Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Intravascular injection of colored molding materials for human anatomy teaching: a literature review.","authors":"Sami Schranz, Hugues Cadas, Sara Sabatasso","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-03938-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-03938-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Intravascular injection of colored molding materials used either alone or in combination with radiological contrast agents is increasingly used to enhance vascular visualization in cadaveric specimens for anatomical education and surgical training. Published studies remain scattered and show substantial methodological variation. This structured literature review summarizes current practices regarding specimen preparation, injection techniques, casting materials, contrast agents, and imaging modalities, with particular emphasis on their educational applications.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (1975-August 2025) using English, French, and German keywords. Reference lists were screened manually. After removal of duplicates, 702 records were screened, 145 full-text articles assessed, and 78 studies included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Included studies demonstrated variability in casting materials (primarily latex, with silicone, epoxy, and acrylic resins also reported), contrast agents (iodinated and barium-based compounds and lead oxide for CT, with gadolinium-based formulations predominantly used for MRI), perfusion pressures, flushing strategies, and specimen conditions (fresh-frozen, formalin-fixed, and Thiel-embalmed). However, methodological heterogeneity and inconsistent reporting limited direct comparison between approaches. The review nevertheless identifies representative reported technical protocols and highlights the main practical variables influencing protocol selection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Contrast-enhanced vascular casting provides valuable tools for anatomy education and surgical training by enabling direct correlation between radiological datasets and anatomical dissection. Beyond summarizing the literature, this review also offers practical protocol-selection guidance according to educational, research, and imaging objectives. As such, it may serve as a useful reference for teams implementing or refining these techniques in modern teaching environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13369457/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148438691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The comparison of biomechanical and histological findings of cadaveric temporal fascia and dura mater grafts.","authors":"Onurhan Güven, Zeliha Kurtoğlu Olgunus, Orhan Beger, Rabia Bozdoğan Arpacı, Ülkü Çömelekoğlu, Gözde Arslan, Pourya Taghipour, Yusuf Vayısoğlu, Derya Ümit Talas","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-03935-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-03935-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This research aims to analyze and compare the biomechanical and histological characteristics of temporal fascia (TF) and dura mater grafts (DM); both obtained from adult human cadavers preserved in 10% formalin solution.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>TF and DM samples (bilateral, n = 3 strips per tissue) were obtained from 12 adult human cadavers (6 males, 6 females, age 46-86, mean 73) preserved in 10% formalin solution. Biomechanical tensile test was used to measure the maximum force, stiffness, energy absorption, and maximum deformation, maximum stress, maximum strain, elastic (Young's) modulus, and toughness. Histological analysis assessed collagen and elastic fiber densities using standard staining methods via Pentachrome, Masson Trichrome and Verhoeff staining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The elastic modulus, ultimate stress, and toughness were higher in formalin-fixed temporalis fascia than in formalin-fixed dura mater, indicating a stiffer material behavior. Histologically, collagen fiber and elastic fiber densities of grafts were similar.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Formalin-fixed temporal fascia exhibited higher stiffness and tensile strength than formalin-fixed dura mater, likely due to fixation-induced structural alterations rather than differences in elastic fiber content.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148438678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The middle hepatic artery: prevalence and origin patterns of a distinct segment 4 artery.","authors":"Tuğçe Taşkındere Abbasoğlu, Akın Abbasoğlu, Bahattin Paslı, Helin Yücedağ Gündoğdu, Mehmet Ülkir, Muşturay Karçaaltıncaba, Ayşegül Fırat","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-03945-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-03945-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The middle hepatic artery (MHA) is commonly used to describe the artery supplying segment 4 of the liver. Because preservation of segment 4 inflow is important in hepatobiliary surgery, especially in living donor liver transplantation and split liver transplantation, recognition of its presence and origin is clinically relevant. