Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Delineation of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle: a magnetic resonance imaging study.","authors":"Satoshi Tsutsumi, Satoru Kawai, Natsuki Sugiyama, Hideaki Ueno, Michimasa Suzuki, Hisato Ishii","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04022-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04022-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To the best of our knowledge, the levator palpebrae superioris muscle (LM) has not been previously evaluated radiologically. This study aimed to explore the LM using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 109 patients underwent thin-section coronal T2-weighted MRI. For comparison, the orbits were dissected on four sides of two cadaver heads.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On cadaveric specimens, the LMs partially overlapped the superior rectus muscles (SRMs) at the orbital apex. Additionally, an oculomotor branch was observed to initially course along the inferior aspect of the SRM, then bridge the medial margin of the muscle and finally distribute over the LM. On MRI, intermuscular separations were identified in 79% between the LM and SRM. They were open at the medial edges and closed at the lateral edges and demonstrated signal intensity similar to that of the orbital fat. The widths and heights of the separations were highly variable but more distinct towards anteriorly. In 20%, the separations were symmetrical, while they were right-side-predominant in 28% and left-side-predominant in 31%. Similarly, the widths of both LMs were considerably variable. In 33%, they were symmetrical, while right-side-predominant in 23% and left-side-predominant in 25%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The LM and SRM are separated by intervening fat tissue with open medial and closed lateral edges, not uniformly attached with each other. The LM may be more easily separated from the SRM when approached from the medial side.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149139271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological spectrum of the septal papillary muscle complex and chordal support in the human tricuspid valve: a quantitative anatomical study.","authors":"Miłosz Zajączkowski, Agata Kaczyńska, Grzegorz Piwko, Marta Gleinert-Rożek, Karina Zajączkowska, Damian Jeżyk, Adam Kosiński","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04013-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04013-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The tricuspid valve is anatomically variable. The septal/medial papillary muscle complex (SPM) contains two elements. The papillary muscle of the conus arteriosus (MCA) is always present. The septal papillary muscles (MPS) vary in number and form. We asked where their chordae tendineae actually attach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We dissected 111 structurally normal human hearts from donors aged 49-97 years. Every chorda arising from the MCA and MPS was assigned to one predefined region: the anterior leaflet (CA), the posterior leaflet (CP), the anteroseptal commissure (Com a), the posteroseptal commissure (Com p), or the anterior (CSa), middle (CSm) or posterior (CSp) zone of the septal leaflet. Counts were compared with the Friedman test, followed by Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Holm-Bonferroni correction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We traced 385 MCA-derived chordae. Most ended in CA (85.97%). Far fewer ended in Com a (7.28%) or CSa (6.75%). The 934 MPS-derived chordae behaved differently. They clustered in the septal leaflet (CSa 33.94%, CSm 26.55%, CSp 12.10%), in Com a (18.31%) and in CA (8.46%). Com p received only 0.64%, and CP received none. Regional differences were significant (p < 0.001). MCA chordae dominated CA. MPS chordae dominated Com a and the septal leaflet (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MCA and MPS act as one functional unit. Together they brace the anteroseptal region of the tricuspid valve. These numbers sharpen the anatomical picture of septal papillary support and give a reference point for surgical repair and imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13642434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149117528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel anatomical mapping of the anterior branch of the axillary nerve across the anterior and middle part of the deltoid: a fresh-cadaver study defining safe zones.","authors":"Gang Liu, Feng Liu, Chollada Mahakkanukrauh, Shusheng Zhu, Chanatporn Inthasan, Apichat Sinthubua, Tanawat Vaseenon, Yasuhito Tanaka, Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04015-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04015-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To map the surface projection of the anterior branch of the axillary nerve (ABAN) over the anterior and middle part of the deltoid and to define safe and high-risk zones for proximal humeral approaches.