Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"The tibialis posterior tendon revisited: a classification-based anatomical and radiological framework.","authors":"Łukasz Olewnik, Ingrid C Landfald, Piotr Łabętowicz, Paloma Aragonés","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04036-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04036-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tibialis posterior tendon (TPT) demonstrates substantial anatomical variability in its branching and attachment morphology, extending beyond the simplified concept of a predominantly navicular attachment. This narrative review critically reappraises the classification of TPT attachment patterns proposed by Olewnik and places it in the context of subsequent anatomical, radiological, and functional evidence. Later anatomical studies have confirmed extensive variation in the number, distribution, and surface area of TPT attachments and have identified configurations not represented within the original classification. These findings support the use of classification systems as structured descriptive frameworks rather than exhaustive catalogues of TPT morphology. Cadaveric imaging studies demonstrate that complex TPT branching and attachment anatomy can be depicted on MRI; however, individual anatomical types and subtypes have not undergone systematic radiological validation. Representative MRI examples are therefore included for anatomical illustration rather than as diagnostic criteria. The functional significance of individual attachment patterns and their potential relationship to hindfoot and midfoot joint morphology remain incompletely understood. Further anatomical, imaging, and biomechanical studies are required to determine whether specific TPT patterns have reproducible radiological or functional correlates.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149358219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical students' perceptions of smartphone-derived three-dimensional cadaveric models for anatomy education: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Eren Ogut, Esma Büşra Yildirim, Sude Naz Kilic, Esma Asmin Korkmaz, Asude Zulal Kaya, Çağatay Barut","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04050-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-026-04050-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Smartphone-based photogrammetry may provide an accessible way to create reusable three-dimensional (3D) models from cadaveric specimens for anatomy education. This study evaluated medical students' perceptions of these models and explored factors associated with their overall evaluations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 100 medical students who evaluated images and linked videos of smartphone-derived cadaveric models using a 22-item Likert-type questionnaire. Group differences were examined using non-parametric tests. Internal consistency, preliminary factor analysis, Spearman correlations, and exploratory multiple linear regression were also assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participating students generally evaluated the model materials positively. The highest-rated items concerned long-term reuse through a digital model library (4.28 ± 0.59), improved access when cadaveric material is limited (4.26 ± 0.71), support for 3D thinking in interventional or surgical settings (4.22 ± 0.60), and preparation for clinical clerkships (4.19 ± 0.53). Regular integration into anatomy teaching was supported by 82% of participants. No significant differences were observed by sex or year of study. After reverse scoring negatively worded items, Cronbach's alpha was 0.881. Age group showed a weak correlation with the exploratory overall evaluation score (r = 0.286, p = 0.004). The exploratory regression model explained 11.4% of the variance but was not statistically significant (R² = 0.114, p = 0.122).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Participating medical students generally viewed smartphone-derived cadaveric digital models favorably, particularly for repeated access and the development of digital specimen libraries. These findings describe perceived usefulness and acceptability; they do not establish improvements in anatomical knowledge, spatial ability, or retention. Controlled studies using objective learning outcomes are needed before educational effectiveness can be determined.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149358218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a novel sigmoid notch index and its association with dental status in adult human mandibles.","authors":"Thayumanasamy Venkateswaran Guru, Sridharan Neelamegan","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04053-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04053-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The mandible is constantly altered based on function and age, especially in cases of tooth loss. Although the measurements of Ramus have been extensively studied, the quantitative analysis of sigmoid notch morphology and its proportional relationships has not yet been well documented. In this paper, we propose a new measurement called the Sigmoid Notch In​dex (SNI) to evaluate these relationships.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 121 adult dry human mandibles of South Indian origin, categorized based on dental status as completely dentulous (CD), partially edentulous (PE), and completely edentulous (CE). Bilateral measurements including sigmoid notch depth, condyle-coronoid interdistance, condyle height, coronoid height, gonial angle, ramus height, and ramus width were measured using digital calipers and a goniometer. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess the influence of dental status and side.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant variations were noted in multiple mandibular parameters with regard to their dental status, specifically the gonial angle, ramus height, and condylar measurements. However, there was no significant variability in SNI despite variations in individual parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The SNI appears to be an innovative and reproducible morphometric index that demonstrates stability in relation to proportionality of the mandibular ramus.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149335848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foramen rotundum: foramen or canal? Standardization of the anatomical axis and imaging planes.","authors":"Sefa Sonmez","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04052-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04052-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149335849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-related morphometric and morphological differences in the external aperture of the carotid canal: a retrospective study.","authors":"Murat Inci, Hamza Kasar, Mehmet Selcuk, Huseyin Yakar","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04047-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04047-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate age-stratified morphometric estimates for the external aperture of the carotid canal (EACC) in a paediatric population; it also aimed to assess age-related differences in its morphological and morphometric characteristics and the relationship between its dimensions and transverse skull-base width, measured as the distance between the supramastoid crests (SC-to-SC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 700 EACCs obtained from 350 patients aged between 1 and 18 years, evenly distributed across five age groups. Length, width, estimated area of the EACC, and distances to the midline, supramastoid crest, and mandible were measured on computed tomography images. Morphological types were classified as round, oval, and distinctly transversely elongated according to the width-to-length ratio. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were used to account for bilateral shape dependency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean EACC length was 4.11 ± 0.88 mm, the width was 5.39 ± 1.19 mm and the estimated area was 18.03 ± 7.13 mm². Age group had a very strong effect on all parameters (η²_p= 0.389-0.822). Polynomial regression revealed an asynchronous trajectory: aperture dimensions peaked at 10-13 years (quadratic trend), whereas landmark distances increased linearly up to 14-18 years. After Bonferroni correction, EACC width, estimated area and SC-to-SC distance were significantly larger in males. Oval type predominated (56%), and the distinctly transversely elongated type was more common in males (GEE, p = 0.002).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Growth of EACC parameters occurs asynchronously: canal dimensions reach maximum values in the 10-13-year age group, whereas distances to surrounding landmarks expand into late adolescence (14-18 years). These age-stratified estimates may assist anatomical orientation during preoperative radiological evaluation of the paediatric skull base.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149326766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Layered anatomy of the greater and lesser occipital nerves with photogrammetry-based three-dimensional models: a cadaveric study.","authors":"Wei Zhou, Haosu Zhang, Lean Sun, Haibo Li, Mengwei Ma, Yuqing Wang, Qiang Li, Guangfu Di, Xiaochun Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04043-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04043-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The superficial neurovascular anatomy of the posterior occipital region is important for occipital nerve block, greater occipital nerve (GON) decompression, and posterior fossa incision planning. However, the continuous layered relationship between the medial GON-occipital artery (OA) region and the lateral lesser occipital nerve (LON) channel remains incompletely characterized.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cadaveric study examined 10 formalin-fixed specimens (20 sides). Layer-by-layer dissection documented nerve courses, emergence points, diameters, terminal branches, neurovascular relationships, GON-LON communications, and relationships with the OA and adjacent muscles. Photogrammetry-based three-dimensional models were constructed for visualization, not quantitative measurement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The GON and LON were identified on all 20 sides. The GON had 6.0 ± 1.4 terminal branches. Its trapezius muscle/fascial emergence point was located 25.4 ± 3.2 mm horizontally from the posterior midline and 14.0 ± 2.2 mm vertically from the external occipital protuberance (EOP) level. GON-OA relationships comprised a single crossing on 3 sides, multiple crossings on 8 sides, continuous contact on 5 sides, and coiling on 4 sides. The LON traversed a trapezius muscle-related plane on 9 sides and followed a posterior sternocleidomastoid muscle-border course on 11 sides. In descriptive side-level comparisons, the trapezius muscle-related emergence point was closer to the posterior midline and EOP level but farther from the mastoid reference line than the posterior sternocleidomastoid muscle-border emergence point. GON-LON communications were observed on 17 sides.