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and origin patterns of the MHA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 706 abdominal computed tomography angiography examinations were retrospectively reviewed. In this study, the MHA was defined as a separately identifiable arterial branch supplying segment 4 at or near the hepatic hilum. Its presence, origin, and distribution according to the hepatic arterial anatomy observed among MHA-positive cases were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MHA was identified in 430 of 706 cases (60.9%). Among these, the most common origin was the left hepatic artery (54.2%), followed by the right hepatic artery (30.7%). Less frequent origins included the proper hepatic artery (11.2%), replaced left hepatic artery (2.1%), gastroduodenal artery (0.7%), replaced right hepatic artery (0.7%), common hepatic artery (0.2%), and accessory left hepatic artery (0.2%). In cases with a replaced right hepatic artery, the MHA most frequently originated from the left hepatic artery, whereas in cases with a replaced left hepatic artery, it most frequently arose from the right hepatic artery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The MHA was present in approximately three-fifths of cases and showed considerable variability in its origin. When no MHA was separately visualized, this should not be interpreted as absence of arterial perfusion to segment 4, which may also be supplied by intrahepatic or multiple small branches not delineated as a single artery. Recognition of these patterns may improve preoperative vascular assessment in hepatobiliary and transplant surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148413464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clavicular nutrient foramina in dry human bones: surface distribution, regional localisation, and surgical relevance.","authors":"Kashish Gupta, Rohini Punja, Arun Kumar Shetty, Purnima Adhikari, Sonal Nayak","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-03943-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-03943-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Iatrogenic disruption of the clavicular nutrient artery during fracture fixation has been implicated in non-union. Population-specific data on nutrient foramen location are lacking for Indian skeletal collections. This study characterises clavicular nutrient foramina in an institutional dry bone series and benchmarks the findings against published international data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>121 unpaired dry adult human clavicles (60 right, 61 left) of unknown age and sex were examined. Foramen count, surface location (inferior/posterior/superior/anterior), total clavicular length (TL), distance of the foramen from the sternal end (DNF), and foraminal index (FI = DNF/TL × 100) were recorded. Segment classification (medial/middle/lateral third) was based on FI tertiles (0-33%, 33-66%, 66-100%), following the convention of Hughes [8], which allows comparison across bones of different total lengths. Categorical variables (foramen count, surface distribution) were compared between sides using Fisher's exact test; continuous variables (TL, DNF, FI) were compared using independent-samples t-tests (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>146 foramina were identified; 114 clavicles (94.2%) bore at least one foramen. Single foramina predominated (76.9%; 95% CI 68.6-83.5%); seven clavicles (5.8%) had none. Surface analysis revealed near-equal inferior (48.6%; 95% CI 40.7-56.7%) and posterior (49.3%; 95% CI 41.3-57.3%) distribution. Middle-third localisation was observed in 98.2% of foraminated clavicles (FI 33-66%). Mean TL was 138.5 ± 11.3 mm; mean DNF 72.1 ± 12.1 mm; mean FI 52.1 ± 7.9%. No significant bilateral asymmetry was detected in FI (p = 0.728) or DNF (p = 0.091).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This institutional dry bone series confirms middle-third predominance and identifies near-equal inferior and posterior surface distribution-a pattern also reported by a second independent South Indian study. These findings suggest that both inferior and posterior surfaces of the clavicular midshaft may warrant surgical awareness in this population. Direct clinical recommendations require validation through vascular or biomechanical studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13346137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148406592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extremely long celiac trunk continuing as the splenic artery with replaced right hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery: a rare anatomical variation.","authors":"Grigol Keshelava, Levan Gogichaishvili","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-03946-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-03946-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Knowledge of anatomical variations of the celiac trunk and hepatic arteries is crucial to prevent iatrogenic injury during endovascular interventions and hepatobiliary surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A diagnostic abdominal computed tomography angiography (CTA) with 3D volume rendering and multiplanar reconstructions was performed in a 65-year-old male patient investigated for hepatocellular carcinoma for whom transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) was planned.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CTA demonstrated a markedly elongated celiac trunk measuring 5.0 cm in length (assessed by centerline curved planar reconstruction from the aortic origin to the continuation as the splenic artery). The trunk gave origin sequentially to the left gastric artery (LGA) and common hepatic artery (CHA) before continuing directly as the splenic artery (SA). The right hepatic artery was replaced, originating from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA; Michels type III). The left hepatic artery (LHA) and gastroduodenal artery (GDA) arose normally from the CHA. No other visceral arterial anomalies were identified. Vessel diameters were: celiac trunk 6 mm, SMA 7 mm, CHA 2.5 mm, LHA 2 mm, replaced right hepatic artery (RRHA) 2.5 mm. The patient successfully underwent selective TACE via the replaced right hepatic artery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Recognition of such combined vascular variants through high-quality pre-procedural CTA with multiplanar imaging is essential to prevent inadvertent injury and ensure safe interventional procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148406620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foramen rotundum versus canal of the maxillary verve.","authors":"Mugurel Constantin Rusu, Diana Alexandra Bănică, Cătălin Constantin Dumitru, Adelina Maria Jianu, Răzvan Costin Tudose","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-03930-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-03930-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The