Science in Context最新文献_第2页

An Irish soldier perceives the stars: Philip O'Sullivan Beare's exegetic cosmology, c. 1626-30. 一名爱尔兰士兵感知星星：菲利普·奥沙利文·贝尔的激奋宇宙学，约1626- 1630年。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100501

Kevin Gerard Tracey

引用次数: 0

Of pashas, popes, and indivisibles. 帕夏，教皇和不可分割的人。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725000456

Mikhail G Katz, David Sherry, Monica Ugaglia

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Eugenio Rignano's energetical vitalism. Eugenio riignano的活力论。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725000481

Bohang Chen

{"title":"Eugenio Rignano's energetical vitalism.","authors":"Bohang Chen","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725000481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889725000481","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the doctrine of energetical vitalism as proposed by the early twentieth-century philosopher, Eugenio Rignano. Rignano's energetical vitalism aimed to present a comprehensive biological theory, addressing distinct phenomena of purposiveness-or what are called teleological phenomena-exclusive to the organic domain. His doctrine pivoted on two key hypotheses. The first, the hypothesis of vital energy, posited that life's distinctiveness emanates from a unique energy form he termed \"vital (or nervous) energy.\" Rignano believed that while this form of energy shares attributes with conventional energy forms and adheres to basic laws of energetics, its manifestations are exclusively organic, dictating specific purposive phenomena. The second hypothesis, termed \"centroepigenetic,\" asserted that vital energies primarily accumulate in the chromosomes within nuclei but can be transferred through intercellular bridges connecting germinal and somatic nuclei. Rignano's energetical vitalism synthesized ideas from three significant scientific trends of his era: the energetics, neo-Lamarckian, and mnemic movements. In closing, this article critiques Rignano's energetical vitalism with two primary assertions. First, while empirical support for the vital energy hypothesis remains elusive, vitalism's historical significance is arguably more profound than contemporary physicalists recognize, and it remains logically defensible to propose vitalistic hypotheses, irrespective of physicalist metaphysical constraints. Second, Rignano's centroepigenetic hypothesis can be seen as prescient in light of recent molecular genetic discoveries. These two points are informed by Hasok Chang's perspectives on \"outdated\" scientific theories.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"36 2","pages":"192-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144976434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Time thrift and economic science in the eighteenth century. 18世纪的时间节约与经济科学。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725000468

Marco Storni

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Is the Fuxi liushisi gua fangwei () diagram attributed to Shao Yong binary? Clarifying a consequence of its analogy with the binary arithmetic of Leibniz. 伏羲六十三卦方微图是邵雍二进制的吗？澄清它与莱布尼兹的二进制算术类比的结果。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-15 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100665

Marie-Julie Maitre

{"title":"Is the Fuxi liushisi gua fangwei () diagram attributed to Shao Yong binary? Clarifying a consequence of its analogy with the binary arithmetic of Leibniz.","authors":"Marie-Julie Maitre","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100665","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725100665","url":null,"abstract":"The Jesuit Joachim Bouvet established an analogy between the binary arithmetic developed by Leibniz and the diagram Fuxi liushisi gua fangwei (or FX64), attributed to Shao Yong, which organizes the sixty-four hexagrams according to the Fuxi/Xiantian order. Consequently, this diagram could be considered as binary. Some scholars argue that the diagram is not binary because of the different construction of the two systems and the \"wrong\" reading direction used by Bouvet and Leibniz-opposite to the one used in China. Nevertheless, by a superimposition of Leibniz's binary table and of the derivation table used to construct the diagram, this article shows that the diagram is binary, since it is constituted of two elements and the binary system can use other symbols than 0 and 1. The reverse methodology used in constructing the two systems because of their different purpose-division for the FX64 diagram and multiplication for Leibniz's dyad-allows their reading from either one direction or the reverse. This does not affect the fact that they are both binary, since it leads to the same form and structure.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"36 1","pages":"38-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144876488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The paradox of necessary uncertainty: Psychopathy, welfare and Munchausen Syndrome in 1950s England. 必要不确定性的悖论：20世纪50年代英国的精神病、福利和孟乔森综合症。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1017/S026988972500047X

Chris Millard

引用次数: 0

Defining preventable birth defects: The March of Dimes' new program of publicity, research fundraising, and advice for pregnant women (1953-1973). 定义可预防的出生缺陷：为孕妇提供宣传、研究筹款和建议的新项目（1953-1973）。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-15 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725000018

