichment economy.\" Fieldwork in the 1960s, aimed at a professionalized <i>Ethnologie de France</i>, problematized interaction with the local population and produced knowledge about regional culture that identified a region with its economic past. The practices of documentation and participation established during these fieldwork projects shaped the enrichment economy.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Friedrich Max Müller's Rubicon: Historicism and empiricism in the Victorian sciences of language and mind. 弗里德里希·马克斯·梅勒的《卢比孔河：维多利亚时代语言和思想科学中的历史主义和经验主义》。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100707
Kristine Palmieri
{"title":"Friedrich Max Müller's Rubicon: Historicism and empiricism in the Victorian sciences of language and mind.","authors":"Kristine Palmieri","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889725100707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper reevaluates Friedrich Max Müller's interactions with his British detractors from the early 1860s to the early 1890s. By offering a re-examination of their disputes concerning language and mind, it first and foremost illuminates a transformation in the research methods, standards of evidence, and forms of explanation that were seen as scientifically legitimate in the human sciences in late Victorian Britain. To use Müller's language, this entailed a shift in the balance of power between \"historical\" and \"theoretical\" schools of thought, which came to privilege the latter over the former. No less importantly, this paper also demonstrates how the history of philology can contribute to the history of science by revealing the extent to which Müller and his opponents were ultimately searching for the same thing - knowledge about human origins and development. Additionally, by taking seriously Müller's arguments as a philologist, this paper refutes the pernicious view that his objections to Darwin's account of languages were motivated by his religious beliefs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145024633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Struggling with pictures in the early Académie royale des sciences: The case of Giovanni Domenico Cassini's Grand Selenography (1679). 在早期皇家科学院的绘画中挣扎：乔瓦尼·多梅尼科·卡西尼的《大硒图》（1679）。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100744
Antoine Gallay
{"title":"Struggling with pictures in the early Académie royale des sciences: The case of Giovanni Domenico Cassini's <i>Grand Selenography</i> (1679).","authors":"Antoine Gallay","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889725100744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 1679, the astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini published a large print detailing the entire visible surface of the moon with unprecedented meticulousness. This <i>Grand Selenography</i> is undoubtedly one of the most spectacular pictures ever produced within the Académie royale des sciences. However, it has remained widely neglected by historians up to now. This study offers the first account of the making and early reception of the print. It argues that the <i>Grand Selenography</i> remains uncompleted because it failed to satisfy Cassini and his contemporaries. Furthermore, its history allows us to shed new light on the range of issues that scientific pictures might have raised during Louis XIV's reign.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145016559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Translating French mathematics and lobbying the horse-drawn carriage trade (USA, 1869-1877). 翻译法国数学和游说马车贸易（美国，1869-1877）。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100756
Thomas Preveraud
{"title":"Translating French mathematics and lobbying the horse-drawn carriage trade (USA, 1869-1877).","authors":"Thomas Preveraud","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889725100756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the United States, in the second half of the nineteenth century, the reforming institutions of the horse-drawn-carriage trade prescribed descriptive geometry to their workshops in order to modernize the drawing process for modern carriages. This injunction, institutionally supported by the builder's national association, professional newspapers, and education, was part of a wider movement to organize production at a time when the carriage trade was booming. In order to facilitate the circulation of theoretical knowledge within workshops that were reluctant to mathematize their environment, two trade journals translated, in the space of a few years, and on three occasions (once by one journal and twice by the other), the same French treatise on descriptive geometry written by a Parisian carriage woodworker. This paper highlights the process of creation of a mathematical translation in a professional environment. It emphasizes the significant role of the industrial and technical context that influenced the choice of translators, the writing style, and the speed with which a translation was produced and published. In the case of mathematical content that did not belong to the common culture of the trade, international circulation allowed for the direct transfer of knowledge from one national industry to another, without relying on academic sources as intermediaries.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145016579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Conflicting minds: Immanuel Kant, Johann Daniel Metzger, and the debate about forensic psychiatry. 冲突的思想：伊曼努尔·康德，约翰·丹尼尔·梅茨格，以及关于法医精神病学的辩论。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100690
