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The Ancients and the Moderns: Chasles on Euclid's lost Porisms and the pursuit of geometry. 古人与今人：查斯莱斯关于欧几里得失传的《波里斯密》和对几何学的追求。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889724000048
Nicolas Michel, Ivahn Smadja
{"title":"The Ancients and the Moderns: Chasles on Euclid's lost <i>Porisms</i> and the pursuit of geometry.","authors":"Nicolas Michel, Ivahn Smadja","doi":"10.1017/S0269889724000048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889724000048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Of Euclid's lost manuscripts, few have elicited as much scholarly attention as the <i>Porisms</i>, of which a couple of brief summaries by late-Antiquity commentators are extant. Despite the lack of textual sources, attempts at restoring the content of this absent volume became numerous in early-modern Europe, following the diffusion of ancient mathematical manuscripts preserved in the Arabic world. Later, one similar attempt was that of French geometer Michel Chasles (1793-1880). This paper investigates the historiographical tenets and practices involved in Chasles' restoration of the porisms, as well as the philosophical and mathematical claims tentatively buttressed therewith. Echoes of the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns, and of a long-standing debate on the authority and usefulness of the past, are shown to have decisively shaped Chasles' enterprise-and, with it, his integration of mathematical and historical research.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141238649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The hospital as a laboratory: Population studies at Tel-Hashomer hospital in Israel (1950s-1960s). 医院作为实验室：以色列 Tel-Hashomer 医院的人口研究（1950-1960 年代）。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889724000036
Ari Barell, Nurit Kirsh
{"title":"The hospital as a laboratory: Population studies at Tel-Hashomer hospital in Israel (1950s-1960s).","authors":"Ari Barell, Nurit Kirsh","doi":"10.1017/S0269889724000036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889724000036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article we examine how a leading Israeli hospital gradually became a large biomedical research facility, resembling a huge laboratory. For Chaim Sheba (1908-1971), the founder and first director of Tel-Hashomer Hospital, the massive immigration to Israel in the 1950s was a unique opportunity for research of diverse human populations, especially Jews who had arrived to Israel from Asia and Africa. The paper focuses on the way research and medical practices were integrated and their boundaries blurred, and studies the conditions under which an entire hospital became a research field. Using the case of one of Israel's prominent medical institutes, we explore and expand upon the idea of \"the hospital as a laboratory,\" arguing that, for Sheba, it was not only the hospital but the <i>entire country</i> that functioned as a great research site-a vast laboratory that \"had no walls.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141238651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Botany and national identities: The Tokyo Cherry. 植物学与民族身份：东京樱桃
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889724000012
Wybe Kuitert
{"title":"Botany and national identities: The Tokyo Cherry.","authors":"Wybe Kuitert","doi":"10.1017/S0269889724000012","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889724000012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When Japan faced the world after the collapse of its feudal system, it had to invent its own modern identity in which the Tokyo Cherry became the National Flower. Despite being a garden plant, it received a Latin scientific species name as if it was an endemic species. After Japan's colonial conquest of Korea, exploring the flora of the peninsula became part of imperial knowledge practices of Japan. In the wild, a different cherry was discovered in Korea that was proposed as the endemic parent of the Tokyo Cherry, supporting imperialist policies. Following Japan's defeat after the Pacific War, South Korea in turn entered its search for cultural identity. The supposed parent of the Tokyo Cherry was now successfully acclaimed as the parent species of the colonial oppressor's Tokyo Cherry and named the King Cherry. Such scientific practice into cherries smoothly intertwined with nationalism and its legacy continues to interfere with research today.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139900801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Victims and diplomats: European white stork conservation efforts, animal representations, and images of expertise in postwar ornithology. 受害者与外交官：战后鸟类学中的欧洲白鹳保护工作、动物代表和专业形象。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889724000024
Simone Schleper
{"title":"Victims and diplomats: European white stork conservation efforts, animal representations, and images of expertise in postwar ornithology.","authors":"Simone Schleper","doi":"10.1017/S0269889724000024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889724000024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article discusses two approaches to save the European white stork populations from extinction that emerged after 1980. Despite the shared objective to devise transnational, science-based conservation measures, the two approaches' geographical focus was radically different. Projects by the World Wildlife Fund and the International Council for Bird Preservation focused firmly on the stork's wintering areas on the African continent. Interventions by a second group of ornithologists at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Radolfzell concentrated on the Middle East as a migration bottleneck. Based on archival research, interviews and correspondence with involved ornithologists, the article examines stork representations as an important lens for investigating the professional politics of ecology and conservation. It shows that representations of white storks, the birds' ecology, and derived conservation hotspots became part of the boundary work used by European ornithologists in the creation of changing scientific and institutional identities.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141238654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Introduction 介绍
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889700000946
Michael Espagne, A. Haß
{"title":"Introduction","authors":"Michael Espagne, A. Haß","doi":"10.1017/S0269889700000946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700000946","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0269889700000946","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46937634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How to build a scientific discipline in the nineteenth century: In search of autonomy for zoology at the Lisbon Polytechnic School (1837-1862). 如何在19世纪建立一门科学学科：在里斯本理工学院寻求动物学的自主权（1837-1862）。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2022-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889723000169
Daniel Gamito-Marques
{"title":"How to build a scientific discipline in the nineteenth century: In search of autonomy for zoology at the Lisbon Polytechnic School (1837-1862).","authors":"Daniel Gamito-Marques","doi":"10.1017/S0269889723000169","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889723000169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article discusses the conditions that lead to the autonomy of scientific disciplines by analyzing the case of zoology in the nineteenth century. The specialization of knowledge and its institutionalization in higher education in the nineteenth century were important processes for the autonomy of scientific disciplines, such as zoology. The article argues that autonomy only arises after social and political power is mobilized by specific groups to acquire appropriate conceptual, physical, and institutional spaces for a discipline. This is illustrated through the case study of the Lisbon Polytechnic School, a higher education establishment that was created in 1837, in Portugal. The case shows that autonomy in zoology can arise before the consolidation of a community of experts in the discipline, which may have been a common feature of the discipline in other countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71487964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Detecting the unknown in a sea of knowns: Health surveillance, knowledge infrastructures, and the quest for classification egress. 在已知的海洋中发现未知:健康监测、知识基础设施和寻求分类出口。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2022-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-23 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889723000133
