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Brouwer and Hausdorff: On reassessing the foundations crisis 布劳威尔与豪斯多夫：关于重新评估基础危机
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889724000103
David E. Rowe
{"title":"Brouwer and Hausdorff: On reassessing the foundations crisis","authors":"David E. Rowe","doi":"10.1017/s0269889724000103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889724000103","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Epistemological issues associated with Cantorian set theory were at the center of the foundational debates from 1900 onward. Hermann Weyl, as a central actor, saw this as a smoldering crisis that burst into flames after World War I. The historian Herbert Mehrtens argued that this “foundations crisis” was part of a larger conflict that pitted moderns, led by David Hilbert, against various counter-moderns, who opposed the promotion of set theory and trends toward abstract theories. Among counter-moderns, L.E.J. Brouwer went a step further by proposing new foundational principles based on his philosophy of intuitionism. Meanwhile, Felix Hausdorff emerged as a leading proponent of the new modern style. In this essay, I offer a reassessment of the foundations crisis that stresses the marginal importance of the various intellectual issues involved. Instead, I offer an interpretation that focuses on tensions within the German mathematical community that led to a dramatic power struggle for control of the journal <span>Mathematische Annalen.</span></p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142269559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Imaging a black hole shadow through the Event Horizon Telescope: A study in scientific collaboration and its epistemic constraints. 通过视界望远镜成像黑洞阴影：科学合作及其认知约束的研究。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1017/S026988972510094X
Luca Guzzardi
{"title":"Imaging a black hole shadow through the Event Horizon Telescope: A study in scientific collaboration and its epistemic constraints.","authors":"Luca Guzzardi","doi":"10.1017/S026988972510094X","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S026988972510094X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper I present a case study of the creation of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), which provided the first image of a black hole shadow (April 2019) and that of the central black hole of the Milky Way (May 2022), as one in which the collaborative approach was primarily motivated by strong epistemic needs. To this end, I introduce and explore the notion of \"epistemic constraint,\" meaning any component of the world that prevents us from gaining some definite kind of knowledge in a specific manner and allows or promotes some other specific kind of knowledge in defined ways. The collaborative approach that led to the recent images of black hole shadows through the EHT is described in terms of \"epistemically constrained collaboration\" - i.e., a collaborative mode of research where the epistemic constraints prevail over other factors - and the most important features of this concept are expounded.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"62-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146013081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Taking nature: Collecting and the exercise of colonial power. 攫取自然：收集和殖民权力的行使。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100951
Ina Heumann
{"title":"Taking nature: Collecting and the exercise of colonial power.","authors":"Ina Heumann","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100951","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725100951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over a four-year period from 1909 to 1913, the German expedition to Tendaguru removed 250 metric tons of dinosaur fossils from what is now Tanzania and was then part of the colony of German East Africa. To this day, these fossils - some of them now world-famous exhibits - are held in Berlin's Museum für Naturkunde. Using hitherto unexamined sources, this paper reveals how the expedition's leaders translated their initial mission of \"thorough excavation\" into a strategy of total extraction, leading them to amass thousands of additional animals, plant samples, and cultural artifacts that were subsequently distributed among Berlin's national museums. It shows that this multi-institutional and transdisciplinary colonial archive relied heavily on colonial infrastructures and violence and argues that collecting in this context must be understood as an enactment of power. Following Dan Hicks, it asks how this history might be interpreted within a theory of taking.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146004759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Names, knowledge, and formats: Transformations of oceanic literacy. 名称、知识和格式：海洋文化的转变。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100963
Anne Eriksen