Jonas Gerlings
{"title":"Conflicting minds: Immanuel Kant, Johann Daniel Metzger, and the debate about forensic psychiatry.","authors":"Jonas Gerlings","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889725100690","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article explores the dispute between the philosopher Immanuel Kant and the physician Johann Daniel Metzger over the moral autonomy of individuals with mental illness. Situating the debate within the broader context of the evolving philosophical and medical professions in eighteenth-century Germany, the article examines how a professional conflict emerged over who - the physician or the philosopher - should serve as the legal authority in cases where moral responsibility was in question. The analysis shows that this was not merely a theoretical issue for Kant, but a practical one, brought to the fore by the infanticide trial of Margarethe Kaveczynska, in which Kant's friend, Theodor Gottlieb Hippel, presided as judge. The article argues that while Kant's vision for the practical application of his anthropology influenced his conception of moral autonomy, he ultimately lost ground to the rising authority of the medical profession.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144976386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Modernism, modernity, and politics in the general history of science: Implications of Herbert Mehrtens' work, from "Vienna 1900" to the Nazi era, and beyond. 科学通史中的现代主义、现代性和政治：从 "维也纳 1900 "到纳粹时代及其后赫伯特-梅尔腾斯著作的影响。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889724000061
Mitchell G Ash
{"title":"Modernism, modernity, and politics in the general history of science: Implications of Herbert Mehrtens' work, from \"Vienna 1900\" to the Nazi era, and beyond.","authors":"Mitchell G Ash","doi":"10.1017/S0269889724000061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889724000061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herbert Mehrtens' work and the implications of the historical ideas he advanced went beyond the history of any single discipline. The article therefore addresses three broad issues: (1) Mehrtens' reconceptualization of mathematical modernism, in his field-changing book <i>Moderne-Sprache-Mathematik</i> (1990) and other works, as an epistemic and cultural phenomenon in a way that could potentially reach across and also beyond the sciences and also link scientific and cultural modernisms; (2) the extension of his work to the history of modernity itself via the concept of \"technocratic modernism\"; (3) his seminal contributions to the historiography of the sciences and technology during the National Socialist period, focusing on his critique of claims that mathematics, the natural sciences and technology were morally or politically \"neutral\" during or after the Nazi era, and on his counter-claim that mathematicians and other scientists had in fact mobilized themselves and their knowledge in support of Nazism's central political projects. Taken as a guide for understanding science-politics relations in general, Mehrtens' work was and remains a counterweight to the political abstinence adopted by many who have followed the \"cultural turn\" in history of science and technology. In the broadest sense, the article is a plea for the culturally relevant and politically engaged historiography of the sciences and humanities that Mehrtens himself pursued.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142299554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Brouwer and Hausdorff: On reassessing the foundations crisis 布劳威尔与豪斯多夫：关于重新评估基础危机
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889724000103
David E. Rowe
{"title":"Brouwer and Hausdorff: On reassessing the foundations crisis","authors":"David E. Rowe","doi":"10.1017/s0269889724000103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889724000103","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Epistemological issues associated with Cantorian set theory were at the center of the foundational debates from 1900 onward. Hermann Weyl, as a central actor, saw this as a smoldering crisis that burst into flames after World War I. The historian Herbert Mehrtens argued that this “foundations crisis” was part of a larger conflict that pitted moderns, led by David Hilbert, against various counter-moderns, who opposed the promotion of set theory and trends toward abstract theories. Among counter-moderns, L.E.J. Brouwer went a step further by proposing new foundational principles based on his philosophy of intuitionism. Meanwhile, Felix Hausdorff emerged as a leading proponent of the new modern style. In this essay, I offer a reassessment of the foundations crisis that stresses the marginal importance of the various intellectual issues involved. Instead, I offer an interpretation that focuses on tensions within the German mathematical community that led to a dramatic power struggle for control of the journal <span>Mathematische Annalen.</span></p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142269559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
George Montandon, the Ainu and the theory of hologenesis 乔治-蒙丹东、阿伊努人和全息理论
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889723000157
John L. Hennessey
