Science in Context最新文献_第3页

Translating French mathematics and lobbying the horse-drawn carriage trade (USA, 1869-1877). 翻译法国数学和游说马车贸易（美国，1869-1877）。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100756

Thomas Preveraud

{"title":"Translating French mathematics and lobbying the horse-drawn carriage trade (USA, 1869-1877).","authors":"Thomas Preveraud","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100756","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725100756","url":null,"abstract":"In the United States, in the second half of the nineteenth century, the reforming institutions of the horse-drawn-carriage trade prescribed descriptive geometry to their workshops in order to modernize the drawing process for modern carriages. This injunction, institutionally supported by the builder's national association, professional newspapers, and education, was part of a wider movement to organize production at a time when the carriage trade was booming. In order to facilitate the circulation of theoretical knowledge within workshops that were reluctant to mathematize their environment, two trade journals translated, in the space of a few years, and on three occasions (once by one journal and twice by the other), the same French treatise on descriptive geometry written by a Parisian carriage woodworker. This paper highlights the process of creation of a mathematical translation in a professional environment. It emphasizes the significant role of the industrial and technical context that influenced the choice of translators, the writing style, and the speed with which a translation was produced and published. In the case of mathematical content that did not belong to the common culture of the trade, international circulation allowed for the direct transfer of knowledge from one national industry to another, without relying on academic sources as intermediaries.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"296-321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145016579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The interplay between textual procedures and material operations from the viewpoint of Chinese mathematical texts. 从语文数学文本看文本程序与物质操作的相互作用。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100860

Yiwen Zhu

{"title":"The interplay between textual procedures and material operations from the viewpoint of Chinese mathematical texts.","authors":"Yiwen Zhu","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100860","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725100860","url":null,"abstract":"For more than 2,000 years, counting rods were the main tool used in Chinese mathematics. However, direct evidence for their use is lacking. The current evidence is primarily derived from two sources: procedural texts in ancient mathematical writings and counting diagrams drawn with rod signs in thirteenth-century writings. This study analyzes the procedural texts in two ancient Chinese mathematical books: 1) The Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures, completed by approximately 100 BCE or 100 CE, and 2) the Mathematical Canon by Master Sun, completed by approximately 400 CE. This article argues that the differences between the texts insufficiently explain the fundamental differences in the operations that could be performed with mathematical rods. Further, by examining two mathematical books from the thirteenth century, namely the Mathematical Book in Nine Chapters written by Qin Jiushao in 1247 and Fast Methods on Various Categories of Multiplication and Division of Areas of Fields written by Yang Hui in , this article argues that the relationships between counting diagrams and their accompanying text vary depending on the author, thereby highlighting authors' different epistemological perspectives. Examining the historical context is essential for understanding the relationship between procedural texts and material operations and for developing new methods to investigate the use of counting rods.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"213-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Friedrich Max Müller's Rubicon: Historicism and empiricism in the Victorian sciences of language and mind. 弗里德里希·马克斯·梅勒的《卢比孔河：维多利亚时代语言和思想科学中的历史主义和经验主义》。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100707

Kristine Palmieri

引用次数: 0

An Irish soldier perceives the stars: Philip O'Sullivan Beare's exegetic cosmology, c. 1626-30. 一名爱尔兰士兵感知星星：菲利普·奥沙利文·贝尔的激奋宇宙学，约1626- 1630年。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100501

Kevin Gerard Tracey

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Of pashas, popes, and indivisibles. 帕夏，教皇和不可分割的人。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725000456

Mikhail G Katz, David Sherry, Monica Ugaglia

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Eugenio Rignano's energetical vitalism. Eugenio riignano的活力论。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725000481

