Science in Context最新文献_第3页

The animal model of human disease as a core concept of medical research: Historical cases, failures, and some epistemological considerations 人类疾病的动物模型是医学研究的核心概念：历史案例、失败和一些认识论思考

IF 0.3 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889723000170

Volker Roelcke

{"title":"The animal model of human disease as a core concept of medical research: Historical cases, failures, and some epistemological considerations","authors":"Volker Roelcke","doi":"10.1017/s0269889723000170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889723000170","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses four historical case studies to address epistemological issues related to the animal model of human diseases and its use in medical research on human diseases. The knowledge derived from animal models is widely assumed to be highly valid and predictive of reactions by human organisms. In this contribution, I use three significant historical cases of failure (ca. 1890, 1960, 2006), and a closer look at the emergence of the concept around 1860/70, to elucidate core assumptions related to the specific practices of animal-human knowledge transfer, and to analyze the explanations provided by historical actors after each of the failures. Based on these examples, I argue that the epistemological status of the animal model changed from that of a helpful methodological tool for addressing specific questions, but with precarious validity, to an obligatory method for the production of strong knowledge on human diseases. As a result, there now exists a culture of biomedical research in human disease that, for more than a century, has taken the value of this methodological tool as self-evident, and more or less beyond question.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138575724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Struggling with pictures in the early Académie royale des sciences: The case of Giovanni Domenico Cassini's Grand Selenography (1679). 在早期皇家科学院的绘画中挣扎：乔瓦尼·多梅尼科·卡西尼的《大硒图》（1679）。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100744

Antoine Gallay

引用次数: 0

Conflicting minds: Immanuel Kant, Johann Daniel Metzger, and the debate about forensic psychiatry. 冲突的思想：伊曼努尔·康德，约翰·丹尼尔·梅茨格，以及关于法医精神病学的辩论。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100690

Jonas Gerlings

引用次数: 0

Translating French mathematics and lobbying the horse-drawn carriage trade (USA, 1869-1877). 翻译法国数学和游说马车贸易（美国，1869-1877）。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100756

Thomas Preveraud

{"title":"Translating French mathematics and lobbying the horse-drawn carriage trade (USA, 1869-1877).","authors":"Thomas Preveraud","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100756","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725100756","url":null,"abstract":"In the United States, in the second half of the nineteenth century, the reforming institutions of the horse-drawn-carriage trade prescribed descriptive geometry to their workshops in order to modernize the drawing process for modern carriages. This injunction, institutionally supported by the builder's national association, professional newspapers, and education, was part of a wider movement to organize production at a time when the carriage trade was booming. In order to facilitate the circulation of theoretical knowledge within workshops that were reluctant to mathematize their environment, two trade journals translated, in the space of a few years, and on three occasions (once by one journal and twice by the other), the same French treatise on descriptive geometry written by a Parisian carriage woodworker. This paper highlights the process of creation of a mathematical translation in a professional environment. It emphasizes the significant role of the industrial and technical context that influenced the choice of translators, the writing style, and the speed with which a translation was produced and published. In the case of mathematical content that did not belong to the common culture of the trade, international circulation allowed for the direct transfer of knowledge from one national industry to another, without relying on academic sources as intermediaries.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"296-321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145016579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The interplay between textual procedures and material operations from the viewpoint of Chinese mathematical texts. 从语文数学文本看文本程序与物质操作的相互作用。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100860

Yiwen Zhu

{"title":"The interplay between textual procedures and material operations from the viewpoint of Chinese mathematical texts.","authors":"Yiwen Zhu","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725100860","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725100860","url":null,"abstract":"For more than 2,000 years, counting rods were the main tool used in Chinese mathematics. However, direct evidence for their use is lacking. The current evidence is primarily derived from two sources: procedural texts in ancient mathematical writings and counting diagrams drawn with rod signs in thirteenth-century writings. This study analyzes the procedural texts in two ancient Chinese mathematical books: 1) The Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures, completed by approximately 100 BCE or 100 CE, and 2) the Mathematical Canon by Master Sun, completed by approximately 400 CE. This article argues that the differences between the texts insufficiently explain the fundamental differences in the operations that could be performed with mathematical rods. Further, by examining two mathematical books from the thirteenth century, namely the Mathematical Book in Nine Chapters written by Qin Jiushao in 1247 and Fast Methods on Various Categories of Multiplication and Division of Areas of Fields written by Yang Hui in , this article argues that the relationships between counting diagrams and their accompanying text vary depending on the author, thereby highlighting authors' different epistemological perspectives. Examining the historical context is essential for understanding the relationship between procedural texts and material operations and for developing new methods to investigate the use of counting rods.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":" ","pages":"213-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Friedrich Max Müller's Rubicon: Historicism and empiricism in the Victorian sciences of language and mind. 弗里德里希·马克斯·梅勒的《卢比孔河：维多利亚时代语言和思想科学中的历史主义和经验主义》。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100707

Kristine Palmieri

引用次数: 0

An Irish soldier perceives the stars: Philip O'Sullivan Beare's exegetic cosmology, c. 1626-30. 一名爱尔兰士兵感知星星：菲利普·奥沙利文·贝尔的激奋宇宙学，约1626- 1630年。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725100501

Kevin Gerard Tracey

引用次数: 0

Of pashas, popes, and indivisibles. 帕夏，教皇和不可分割的人。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725000456

Mikhail G Katz, David Sherry, Monica Ugaglia

引用次数: 0

Eugenio Rignano's energetical vitalism. Eugenio riignano的活力论。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725000481

Bohang Chen

{"title":"Eugenio Rignano's energetical vitalism.","authors":"Bohang Chen","doi":"10.1017/S0269889725000481","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0269889725000481","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the doctrine of energetical vitalism as proposed by the early twentieth-century philosopher, Eugenio Rignano. Rignano's energetical vitalism aimed to present a comprehensive biological theory, addressing distinct phenomena of purposiveness-or what are called teleological phenomena-exclusive to the organic domain. His doctrine pivoted on two key hypotheses. The first, the hypothesis of vital energy, posited that life's distinctiveness emanates from a unique energy form he termed \"vital (or nervous) energy.\" Rignano believed that while this form of energy shares attributes with conventional energy forms and adheres to basic laws of energetics, its manifestations are exclusively organic, dictating specific purposive phenomena. The second hypothesis, termed \"centroepigenetic,\" asserted that vital energies primarily accumulate in the chromosomes within nuclei but can be transferred through intercellular bridges connecting germinal and somatic nuclei. Rignano's energetical vitalism synthesized ideas from three significant scientific trends of his era: the energetics, neo-Lamarckian, and mnemic movements. In closing, this article critiques Rignano's energetical vitalism with two primary assertions. First, while empirical support for the vital energy hypothesis remains elusive, vitalism's historical significance is arguably more profound than contemporary physicalists recognize, and it remains logically defensible to propose vitalistic hypotheses, irrespective of physicalist metaphysical constraints. Second, Rignano's centroepigenetic hypothesis can be seen as prescient in light of recent molecular genetic discoveries. These two points are informed by Hasok Chang's perspectives on \"outdated\" scientific theories.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"36 2","pages":"192-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144976434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Time thrift and economic science in the eighteenth century. 18世纪的时间节约与经济科学。

IF 0.5 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889725000468

Marco Storni

引用次数: 0