{"title":"George Montandon, the Ainu and the theory of hologenesis","authors":"John L. Hennessey","doi":"10.1017/s0269889723000157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889723000157","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 1909, Italian zoologist Daniele Rosa (1857–1944) proposed a radical new evolutionary theory: hologenesis, or simultaneous, pan-terrestrial creation and evolution driven primarily by internal factors. Hologenesis was widely ignored or rejected outside Italy, but Swiss-French anthropologist George Montandon (1879–1944) eagerly embraced and developed the theory. An ambitious careerist, Montandon’s deep investment in an obscure and unpopular theory is puzzling. Today, Montandon is best known for his virulent antisemitism and active collaboration with the Nazi occupation of France at the end of his career. By that point, however, he had quietly moved away from hologenesis. This shift has gone unnoticed or been left unexplained in existing research. This article reexamines Montandon’s theoretical outlook and reasons for championing Rosa’s forgotten theory. It argues that while Montandon’s adoption of hologenesis arose from a complex blend of scientific and personal factors, his previously overlooked early fieldwork with the Ainu played a key role. In contrast, hologenesis did not inform Montandon’s later public antisemitism.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138717093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Textual materiality and abstraction in mathematics 数学中的文本物质性和抽象性
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889723000182
Anna Kiel Steensen, Mikkel Willum Johansen, Morten Misfeldt
{"title":"Textual materiality and abstraction in mathematics","authors":"Anna Kiel Steensen, Mikkel Willum Johansen, Morten Misfeldt","doi":"10.1017/s0269889723000182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889723000182","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we wish to explore the role that textual representations play in the creation of new mathematical objects. We do so by analyzing texts by Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736–1813) and Évariste Galois (1811–1832), which are seen as central to the historical development of the mathematical concept of groups. In our analysis, we consider how the material features of representations relate to the changes in conceptualization that we see in the texts. Against this backdrop, we discuss the idea that new mathematical concepts, in general, are increasingly abstract in the sense of being detached from material configurations. Our analysis supports the opposite view. We suggest that changes in the material aspects of textual representations (i.e., the actual graphic inscriptions) play an active and crucial role in conceptual change. We employ an analytical framework adapted from Bruno Latour’s 1999 account of intertwined material and representational practices in the empirical sciences. This approach facilitates a foregrounding of the interconnection between the conceptual development of mathematics, and the construction, (re-)configuration, and manipulation of the materiality of representations. Our analysis suggests that, in mathematical practice, distinctions between the material and structural features of representations are not permanent and absolute. This problematizes the appropriateness of the distinction between concrete inscriptions and abstract relations in understanding the development of mathematical concepts.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138685908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The animal model of human disease as a core concept of medical research: Historical cases, failures, and some epistemological considerations 人类疾病的动物模型是医学研究的核心概念：历史案例、失败和一些认识论思考
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889723000170
Volker Roelcke
{"title":"The animal model of human disease as a core concept of medical research: Historical cases, failures, and some epistemological considerations","authors":"Volker Roelcke","doi":"10.1017/s0269889723000170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889723000170","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article uses four historical case studies to address epistemological issues related to the animal model of human diseases and its use in medical research on human diseases. The knowledge derived from animal models is widely assumed to be highly valid and predictive of reactions by human organisms. In this contribution, I use three significant historical cases of failure (ca. 1890, 1960, 2006), and a closer look at the emergence of the concept around 1860/70, to elucidate core assumptions related to the specific practices of animal-human knowledge transfer, and to analyze the explanations provided by historical actors after each of the failures. Based on these examples, I argue that the epistemological status of the animal model changed from that of a helpful methodological tool for addressing specific questions, but with precarious validity, to an obligatory method for the production of strong knowledge on human diseases. As a result, there now exists a culture of biomedical research in human disease that, for more than a century, has taken the value of this methodological tool as self-evident, and more or less beyond question.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138575724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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