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings support a layered, pathway-based, and conceptual zone-based model of posterior occipital neurovascular anatomy, rather than localization based only on isolated surface landmarks.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149301706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facial artery morphology assessed by computed tomography angiography: a mixed-effects morphometric analysis of age, sex, and laterality.","authors":"Sindy Melissa Sanchez-Romo, Adrian Manuel Verdines-Perez, Mario Campos-Coy, Alberto Montemayor-Martinez, Santos Guzman-Lopez, David de la Fuente-Villarreal, Emilio Rodrigo Tovar-Mandujano, Yolanda Salinas-Alvarez, Rodrigo E Elizondo-Omaña","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04040-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04040-4","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The facial artery is the principal arterial supply to the midface and is among the most frequently encountered vascular structures during facial reconstructive, aesthetic, and minimally invasive procedures. Precise knowledge of its anatomical course and morphometric characteristics is essential to minimize vascular complications. However, previous morphometric studies have largely been descriptive and have rarely accounted for bilateral anatomical correlation or simultaneously evaluated the independent effects of age, sex, and laterality using appropriate multivariable statistical models.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed using computed tomography angiography (CTA) examinations from 103 adults, yielding 201 evaluable facial arteries. Standardized three-dimensional morphometric measurements were obtained at the inferior border of the mandible and the lateral alar base. Linear mixed-effects models incorporating patient-specific random intercepts were used to evaluate the effects of age, sex, side, and CTA diagnostic category while accounting for within-subject correlation. Measurement reproducibility was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Bland-Altman analysis, and Cohen's kappa.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Type III, according to the Furukawa classification, was the predominant anatomical pattern (67.2%). Among 98 patients with bilateral visualization, Furukawa type showed complete right-left concordance (100%; κ = 1.00). In an additional patient-level logistic model, neither age (OR 0.992 per year; 95% CI, 0.965-1.020; P = 0.584) nor female sex (OR 1.793; 95% CI, 0.767-4.191; P = 0.178) was significantly associated with Type III versus Type II. For continuous morphometric variables, no systematic laterality effect was detected, although individual-level bilateral agreement varied across parameters. After Holm correction across morphometric outcomes, women had a smaller facial artery diameter at the inferior border of the mandible and a shorter zygomatic arch-facial artery distance than men, while increasing age was independently associated with a shorter oral commissure-facial artery distance. Quantitative morphometric measurements demonstrated good-to-excellent observer reproducibility (intraobserver ICC: 0.900-0.960; interobserver ICC: 0.760-0.860), whereas categorical assessment of facial artery position relative to the nasolabial sulcus showed perfect intraobserver (κ = 1.00) and substantial interobserver agreement (κ = 0.79).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;CTA provides a reproducible morphometric assessment of the facial artery. No systematic laterality effect was identified for continuous morphometric variables, although individual bilateral agreement varied by measurement, while Furukawa type showed complete bilateral concordance in patients with both arteries visualized. Age and sex were not significantly associated with Furuka","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149301719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The paracondylar process: anatomical relationships and clinical implications.","authors":"Beitris Chiu, Nigel Williams, Hong Kuan Kok, Hamed Asadi, Christen D Barras","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04009-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04009-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The paracondylar process (PCP) is a rare and infrequently reported anatomical variant, where the incomplete separation of the lowest occipital sclerotome (proatlas) and uppermost cervical sclerotome results in a complete bony projection that meets with an epitransverse process of the atlas. We report a case that highlights the imaging and anatomical relationships of the PCP, particularly with the vertebral artery (VA), which has been given little attention in literature despite its important symptomatic and neurosurgical implications.