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen whole adult fresh-frozen cadavers (28 paired shoulders) were dissected in this study. Acromial landmarks were defined as point A (anterolateral corner of acromion), point B (middle point of AC), point C (posterolateral corner of acromion), and insertion of middle part of the deltoid (point D) in a modified anatomical position. A delto-pectoral landmark connected D to the clavicular junction (point E). The BD line was quartered and extended to the deltoid margins, while quarter points of AD were projected onto ED, dividing the deltoid into 12 mediolateral zones; zones 1-6 (anterior and middle part of the deltoid) were each subdivided into quadrants a-d.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The risk ranking, defined as the probability of encountering the nerve, was as follows: 10 = 11 = 12 (0%) > 9 (7.14%) > 3 = 8 (14.28%) > 2 (17.85%) > 7 (28.57%) > 4 (78.57%) > 6 (92.86%) > 1 = 5 (100%, highest-risk zones). Safe zones were limited to proximal zones 2-3 (2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b) and distal zones 10-12; all other zones placed the nerve at risk, with zones 1 and 5 representing the highest risk. A curved surgical trajectory along Zone 6c → 5d → 5b → 4a → 1c, rather than an acromion-based approach, may reduce iatrogenic injury to this branch.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Mapping of the anterior branch of the axillary nerve (ABAN) across 12 zones, highlighting both safe and high-risk regions. Key findings indicate that only Zones 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b in the proximal humerus are safe, whereas all other zones pose risk, with Zones 1 and 5 representing the highest risk. A curved surgical trajectory along Zone 6c → 5d → 5b → 4a → 1c, rather than an acromion-based approach, may reduce iatrogenic ABAN injury during surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149117550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Duplicated ventral pancreatic ducts arising separately from the duodenal wall: anatomical evidence suggestive of persistence of the left ventral pancreatic bud.","authors":"Atsushi Miki, Wataru Nishimura, Tatsuya Kin","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04012-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04012-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Human embryological studies have documented the transient presence of paired ventral pancreatic buds during early development. The persistence of the left ventral bud into adulthood could theoretically result in duplicated ventral pancreatic ducts in adulthood. Here, we report a case of duplicated ventral ducts incidentally observed in a human pancreas retrieved from an organ donor.</p><p><strong>Anatomic variation: </strong>The pancreas was obtained from a 46-year-old male donor after brain death for the purpose of islet transplantation. During the islet isolation procedure, we unexpectedly identified two ventral pancreatic duct orifices, side by side, near the entry point of the bile duct into the duodenum. The larger ventral duct was located posterior to the common bile duct. Macroscopic examination of the serosal side of the duodenum demonstrated that the two ventral ducts entered the duodenal wall separately. Investigation of the mucosal surface revealed that both ventral ducts and the common bile duct drained together into a single opening at the major duodenal papilla.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is our first case of duplicated ventral pancreatic ducts arising separately from the duodenal wall in a series of over 2,600 cases, suggesting the persistence of the left ventral pancreatic bud. To our knowledge, direct macroscopic documentation of this specific configuration has not been previously reported. This finding expands the known spectrum of pancreatic ductal anomalies and provides novel anatomical insight into human pancreatic embryogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149117581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topography of the middle cochlear turn relative to the oval window and facial canal: implications for middle-turn cochleostomy.","authors":"Anjali Singal, Tulika Gupta, Anjali Aggarwal, Ashok Kumar Gupta, Daisy Sahni, Priti Chaudhary","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04020-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04020-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Labyrinthitis ossificans poses a significant challenge to cochlear implant electrode insertion. Middle-turn cochleostomy with anterograde/retrograde manner or double-array electrode insertion is a viable option, in such cases. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the topography of the middle cochlear turn relative to the fenestra vestibuli (ovalis) or oval window (OW) and facial canal (FC) as pertaining to middle turn cochleostomy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-two formalin fixed cadaveric temporal bones were dissected. The distance between OW and cochlea at 360^°, minimum distance between OW and cochlea and corresponding cochlear angle and angle between middle turn of cochlea and tympanic part of facial canal (FC) were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean values for distance between OW and cochlea at 360^°, minimum distance between OW and cochlea, its corresponding cochlear angle and angle between middle turn of cochlea and tympanic part FC were 3.03 ± 0.42 mm, 2.17 ± 0.43 mm, 324.5^° ± 8.1^° and 117.4^° ± 10.6^° (104.7^°-149.1^°) respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The wide variation in the angle between the middle turn of the cochlea and the tympanic segment of FC underscores the need for individualized angle determination preoperatively. As per best literature search, there is paucity of data regarding these landmarks.