Science in Context最新文献

{"title":"Rendering Inuit cancer \"visible\": Geography, pathology, and nosology in Arctic cancer research.","authors":"Jennifer Fraser","doi":"10.1017/S0269889721000016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889721000016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In August of 1977, Australian pathologist David W. Buntine delivered a presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australia in Melbourne, Victoria. In this presentation, he used the diagnostic category of \"Eskimoma,\" to describe a unique set of salivary gland tumors he had observed over the past five years within Winnipeg's Health Sciences Center. Only found amongst Inuit patients, these tumors were said to have unique histological, clinical, and epidemiological features and were unlike any other disease category that had ever been encountered before. To understand where this nosological category came from, and its long-term impact, this paper traces the historical trajectory of the \"Eskimoma.\" In addition to discussing the methods and infrastructures that were essential to making the idea of Inuit cancer \"visible,\" to the pathologist, the epidemiologist, and to society at large, this paper discusses how Inuit tissue samples obtained, stored, and analyzed in Winnipeg, Manitoba, came to be codified into a new, racially based disease category - one that has guided Canadian and international understandings of circumpolar cancer trends and shaped northern healthcare service delivery for the past sixty years.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 3","pages":"195-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0269889721000016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39068137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Newton, the sensorium of God, and the cause of gravity.","authors":"John Henry","doi":"10.1017/S0269889721000077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889721000077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is argued that the sensorium of God was introduced into the Quaestiones added to the end of Newton's Optice (1706) as a way of answering objections that Newton had failed to provide a causal account of gravity in the Principia. The discussion of God's sensorium indicated that gravity must be caused by God's will. Newton did not leave it there, however, but went on to show how God's will created active principles as secondary causes of gravity. There was nothing unusual in assuming that God, acting as the First Cause, operated in nature by means of secondary causes; but it was unusual to devote as much time to discussing God's precise role as to discussing the secondary causes themselves. It is contended that Newton felt the need to do this to persuade readers that what might seem like a second cause that could not possibly work could be made to work by the omnipotent God.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 3","pages":"329-351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0269889721000077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39068140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SIC volume 33 issue 3 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0269889721000090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889721000090","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"b1 - b2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0269889721000090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46171268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of publishing processes on scientific thought: Typography and typology in prehistoric archaeology (1950s-1990s).","authors":"Sébastien Plutniak","doi":"10.1017/S0269889721000053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889721000053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the last decades, many changes have occurred in scientific publishing, including online publication, data repositories, file formats and standards. The role played by computers in this process rekindled the argument on forms of technical determinism. This paper addresses this old debate by exploring the case of publishing processes in prehistoric archaeology during the second part of the twentieth century, prior to the wide-scale adoption of computers. It investigates the case of a collective and international attempt to standardize the typological analysis of prehistoric lithic objects, coined typologie analytique by Georges Laplace and developed by a group of French, Italian, and Spanish researchers. The aim of this paper is to: 1) present a general bibliometric scenario of prehistoric archaeology publishing in continental Europe; 2) report on the little-known typologie analytique method in archaeology, using publications, archives, and interviews; 3) show how the publication of scientific production was shaped by social (editorial policies, support networks) and material (typography features and publication formats) constraints; and 4) highlight how actors founded resources to control and counterbalance these effects, namely by changing and improving publishing formats.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 3","pages":"273-297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0269889721000053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39069055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SIC volume 33 issue 3 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0269889721000089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889721000089","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"f1 - f3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0269889721000089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48742219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time, trauma, and the brain: How suicide came to have no significant precipitating event.","authors":"Stephanie Lloyd,&nbsp;Alexandre Larivée","doi":"10.1017/S0269889721000065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889721000065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article, we trace shifting narratives of trauma within psychiatric, neuroscience, and environmental epigenetics research. We argue that two contemporary narratives of trauma - each of which concerns questions of time and psychopathology, of the past invading the present - had to be stabilized in order for environmental epigenetics models of suicide risk to be posited. Through an examination of these narratives, we consider how early trauma came to be understood as playing an etiologically significant role in the development of suicide risk. Suicide, in these models, has come to be seen as a behavior that has no significant precipitating event, but rather an exceptional precipitating neurochemical state, whose origins are identified in experiences of early traumatic events. We suggest that this is a part of a broader move within contemporary neurosciences and biopsychiatry to see life as post: seeing life as specific form of post-traumatic subjectivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 