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Charlatan epistemology: As illustrated by a study of wonder-working in the late seventeenth-century Dutch Republic. 骗子认识论:17世纪晚期荷兰共和国对奇迹的研究说明了这一点。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889721000193
Koen Vermeir
{"title":"Charlatan epistemology: As illustrated by a study of wonder-working in the late seventeenth-century Dutch Republic.","authors":"Koen Vermeir","doi":"10.1017/S0269889721000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889721000193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article highlights the epistemic concerns that have permeated the historical discourse around charlatanism. In it, I study the term \"charlatan\" as a multivalent actor's category without a stable referent. Instead of defining or identifying \"the charlatan,\" I analyze how the concept of the charlatan was used to make epistemic interventions about what constituted credible knowledge in two interconnected controversies. Focusing on these controversies allows me to thematize how the concept of \"the charlatan\" expanded beyond medical contexts and to bring a history of knowledge perspective to the history of medicine.The title of the article, \"Charlatan Epistemology,\" indicates a historical epistemological approach to charlatanism as well as the existence of a charlatan's embodied epistemology. On the one hand, I historicize the epistemic characteristics of charlatanism, focusing on virtues as well as vices, knowledge as well as ignorance, by addressing the historical and contextual specificities of two case studies and the larger epistemic concerns at play. On the other hand, I show how references to charlatanism implied the existence of specific embodied knowledges, special skills and techniques to manipulate either natural secrets or the human psyche, and I explore the similarities and differences between charlatan epistemology and artisanal epistemology.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 4","pages":"363-384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39727277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The "Controversial Cundurango Cure": Medical professionalization and the global circulation of drugs. “有争议的昆都兰戈疗法”:医疗专业化和药物的全球流通。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889721000144
Elisa Sevilla, Ana Sevilla
{"title":"The \"Controversial Cundurango Cure\": Medical professionalization and the global circulation of drugs.","authors":"Elisa Sevilla,&nbsp;Ana Sevilla","doi":"10.1017/S0269889721000144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889721000144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article examines the medical and political discussions regarding a controversial medicinal bark from Ecuador - cundurango - that was actively sponsored by the Ecuadorian government as a new botanical cure for cancer in the late nineteenth century United States and elsewhere. The article focuses on the commercial and diplomatic interests behind the public discussion and advertising techniques of this drug. It argues that diverse elements - including the struggle for positioning scientific societies and the disapproval of the capacities of Ecuadorian doctors, US abolitionist history, regional and local political struggles - played a role in the quackery accusations against cundurango and its promoters. The development and international trade of this remedy offer interesting insights into the global history of drugs, particularly how medical knowledge was challenged during a period when scientific medicine was struggling for hegemony. It explores how newspapers expanded \"the public interest\" in a possible cancer cure.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 4","pages":"423-440"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39741923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A democratic program for healing: The Raspail domestic medicine method in 1840s France. 民主的治疗方案:19世纪40年代法国的拉斯帕尔家庭医学方法。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889721000132
Hervé Guillemain
{"title":"A democratic program for healing: The Raspail domestic medicine method in 1840s France.","authors":"Hervé Guillemain","doi":"10.1017/S0269889721000132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889721000132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Raspail's domestic medicine method, popularized in 1840s France, has similarities with the practices of nineteenth century non-academic healers. His mass marketing of camphor as a universal treatment echoes the practices of \"charlatans\" and their circles. But Raspail is also very original in this history of popular care. As a scientist, a popularizer of encyclopedic knowledge and a political activist, he managed to blur traditional distinctions between science and politics and between popular and learned medicine. Raspail was a constant thorn in the side of academic institutions and professional organizations, which were struggling to gain legitimacy. His work took a political turn when he combined, within a single project, his approach to treatment and his call for democratizing medical care. Raspail's method challenged institutional norms by acknowledging the importance of the patient's contribution to the healing process, and recognizing the necessity of thwarting the occasionally deleterious effects of monopolistic medicalization.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 4","pages":"385-403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39741921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Local versus the Global in the history of relativity: The case of Belgium. 相对论史上的地方与全球:以比利时为例。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889721000028
Sjang L Ten Hagen
{"title":"The Local versus the Global in the history of relativity: The case of Belgium.","authors":"Sjang L Ten Hagen","doi":"10.1017/S0269889721000028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889721000028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article contributes to a global history of relativity, by exploring how Einstein's theory was appropriated in Belgium. This may sound like a contradiction in terms, yet the early-twentieth-century Belgian context, because of its cultural diversity and reflectiveness of global conditions (the principal example being the First World War), proves well-suited to expose transnational flows and patterns in the global history of relativity. The attempts of Belgian physicist Théophile de Donder to contribute to relativity physics during the 1910s and 1920s illustrate the role of the war in shaping the transnational networks through which relativity circulated. The local attitudes of conservative Belgian Catholic scientists and philosophers, who denied that relativity was philosophically significant, exemplify a global pattern: while critics of relativity feared to become marginalized by the scientific, political, and cultural revolutions that Einstein and his theory were taken to represent, supporters sympathized with these revolutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 3","pages":"227-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0269889721000028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39068138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Changing conceptions of mathematics and infinity in Giordano Bruno's vernacular and Latin works. 布鲁诺的白话文和拉丁文作品中对数学和无穷概念的改变。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889721000041
Paolo Rossini