Heather Dron

{"title":"Defining preventable birth defects: The March of Dimes' new program of publicity, research fundraising, and advice for pregnant women (1953-1973).","authors":"Heather Dron","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725000018","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725000018","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses archival material to trace rising rhetoric about prenatal prevention of birth defects. I argue that the new philanthropic framing of \"birth defects,\" aimed to create a coherent category and scientifically prevent a complex array of intractable anatomical and functional disorders seen in infants and young children, with repercussions for women. Emphasis on scientific prevention of birth defects was built on networks of volunteers, fundraising activities, and philanthropic marketing models that had been developed for a crippling epidemic disease, polio. The National Foundation's (NF) expansion to congenital malformations fit uneasily within the prior infectious disease eradication model, assuming that elimination of birth defects was a worthy and achievable goal. Scientific research fundraising, advice, and advocacy aims became entangled. Marketing of birth defects as a vast problem and looming undesirable outcome for all potentially pregnant women was shaped by philanthropic and professional domain expansion. The NF initially promised that funding scientific research innovation would yield a return on investment, with scientific research on pregnancy leading inevitably to elimination or repair of congenital malformations or medical rehabilitation. However, definitions of prenatal prevention were unstable, and prioritizing research and medical aid funds for the vast array of chronic conditions defined as their new target became a challenge. Framing birth defects as a public health crisis, such advocacy leveraged parents' hopes and aspirations for their children's future well-being towards fundraising for medical research and technologically mediated gatekeeping of bodily and functional differences.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"36 1","pages":"98-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144876487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Elevated to the ranks of a science: Manual labor and Albert Thaer's doctrine of rational agriculture. 提升到科学的行列：体力劳动和阿尔伯特·塞尔的理性农业学说。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725000493

Verena Lehmbrock

引用次数: 0

Computational rifts: Parsing the context of Early Modern Natural Philosophy. 计算裂缝：解析早期现代自然哲学的语境。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-27 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100653

Andrea Sangiacomo, Raluca Tanasescu

{"title":"Computational rifts: Parsing the context of Early Modern Natural Philosophy.","authors":"Andrea Sangiacomo, Raluca Tanasescu","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100653","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725100653","url":null,"abstract":"Ongoing debates among historians of early modern philosophy are concerned with how to best understand the context of historical works and authors. Current methods usually rely on qualitative assessments made by the historians themselves and do not define constraints that can be used to profile a given context in more quantitative terms. In this paper, we present a computational method that can be used to parse a large corpus of works based on their linguistic features, alongside some preliminary information that can be retrieved from the associated metadata. The goal of the method is to use the available information about the corpus to create broad groups that can work as sub-contexts for better understanding different sorts of works and authors. In turn, this makes it possible to better profile each group and identify its most distinguishing linguistic features. Once these features are clarified, it will eventually become possible to also identify what the most representative works and authors in each group are and which of them may be worth exploring in greater detail. This classification method thus allows historians to integrate their qualitative assessments with quantitative studies in order to better define the relevant context for any given work.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A married couple of mathematicians from Vienna remembers Sigmund Freud (1953). 维也纳一对已婚数学家夫妇缅怀西格蒙德-弗洛伊德（1953 年）。

IF 0.3 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-02-03 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889722000229

Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze

{"title":"A married couple of mathematicians from Vienna remembers Sigmund Freud (1953).","authors":"Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze","doi":"10.1017/S0269889722000229","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889722000229","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is based on a hitherto unexplored document (audiotape of an interview accompanied by a German transcript) from 1953, located in the Freud Papers at the Library of Congress. It contributes to a better understanding of the impact of Freud and of Psychoanalysis on personalities from the exact sciences, here represented by the noted applied mathematicians Richard von Mises and Hilda Geiringer from Vienna. The detailed discussion of the interview sheds some new light on the different roles of Kraus and Freud in the Vienna culture, on the Vienna Jugendkulturbewegung (youth culture movement) during WWI in which Geiringer was involved, on Freud's and Siegfried Bernfeld's standing around 1930 among German philosophers and psychologists, and on Wilhelm Fließ' theory of periodicity, which von Mises-based on his attitude as an applied mathematician-defended against superficial accusations. Finally, new biographical material is provided for von Mises and the remotely related Freud family, and for Geiringer's and von Mises' early lives. The interview, which was taken during the Cold War, also allows conclusions as to how politics influenced the memories and views of the participants. Part of the aim of the paper is historical documentation of unknown material (letters by Karl Kraus and Wolfgang Köhler, one book review by Wilhelm Ostwald, a file on R. Pfennig), including some correction of erroneous information in the literature.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9209588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0