3","pages":"299-327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0269889721000065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39068139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brazilian political scientists and the Cold War: Soviet hearts, North-American minds (1966-1988).","authors":"Lidiane Soares Rodrigues","doi":"10.1017/S0269889720000228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889720000228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The process of institutionalization of Political Science in Brazil was conditioned by the country's position in the geopolitical scenario proper to the Cold War, strongly affected by the influence of the USA and, later on, by the military dictatorship experienced between 1964 and 1985. The first Brazilian professionalized political scientists were, during their youth, anti-Stalinist revolutionary militants. They had been financed by the Ford Foundation (FF) to pursue their PhDs in the USA. In this paper, I argue that the north-American model of ideological war included governmental and non-governmental institutions. Among the latter, the FF played a crucial role because it had a lot of credibility in state bureaucracy and was able to captivate the potential copartners, who would benefit from its grant, even the anti-American ones. The FF was able to do so because it was keeping a distance from the bellicose image of the USA. In this way, because Brazilian youngsters were leftist, the FF was interested in financing their studies. And, because they belonged to the anti-Stalinist left, they were more open than the communists and wouldn't oppose to exchange with the USA.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 2","pages":"145-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0269889720000228","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25479138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SIC volume 33 issue 2 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0269889720000241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889720000241","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"f1 - f3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0269889720000241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47190687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power, politics, and the development of political science in the Americas.","authors":"Thibaud Boncourt,&nbsp;Paulo Ravecca","doi":"10.1017/S0269889720000150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889720000150","url":null,"abstract":"Social scientists tend to think about their disciplines as the objective analysis of society. However, numerous critical theorists such as Edward Said, Max Horkheimer, Antonio Gramsci, Michel Foucault, and Herbert Marcuse, as well as interpretativists and reflexivists (Jackson 2011; Denzin and Lincoln 2011; Flick 2007) have challenged the notion that knowledge production is politically neutral and argued that, in fact, it is a key component of the broader social and political relations in which it occurs. By taking part in the production of knowledge on society, social scientists participate in the production, legitimization or critique of the social order, social hierarchies, power relations, and political regimes. Several empirical, contemporary phenomena illustrate this idea, and make it particularly topical. Economics notoriously plays a key role in grounding the monetary policies implemented by central banks and the International Monetary Fund (Chwieroth 2010). Social scientists are regularly enrolled by political actors to help design institutions, policies, or electoral programs related to their field of expertise – for example, promoters of European institutions have heavily relied on social sciences to legitimate the integration process (Aldrin 2010; Bailleux 2013; Boncourt 2019). When not seen as a tool, social sciences are perceived as a threat: some increasingly authoritarian regimes like Erdogan’s Turkey and Orban’s Hungary have been taking concrete measures to thwart the development of these disciplines (Paternotte and Verloo 2020). Multiple questions arise from these examples: what is, concretely, the relationship between the development of the social sciences and the emergence of critical or legitimizing discourses on the social and political order? How do social and political contexts and actors influence the activity of social scientists? Why are some disciplines more heavily enrolled by established powers or movements critical of such powers at a given time? What are the profiles and trajectories of the scholars who get involved in the production of legitimizing or critical intellectual tools? What concrete forms do these tools take, from scientific ideas (paradigms, methods, arguments, etc.) to policy instruments (surveys, data banks, etc.)? This special issue contributes to answering these questions by focusing on the case of political science in the Americas. A discipline par excellence concerned with producing narratives on power relations, political science offers an interesting case study for observing the interplay between the development of the social sciences and the production of the social and political order (Ravecca 2019). The articles gathered in this special issue explore how politics and power dynamics affect political science and vice versa. They focus on the relationship between political regimes, contexts, and events on the one hand, and the academic field and the knowledge it produces on the other hand.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 2","pages":"95-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0269889720000150","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25479135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dictatorship, transition, and the forging of political science in Uruguay.","authors":"Paulo Ravecca","doi":"10.1017/S026988972000023X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S026988972000023X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study examines the trajectory of Uruguayan Political Science (PS) from a critical theory perspective. Concretely, the article focuses on PS' institutional birth and early period (1980s and 1990s) and shows how broader political and ideological transformations had a significant impact on its discourse on Uruguayan democracy. Three components of such discourse are unpacked: The embrace of liberalism, the rejection of Marxism, and the uncritical engagement with the local political system, particularly the 'traditional parties.' The argument is supported by a systematic analysis of the 163 articles published by Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política (RUCP) from 1987 to 2012 and 22 in-depth interviews with scholars from the Instituto de Ciencia Política (ICP) at Universidad de la República (UdelaR).</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"33 2","pages":"171-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S026988972000023X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25479136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}