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 55-year-old male presented with longstanding limitation to neck movement, left‑sided headaches and occasional dizzy spells. Cervical computed tomography (CT) imaging demonstrated a bony strut projecting inferiorly from the skull base, laterally adjacent to the left occipital condyle, articulating with the epitransverse process of C1. Though CT angiography was not performed, close examination of the course of the left vertebral artery on the soft tissue CT windows demonstrated an intimate relationship of the artery coursing immediately medial to the bony process in its V3 segment. We present a three-dimensional reconstruction prepared via segmentation and close reading of the soft tissue CT to illuminate the expected course of the vertebral artery and its' relationship to the PCP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case demonstrates the anatomical and clinical significance of the paracondylar process (PCP), with a particular focus on its relationship with the vertebral artery. Whilst rare, this finding carries important clinical implications if surgical resection is to be contemplated.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13722722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149301713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex cervical venous drainage with a common facial-paralaryngeal anastomosis receiving the superior thyroid vein.","authors":"Mugurel Constantin Rusu, Adelina Maria Jianu, Laura Octavia Grigoriţă, Răzvan Costin Tudose","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04027-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04027-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Tributaries of the internal jugular vein (IJV) may form common trunks or interconnected drainage pathways. We report a complex right-sided cervical venous configuration involving separate facial and lingual-parapharyngeal-paralaryngeal pathways connected by an anastomotic arch receiving the superior thyroid vein.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An archived computed tomography angiogram (CTA) of a 68-year-old woman was retrospectively reviewed using Horos. Axial source images and three-dimensional volume renderings were assessed bilaterally, and linear measurements were obtained using the software's calliper tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The common facial vein and a lingual-parapharyngeal-paralaryngeal channel terminated separately in the right IJV and were connected by an anastomotic arch. The superior thyroid vein originated from the left half of the thyroid isthmus, ascended in a left paramedian position, crossed rightwards posterior to the right anterior jugular vein, and joined the inferior end of the arch. Associated findings included right external jugular vein fenestration (2.23 × 0.58 cm) and a posterior external jugular vein connected to the transverse cervical vein by an anastomotic arch.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This configuration represents interconnected cervical venous drainage pathways and does not establish duplication of a thyrolinguofacial trunk. Recognition of their tributaries, connections and separate jugular terminations may assist imaging interpretation and surgical planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149301761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Left anterior laryngeal loop of the common carotid artery in a cluster of bilateral cervicothoracic vascular variants: a case report.","authors":"Viviana Dincă, Adelina Maria Jianu, Mugurel Constantin Rusu","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04044-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04044-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The common carotid artery (CCA) normally ascends in the carotid sheath, posterolateral to the larynx and trachea. Anterior or pretracheal CCA courses are rare and have been described mainly on the right, usually in relation to a high-riding brachiocephalic trunk (BCT) or another arch-level anomaly. We report a CTA case with a common-origin left CCA-BCT trunk, a high-riding BCT and bilateral carotid redundancy, including a left anterior laryngeal CCA loop.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the aortic arch and bilateral carotid systems was reviewed using multiplanar reformatting and three-dimensional volume-rendered reconstruction. Vessel loops, branching points and relationships to the hyoid-laryngeal framework, thyroid gland and adjacent skeletal landmarks were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CTA showed a common-origin left CCA-BCT trunk with a high-riding BCT measuring 3.27 cm. The right CCA formed a 1.79 cm lateral loop and bifurcated posterolateral to the hyoid-laryngeal framework; the right external carotid artery (ECA) gave rise to a linguofacial trunk and then formed a retromandibular loop. The left CCA formed a 2.15 cm intramediastinal loop and a 1.75 cm anterior laryngeal loop. The left superior thyroid artery arose directly from the CCA. The left ECA showed independent branching and a retromandibular loop. Tortuosity indices ranged from 33.1% to 92.7%; all segments were tortuous and the right internal carotid artery additionally formed a kink (apex angle 87.3°).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case documents a rare left anterior laryngeal CCA loop in association with bilateral carotid and external carotid branching variants. The left-sided anterior loop is the main surgical finding because it brings a major cervical artery close to the anterior laryngeal operative field. Recognition of this pattern is relevant before front-of-neck airway access, thyroid surgery, laryngotracheal surgery and central neck procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149301777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}