Francis Lee
{"title":"Detecting the unknown in a sea of knowns: Health surveillance, knowledge infrastructures, and the quest for classification egress.","authors":"Francis Lee","doi":"10.1017/S0269889723000133","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889723000133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sociological study of knowledge infrastructures and classification has traditionally focused on the politics and practices of classifying things or people. However, actors' work to escape dominant infrastructures and pre-established classification systems has received little attention. In response to this, this article argues that it is crucial to analyze, not only the practices and politics of classification, but also actors' <i>work to escape dominant classification systems</i>. The article has two aims: First, to make a theoretical contribution to the study of classification by proposing to pay analytical attention to practices of escaping classification, what the article dubs <i>classification egress</i>. This concept directs our attention not only to the practices and politics of classifying things, but also to how actors work to escape or <i>resist classification systems</i> in practice. Second, the article aims to increase our understanding of the history of quantified and statistical health surveillance. In this, the article investigates how actors in health surveillance assembled a knowledge infrastructure for surveilling, quantifying, and detecting unknown patterns of congenital malformations in the wake of the thalidomide disaster in the early 1960s. The empirical account centers on the actors' work to detect congenital malformations and escape the dominant nosological classification of diseases, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), by replacing it with a procedural standard for reporting of symptoms. Thus, the article investigates how actors deal with the tension between the-already-known-and-classified and the unknown-unclassified-phenomenon in health surveillance practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138296295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Introduction 介绍
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889700001551
Jordana Blejmar
{"title":"Introduction","authors":"Jordana Blejmar","doi":"10.1017/S0269889700001551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700001551","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 On June 3, 2015, thousands of people in Argentina gathered in the streets to protest the murder of fourteen-year-old Chiara Paez at the hands of her boyfriend. Following her brutal death, a wave of indignation spread on social media with the viral hashtags #NiUnaMenos and #VivasNosQueremos. What started as an act of public grief and defiance against patriarchy rapidly found an angry but also unexpectedly upbeat tone, a combination of collective fury and exhaustion expressed in highly theatrical and political performances of affection and resistance. “We are moved by desire” became one of the movement's taglines. María Pia López's Not One Less: Mourning, Disobedience, and Desire (2021), among the first English accounts from inside the movement, reflects on this phenomenon and serves as a practical tool in current feminist struggles, feeding the very same transnational, intersectional, transformative movement in which the author has participated as protagonist, connoisseur, and chronicler. López is one of the leading voices of the fourth wave of Latin American feminisms. This collection of commentaries is animated by the dialogical spirit of her book, addressing issues ranging from the transnational identity of feminist political activism; the connection between gender equality and class struggle; the movement's combination of mourning, ecstasy, and desire; and—arguably one of the most important achievements of NUM—feminism's ability to alter the political imagination and common sense.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0269889700001551","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44514043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Introduction 介绍
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889700002350
Keri Facer, Christopher Newfield
{"title":"Introduction","authors":"Keri Facer, Christopher Newfield","doi":"10.1017/S0269889700002350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700002350","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The authors organized a conference, “Global Higher Education in 2050: Imagining Universities for Sustainable Societies,” at the University of California, Santa Barbara, March 4–6, 2020, right before the campus was closed for eighteen months in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The event's premise was that the futures of higher education will be plural, must be responsive to large international divergences, and must be actively created by global majorities rather than policy elites. This introduction describes the papers' common project of identifying the key elements in the higher education status quo and features that might lead toward unexpected futures. We summarize the three horizons methodology that guided some of the work. We also outline the activities of the third day, the workshop that sought a means of linking the present to the future. This work continues beyond the horizons of the papers published here.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0269889700002350","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48273362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Euclid's Fourth Postulate: Its authenticity and significance for the foundations of Greek mathematics. 欧几里得第四公设:其真实性及其对希腊数学基础的意义。
IF 0.3 4区 哲学
Science in Context Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889723000145
Vincenzo De Risi
{"title":"Euclid's Fourth Postulate: Its authenticity and significance for the foundations of Greek mathematics.","authors":"Vincenzo De Risi","doi":"10.1017/S0269889723000145","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889723000145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Fourth Postulate of Euclid's <i>Elements</i> states that all right angles are equal. This principle has always been considered problematic in the deductive economy of the treatise, and even the ancient interpreters were confused about its mathematical role and its epistemological status. The present essay reconsiders the ancient testimonies on the Fourth Postulate, showing that there is no certain evidence for its authenticity, nor for its spuriousness. The paper also considers modern mathematical interpretations of this postulate, pointing out various anachronisms. It further discusses the validity of the ancient proof by superposition of the Fourth Postulate. Finally, the article proposes an interpretation of the history of the concept of angle in Greek geometry between Euclid and Apollonius, and puts forward a conjecture on the interpolation of the Fourth Postulate in the Hellenistic age. The essay contributes to a general reassessment of the axiomatic foundations of ancient mathematics.</p>","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138499966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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