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149076391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An anatomical study of the arcade of Frohse and the relationship with posterior interosseous nerve entrapment syndrome.","authors":"Xiu-Ning Xuan, Li-Na Ren, Si-Bao Liu, Rui-Xi Jin, Xue-Jia Li, Jia-Yun Cheng, Si-Qi Li, Jing Li","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04019-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04019-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To demonstrate the anatomical characteristics of the arcade of Frohse (AF) and the deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN), so as to provide a valuable anatomical reference for the relationship with posterior interosseous nerve entrapment syndrome (PINS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty human upper limbs were dissected to observe the AF and DBRN. The width and height of AF and the length of the supinator canal (SCL) were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the morphological characteristics, the AF was classified into: U-type in 24 cases; hook-type in 18 cases; and linear-type in 8 cases. According to the branching number of DBRN, they were classified into: Type Ⅰ, the DBRN entered and exited the supinator canal both as a single nerve in 37 cases; Type Ⅱ, the DBRN entered supinator canal as a single nerve, and exited as two branches in 7 cases; Type Ⅲ, the DBRN entered supinator canal as two nerves, and exited as one nerve in 2 cases; Type Ⅳ, the DBRN entered and exited the supinator canal both as two nerves in 2 cases; Other rare branching variants: two extremely rare patterns were grouped here, with 1 case for each pattern. Rare type A: the DBRN entered supinator canal as four nerves, exited as three nerves in 1 case. Rare type B: the DBRN entered supinator canal as three nerves, but exited as one nerve in 1 case. The width and height of AF were 16.06 ± 5.27 mm (range: 5.08-27.92 mm) and 12.14 ± 4.17 mm (range: 4.14-23.27 mm), respectively. The length of the supinator canal was 38.28 ± 6.06 mm (range: 26.11-52.27 mm).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study proposed new classifications for the AF and the DBRN. Rare branching variations of the DBRN were identified, and these findings may serve as a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of PINS.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149076408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on \"Sex estimation from sacral anatomy in Turkish adults: a machine learning-based analysis\".","authors":"Raghunath Loganathan, Keerthi Amistapuram, Avinash Reddy Aitha","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-03977-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-03977-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149065557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining a superficial neurovascular corridor in the upper trapezius using proportional surface mapping and cadaveric correlation.","authors":"Tabinda Hasan","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04011-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04011-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Precise surface-to-subsurface anatomical correlation within the upper trapezius remains limited. This study aimed to define a reproducible superficial neurovascular corridor using a proportional surface coordinate framework and to examine its regional correspondence with a clinically localised surface-sensitive site.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty participants with a clinically localised focal myofascial sensitivity site underwent standardised palpation-based localisation supported by surface electromyography to assist identification of the upper-middle trapezius interface. Site position was expressed as a proportional coordinate along the C7-acromion reference line. Pressure-pain thresholds and referred-pain responses were recorded. Forty-two embalmed cadaver sides from 27 donors were examined using identical surface landmarks to map the superficial neurovascular emergence zone (NAV). A subset underwent dissection, histology, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry using CGRP, PGP9.5 and NF200.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Clinically localised sites demonstrated stable proportional positioning near the upper-middle trapezius interface. Pressure-pain thresholds were lower at the localised site than at adjacent controls. Cadaveric mapping identified a consistently positioned superficial neurovascular corridor within the same region. Mean proportional coordinates were closely aligned, although complete geometric concordance was not observed. Histology demonstrated clustered superficial nerve fascicles adjacent to the deep fascia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A reproducible superficial neurovascular corridor can be defined within the upper trapezius using proportional surface mapping. This structured anatomical framework enables consistent surface-subsurface correlation and may provide a reproducible anatomical