{"title":"Names, knowledge, and formats: Transformations of oceanic literacy.","authors":"Anne Eriksen","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100963","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725100963","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article argues that, contrary to what is often held in academic literature, traditional fishermen had solid empirical knowledge about underwater topography long before acoustic sounding. To substantiate the argument, a large mid twentieth-century collection of place names and terms collected among coastal fishermen in Norway is explored, with the aim to demonstrate that this vocabulary reflects a detailed knowledge about underwater geography as well as advanced navigational skills. The second aim of the article is to investigate the reformatting of this knowledge when it was first transferred to national fisheries maps and secondly when it entered the International Court of Justice as part of the Norwegian fisheries case against the UK in 1951. Reformatting represents more than a new context: It shapes and changes knowledge. The present article applies this more general principle of knowledge transformation to the study of the human-ocean relationship and explores how reformatting has decisively impacted activities at sea, influenced parameters for ocean use, and been constitutive to shaping the ocean as an object of knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"25-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146047145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The masters and victims of partisanship: Arnošt Kolman and Adam Schaff at the crossroads of partisan science. 党派之争的主人和受害者：Arnošt Kolman和Adam Schaff站在党派科学的十字路口。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100938
Alexej Lochmatow
{"title":"The masters and victims of partisanship: Arnošt Kolman and Adam Schaff at the crossroads of partisan science.","authors":"Alexej Lochmatow","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100938","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725100938","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article develops a praxeological perspective on the history of partisanship in Central and Eastern Europe. The author proposes to examine partisanship not as an idea or a concept but as a virtue that was supposed to be forcibly cultivated and practiced in science and scholarship under Soviet domination. The article focuses on the cases of two prominent Marxist philosophers, Arnošt Kolman and Adam Schaff, who became devoted teachers of partisanship in the Soviet Union as well as in their \"native\" Czechoslovakia and Poland. Later, both were publicly accused of \"non-partisanship.\" Based on these examples, the author argues that, with the establishment of the socialist regimes, partisanship became a tool of maintaining stability. This implied more autonomy for the scholars and scientists who learned how to use the quasi-moral authority of partisanship to exclude from the \"moral consensus\" those who, due to their \"excessive diligence,\" threatened the internal norms and conventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"39-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146004834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
George Montandon, the Ainu and the theory of hologenesis 乔治-蒙丹东、阿伊努人和全息理论
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889723000157
John L. Hennessey
{"title":"George Montandon, the Ainu and the theory of hologenesis","authors":"John L. Hennessey","doi":"10.1017/s0269889723000157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889723000157","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 1909, Italian zoologist Daniele Rosa (1857–1944) proposed a radical new evolutionary theory: hologenesis, or simultaneous, pan-terrestrial creation and evolution driven primarily by internal factors. Hologenesis was widely ignored or rejected outside Italy, but Swiss-French anthropologist George Montandon (1879–1944) eagerly embraced and developed the theory. An ambitious careerist, Montandon’s deep investment in an obscure and unpopular theory is puzzling. Today, Montandon is best known for his virulent antisemitism and active collaboration with the Nazi occupation of France at the end of his career. By that point, however, he had quietly moved away from hologenesis. This shift has gone unnoticed or been left unexplained in existing research. This article reexamines Montandon’s theoretical outlook and reasons for championing Rosa’s forgotten theory. It argues that while Montandon’s adoption of hologenesis arose from a complex blend of scientific and personal factors, his previously overlooked early fieldwork with the Ainu played a key role. In contrast, hologenesis did not inform Montandon’s later public antisemitism.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138717093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Textual materiality and abstraction in mathematics 数学中的文本物质性和抽象性
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889723000182
Anna Kiel Steensen, Mikkel Willum Johansen, Morten Misfeldt
{"title":"Textual materiality and abstraction in mathematics","authors":"Anna Kiel Steensen, Mikkel Willum Johansen, Morten Misfeldt","doi":"10.1017/s0269889723000182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889723000182","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we wish to explore the role that textual representations play in the creation of new mathematical objects. We do so by analyzing texts by Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736–1813) and Évariste Galois (1811–1832), which are seen as central to the historical development of the mathematical concept of groups. In our analysis, we consider how the material features of representations relate to the changes in conceptualization that we see in the texts. Against this backdrop, we discuss the idea that new mathematical concepts, in general, are increasingly abstract in the sense of being detached from material configurations. Our analysis supports the opposite view. We suggest that changes in the material aspects of textual representations (i.e., the actual graphic inscriptions) play an active and crucial role in conceptual change. We employ an analytical framework adapted from Bruno Latour’s 1999 account of intertwined material and representational practices in the empirical sciences. This approach facilitates a foregrounding of the interconnection between the conceptual development of mathematics, and the construction, (re-)configuration, and manipulation of the materiality of representations. Our analysis suggests that, in mathematical practice, distinctions between the material and structural features of representations are not permanent and absolute. This problematizes the appropriateness of the distinction between concrete inscriptions and abstract relations in understanding the development of mathematical concepts.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138685908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The animal model of human disease as a core concept of medical research: Historical cases, failures, and some epistemological considerations 人类疾病的动物模型是医学研究的核心概念：历史案例、失败和一些认识论思考