{"title":"Changing conceptions of mathematics and infinity in Giordano Bruno's vernacular and Latin works.","authors":"Paolo Rossini","doi":"10.1017/S0269889721000041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889721000041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of Giordano Bruno's conception of mathematics. Specifically, it intends to highlight two aspects of this conception that have been neglected in previous studies. First, Bruno's conception of mathematics changed over time and in parallel with another concept that was central to his thought: the concept of infinity. Specifically, Bruno undertook a reform of mathematics in order to accommodate the concept of the infinitely small or \"minimum,\" which was introduced at a later stage. Second, contrary to what Héléne Védrine claimed, Bruno believed that mathematical objects were mind-dependent. To chart the parallel development of the conceptions of mathematics and infinity, a seven-year time span is considered, from the publication of Bruno's first Italian dialogue (La cena de le ceneri, 1584) to the publication of one of his last Latin works (De minimo, 1591).</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 3","pages":"251-271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0269889721000041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39068141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Rendering Inuit cancer "visible": Geography, pathology, and nosology in Arctic cancer research. 使因纽特人的癌症“可见”:北极癌症研究中的地理、病理和分类学。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889721000016
Jennifer Fraser
{"title":"Rendering Inuit cancer \"visible\": Geography, pathology, and nosology in Arctic cancer research.","authors":"Jennifer Fraser","doi":"10.1017/S0269889721000016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889721000016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In August of 1977, Australian pathologist David W. Buntine delivered a presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australia in Melbourne, Victoria. In this presentation, he used the diagnostic category of \"Eskimoma,\" to describe a unique set of salivary gland tumors he had observed over the past five years within Winnipeg's Health Sciences Center. Only found amongst Inuit patients, these tumors were said to have unique histological, clinical, and epidemiological features and were unlike any other disease category that had ever been encountered before. To understand where this nosological category came from, and its long-term impact, this paper traces the historical trajectory of the \"Eskimoma.\" In addition to discussing the methods and infrastructures that were essential to making the idea of Inuit cancer \"visible,\" to the pathologist, the epidemiologist, and to society at large, this paper discusses how Inuit tissue samples obtained, stored, and analyzed in Winnipeg, Manitoba, came to be codified into a new, racially based disease category - one that has guided Canadian and international understandings of circumpolar cancer trends and shaped northern healthcare service delivery for the past sixty years.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 3","pages":"195-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0269889721000016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39068137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Newton, the sensorium of God, and the cause of gravity. 牛顿，上帝的感官，万有引力的原因。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889721000077
John Henry
{"title":"Newton, the sensorium of God, and the cause of gravity.","authors":"John Henry","doi":"10.1017/S0269889721000077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889721000077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is argued that the sensorium of God was introduced into the Quaestiones added to the end of Newton's Optice (1706) as a way of answering objections that Newton had failed to provide a causal account of gravity in the Principia. The discussion of God's sensorium indicated that gravity must be caused by God's will. Newton did not leave it there, however, but went on to show how God's will created active principles as secondary causes of gravity. There was nothing unusual in assuming that God, acting as the First Cause, operated in nature by means of secondary causes; but it was unusual to devote as much time to discussing God's precise role as to discussing the secondary causes themselves. It is contended that Newton felt the need to do this to persuade readers that what might seem like a second cause that could not possibly work could be made to work by the omnipotent God.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 3","pages":"329-351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0269889721000077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39068140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
SIC volume 33 issue 3 Cover and Back matter SIC第33卷第3期封面和封底
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889721000090
{"title":"SIC volume 33 issue 3 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0269889721000090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889721000090","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"b1 - b2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0269889721000090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46171268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The effects of publishing processes on scientific thought: Typography and typology in prehistoric archaeology (1950s-1990s). 出版过程对科学思想的影响:史前考古学中的排版和类型学(1950 -1990)。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889721000053
Sébastien Plutniak
{"title":"The effects of publishing processes on scientific thought: Typography and typology in prehistoric archaeology (1950s-1990s).","authors":"Sébastien Plutniak","doi":"10.1017/S0269889721000053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889721000053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the last decades, many changes have occurred in scientific publishing, including online publication, data repositories, file formats and standards. The role played by computers in this process rekindled the argument on forms of technical determinism. This paper addresses this old debate by exploring the case of publishing processes in prehistoric archaeology during the second part of the twentieth century, prior to the wide-scale adoption of computers. It investigates the case of a collective and international attempt to standardize the typological analysis of prehistoric lithic objects, coined typologie analytique by Georges Laplace and developed by a group of French, Italian, and Spanish researchers. The aim of this paper is to: 1) present a general bibliometric scenario of prehistoric archaeology publishing in continental Europe; 2) report on the little-known typologie analytique method in archaeology, using publications, archives, and interviews; 3) show how the publication of scientific production was shaped by social (editorial policies, support networks) and material (typography features and publication formats) constraints; and 4) highlight how actors founded resources to control and counterbalance these effects, namely by changing and improving publishing formats.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 3","pages":"273-297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0269889721000053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39069055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
SIC volume 33 issue 3 Cover and Front matter SIC第33卷第3期封面和封面
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889721000089
{"title":"SIC volume 33 issue 3 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0269889721000089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889721000089","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"f1 - f3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0269889721000089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48742219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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