reference for future investigations of clinically localised myofascial pain and anatomically guided interventions, without implying specific functional or pathological mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149065573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraosseous mental nerve anatomy in fresh-frozen Vietnamese cadavers: anatomical considerations for vestibular incisions and trocar placement in transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy via the vestibular approach.","authors":"Quang Nguyen Xuan, Khoa Ngo Xuan, Hau Nguyen Xuan, Tuyen Le Quang, Quang Le Van","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04000-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04000-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy via the vestibular approach (TOETVA) provides excellent cosmetic outcomes but introduces specific anatomical challenges related to the mental nerve. Although the location of the mental foramen has been extensively studied, detailed information regarding the extraosseous course, branching pattern, and layer-based relationships of the mental nerve remains limited. This study aimed to characterize the extraosseous anatomy of the mental nerve in fresh-frozen Vietnamese cadavers and provide anatomical information relevant to vestibular incision planning and trocar placement in TOETVA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive anatomical study was performed on 15 fresh-frozen Vietnamese adult cadavers, providing 30 mental nerves for analysis. The mental foramen and extraosseous mental nerve branches were dissected systematically. Morphometric parameters, branching patterns, and relationships between nerve branches and surrounding soft tissue layers were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mental foramen was most commonly located in line with the second premolar (50.0%). The mental nerve divided early after exiting the foramen, with a mean distance to the first branching point of 3.17 ± 2.55 mm. Branching patterns showed considerable variability, with all five Hu classification types observed and side-to-side asymmetry present in 46.7% of cadavers. After exiting the foramen, the mental nerve was consistently superficial to the periosteum. The angular and lateral inferior labial branches coursed deep to the orbicularis oris muscle in all specimens, while the mental branch most commonly followed a superficial course relative to the mentalis muscle.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The mental nerve demonstrates early extraosseous branching and consistent layer-based anatomical relationships after exiting the mental foramen. These findings provide important anatomical information relevant to vestibular incision planning and trocar placement in TOETVA.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149031882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The long thoracic nerve: Cadaveric study of a potential site of dynamic compression?","authors":"Thomas Albert, Nicolas Bigorre","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-03997-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-026-03997-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Neuropathies of the long thoracic nerve (LTN) are rare pathologies whose etiology is still subject to discussion. Anatomical study of the nerve from its origin to its distal innervation could provide information about this condition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We dissected 12 nerves from their origin in the brachial plexus to their terminal innervation branches. We identified all potential compression sites along the nerve pathway. Each nerve has been classified anatomically into its supraclavicular and infraclavicular parts. We have collected various biometric data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified three potential anatomical elements of nerve compression, all located in the infraclavicular part. First, nerve compression related to crossing zones between the thoracodorsal artery branches with a preferred location between the 4th and 6th ribs. Second, aponeurotic bands derived from the axillary fascia causing a bridging effect located at the level of the 3rd and 4th ribs. Third, compression by the inferior angle of the scapula with its surrounding muscle masses at the level of the 4th and 5th ribs. We observed a predominant anatomical arrangement with crossing of the thoracodorsal artery above the LTN (types I, III, and V). The length of the LTN was measured as 193 ± 20.2 mm, the diameter of LTN main trunk was 2.8 ± 0.5 mm, distance inferior border of scapula to LTN was 35.8 ± 8.2 mm, number of lateral nerve branches was 6.3 ± 1 mm.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The long thoracic nerve is a long, thin nerve that is potentially fragile. The significant mobility of the scapulothoracic joint increases the risk of potential compression. Knowing the preferential locations of anatomical compression sites (artery, fascia, scapula) is complementary to the clinical analysis of winging scapula and the electromyographic topographic analysis of LTN compression. This data can guide the surgeon when neurolysis of the infraclavicular part of the LTN is being considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149031944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}