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889723000170
Volker Roelcke
{"title":"The animal model of human disease as a core concept of medical research: Historical cases, failures, and some epistemological considerations","authors":"Volker Roelcke","doi":"10.1017/s0269889723000170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889723000170","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article uses four historical case studies to address epistemological issues related to the animal model of human diseases and its use in medical research on human diseases. The knowledge derived from animal models is widely assumed to be highly valid and predictive of reactions by human organisms. In this contribution, I use three significant historical cases of failure (ca. 1890, 1960, 2006), and a closer look at the emergence of the concept around 1860/70, to elucidate core assumptions related to the specific practices of animal-human knowledge transfer, and to analyze the explanations provided by historical actors after each of the failures. Based on these examples, I argue that the epistemological status of the animal model changed from that of a helpful methodological tool for addressing specific questions, but with precarious validity, to an obligatory method for the production of strong knowledge on human diseases. As a result, there now exists a culture of biomedical research in human disease that, for more than a century, has taken the value of this methodological tool as self-evident, and more or less beyond question.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138575724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Struggling with pictures in the early Académie royale des sciences: The case of Giovanni Domenico Cassini's Grand Selenography (1679). 在早期皇家科学院的绘画中挣扎：乔瓦尼·多梅尼科·卡西尼的《大硒图》（1679）。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100744
Antoine Gallay
{"title":"Struggling with pictures in the early Académie royale des sciences: The case of Giovanni Domenico Cassini's <i>Grand Selenography</i> (1679).","authors":"Antoine Gallay","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100744","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725100744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 1679, the astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini published a large print detailing the entire visible surface of the moon with unprecedented meticulousness. This <i>Grand Selenography</i> is undoubtedly one of the most spectacular pictures ever produced within the Académie royale des sciences. However, it has remained widely neglected by historians up to now. This study offers the first account of the making and early reception of the print. It argues that the <i>Grand Selenography</i> remains uncompleted because it failed to satisfy Cassini and his contemporaries. Furthermore, its history allows us to shed new light on the range of issues that scientific pictures might have raised during Louis XIV's reign.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"235-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145016559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Conflicting minds: Immanuel Kant, Johann Daniel Metzger, and the debate about forensic psychiatry. 冲突的思想：伊曼努尔·康德，约翰·丹尼尔·梅茨格，以及关于法医精神病学的辩论。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100690
Jonas Gerlings
{"title":"Conflicting minds: Immanuel Kant, Johann Daniel Metzger, and the debate about forensic psychiatry.","authors":"Jonas Gerlings","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100690","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725100690","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article explores the dispute between the philosopher Immanuel Kant and the physician Johann Daniel Metzger over the moral autonomy of individuals with mental illness. Situating the debate within the broader context of the evolving philosophical and medical professions in eighteenth-century Germany, the article examines how a professional conflict emerged over who - the physician or the philosopher - should serve as the legal authority in cases where moral responsibility was in question. The analysis shows that this was not merely a theoretical issue for Kant, but a practical one, brought to the fore by the infanticide trial of Margarethe Kaveczynska, in which Kant's friend, Theodor Gottlieb Hippel, presided as judge. The article argues that while Kant's vision for the practical application of his anthropology influenced his conception of moral autonomy, he ultimately lost ground to the rising authority of the medical profession.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"275-295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144976386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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