Bohang Chen

{"title":"Eugenio Rignano's energetical vitalism.","authors":"Bohang Chen","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725000481","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725000481","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the doctrine of energetical vitalism as proposed by the early twentieth-century philosopher, Eugenio Rignano. Rignano's energetical vitalism aimed to present a comprehensive biological theory, addressing distinct phenomena of purposiveness-or what are called teleological phenomena-exclusive to the organic domain. His doctrine pivoted on two key hypotheses. The first, the hypothesis of vital energy, posited that life's distinctiveness emanates from a unique energy form he termed \"vital (or nervous) energy.\" Rignano believed that while this form of energy shares attributes with conventional energy forms and adheres to basic laws of energetics, its manifestations are exclusively organic, dictating specific purposive phenomena. The second hypothesis, termed \"centroepigenetic,\" asserted that vital energies primarily accumulate in the chromosomes within nuclei but can be transferred through intercellular bridges connecting germinal and somatic nuclei. Rignano's energetical vitalism synthesized ideas from three significant scientific trends of his era: the energetics, neo-Lamarckian, and mnemic movements. In closing, this article critiques Rignano's energetical vitalism with two primary assertions. First, while empirical support for the vital energy hypothesis remains elusive, vitalism's historical significance is arguably more profound than contemporary physicalists recognize, and it remains logically defensible to propose vitalistic hypotheses, irrespective of physicalist metaphysical constraints. Second, Rignano's centroepigenetic hypothesis can be seen as prescient in light of recent molecular genetic discoveries. These two points are informed by Hasok Chang's perspectives on \"outdated\" scientific theories.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"36 2","pages":"192-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144976434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Time thrift and economic science in the eighteenth century. 18世纪的时间节约与经济科学。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725000468

Marco Storni

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Is the Fuxi liushisi gua fangwei () diagram attributed to Shao Yong binary? Clarifying a consequence of its analogy with the binary arithmetic of Leibniz. 伏羲六十三卦方微图是邵雍二进制的吗？澄清它与莱布尼兹的二进制算术类比的结果。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-15 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100665

Marie-Julie Maitre

{"title":"Is the Fuxi liushisi gua fangwei () diagram attributed to Shao Yong binary? Clarifying a consequence of its analogy with the binary arithmetic of Leibniz.","authors":"Marie-Julie Maitre","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100665","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725100665","url":null,"abstract":"The Jesuit Joachim Bouvet established an analogy between the binary arithmetic developed by Leibniz and the diagram Fuxi liushisi gua fangwei (or FX64), attributed to Shao Yong, which organizes the sixty-four hexagrams according to the Fuxi/Xiantian order. Consequently, this diagram could be considered as binary. Some scholars argue that the diagram is not binary because of the different construction of the two systems and the \"wrong\" reading direction used by Bouvet and Leibniz-opposite to the one used in China. Nevertheless, by a superimposition of Leibniz's binary table and of the derivation table used to construct the diagram, this article shows that the diagram is binary, since it is constituted of two elements and the binary system can use other symbols than 0 and 1. The reverse methodology used in constructing the two systems because of their different purpose-division for the FX64 diagram and multiplication for Leibniz's dyad-allows their reading from either one direction or the reverse. This does not affect the fact that they are both binary, since it leads to the same form and structure.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"36 1","pages":"38-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144876488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The paradox of necessary uncertainty: Psychopathy, welfare and Munchausen Syndrome in 1950s England. 必要不确定性的悖论：20世纪50年代英国的精神病、福利和孟乔森综合症。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1017/S026988972500047X

Chris Millard

引用次数: 0

Defining preventable birth defects: The March of Dimes' new program of publicity, research fundraising, and advice for pregnant women (1953-1973). 定义可预防的出生缺陷：为孕妇提供宣传、研究筹款和建议的新项目（1953-1973）。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-15 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725000018

Heather Dron

{"title":"Defining preventable birth defects: The March of Dimes' new program of publicity, research fundraising, and advice for pregnant women (1953-1973).","authors":"Heather Dron","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725000018","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725000018","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses archival material to trace rising rhetoric about prenatal prevention of birth defects. I argue that the new philanthropic framing of \"birth defects,\" aimed to create a coherent category and scientifically prevent a complex array of intractable anatomical and functional disorders seen in infants and young children, with repercussions for women. Emphasis on scientific prevention of birth defects was built on networks of volunteers, fundraising activities, and philanthropic marketing models that had been developed for a crippling epidemic disease, polio. The National Foundation's (NF) expansion to congenital malformations fit uneasily within the prior infectious disease eradication model, assuming that elimination of birth defects was a worthy and achievable goal. Scientific research fundraising, advice, and advocacy aims became entangled. Marketing of birth defects as a vast problem and looming undesirable outcome for all potentially pregnant women was shaped by philanthropic and professional domain expansion. The NF initially promised that funding scientific research innovation would yield a return on investment, with scientific research on pregnancy leading inevitably to elimination or repair of congenital malformations or medical rehabilitation. However, definitions of prenatal prevention were unstable, and prioritizing research and medical aid funds for the vast array of chronic conditions defined as their new target became a challenge. Framing birth defects as a public health crisis, such advocacy leveraged parents' hopes and aspirations for their children's future well-being towards fundraising for medical research and technologically mediated gatekeeping of bodily and functional differences.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"36 1","pages":"98-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144876487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0