foramen rotundum, located in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, transmits the maxillary nerve (V2) from the middle cranial fossa to the pterygopalatine fossa. Despite its designation as a foramen, this structure possesses measurable length, suggesting it functions as a canal. While cross-sectional dimensions have been documented, canal length remains underreported. This study aimed to evaluate the morphometric characteristics of the foramen rotundum canal (FRC) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was conducted on CBCT scans of 45 adult patients (27 males, 18 females) acquired using an iCAT system. Multiplanar reconstructions were analysed using Planmeca Romexis software. Canal length was measured bilaterally from the intracranial to extracranial opening. Statistical analysis included paired and independent t-tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U tests, with significance set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighty-eight FRC measurements were analysed. Mean canal length was 4.07 ± 1.78 mm (range: 0.75-9.12 mm), with a coefficient of variation of 43.8%. The left side demonstrated significantly longer canals than the right (4.33 ± 1.77 mm vs. 3.81 ± 1.77 mm; p = 0.013). Males showed longer canals than females (4.22 ± 1.87 mm vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 mm), though not statistically significant (p = 0.325). One case with bilateral accessory foramina rotunda was identified and described separately.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The foramen rotundum demonstrates measurable canal-like dimensions with considerable variability and significant left-sided predominance. These findings support reconceptualising this structure as the FRC, with implications for skull base surgery and trigeminal interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13337921/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Segmental vertebral artery agenesis with deep cervical reconstitution in a cervicothoracic variant cluster.","authors":"Mugurel Constantin Rusu, Victor Ioan Tibacu, Bogdan Vintilă, Vladimir Ioan Zamfirescu","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-03937-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-03937-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report a complex cervicothoracic vascular-osseous phenotype detected on CTA and define its surgical and radiological relevance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Neck CTA of a 76-year-old woman was reviewed on multiplanar reconstructions for aortic arch branching, supraaortic courses, vertebral artery segments, collateral channels, cervical ribs, styloid processes, and pharyngeal carotid relationships.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CTA showed a common origin of the brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid artery (colloquially termed bovine aortic arch), bilateral rudimentary cervical ribs, high-riding pretracheal brachiocephalic trunk, and marked supraaortic tortuosity. The brachiocephalic trunk reached C7 and divided low in the neck below the right thyroid lobe. The right common carotid artery formed a proximal loop, and the right vertebral artery arose posteriorly from the right subclavian artery, passed anterior to the right cervical rib, and entered the C6 transverse foramen. On the left, the common carotid artery formed a 2.12-cm posterolateral arch loop. The left vertebral ostium, V1 segment, and proximal V2 segment were absent. A tortuous left deep cervical artery arose from the left subclavian artery, passed anterior to the left cervical rib, and reconstituted the distal V2 segment at the C3-C4 disc level; the distal artery continued as a PICA-type vertebral artery. Additional findings were a medial loop of the right external carotid artery, a 1.56-cm retropharyngeal/retrotonsillar loop of the right internal carotid artery, bilateral elongated styloid processes, and bilateral poor sternoclavicular joint articulations with the left brachiocephalic vein partly coursing in the resulting interclavicular space.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The case illustrates interacting cervicothoracic variants that may affect anterior neck surgery, thyroid and pharyngeal procedures, tracheostomy, supraclavicular exposure, endovascular access, and CTA interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13337927/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of retrocalcaneal bursal effusion on the mechanical behavior of the Achilles tendon insertion during ankle dorsiflexion: a cadaveric study.","authors":"Kodai Sakamoto, Mutsuaki Edama, Raimu Sato, Yuki Kato, Dian Amaliah Nawir, Tomonobu Ishigaki, Makoto Komiya, Tomoya Takabayashi, Noboru Sato","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-03939-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-03939-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Retrocalcaneal bursitis is often accompanied by insertional Achilles tendinopathy. However, the mechanical effects of bursal effusion remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanical impact of retrocalcaneal bursal effusion using Thiel-embalmed cadavers, which are known to exhibit mechanical properties comparable to those in vivo.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten lower limbs from seven Thiel-embalmed cadavers were examined. Ultrasound-guided injection of the preservation fluid was performed to simulate retrocalcaneal bursal effusion. Ultrasonographic evaluation was conducted under three conditions based on bursal thickness: Baseline, Mild (2 ± 0.5 mm), and Severe (4 ± 0.5 mm). The dynamics of the Achilles tendon insertion during passive ankle dorsiflexion were recorded using ultrasonography. Average curvature and thickness of the Achilles tendon insertion were measured and compared between the conditions and ankle angles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In Baseline and Mild conditions, the average curvature increased from plantarflexion to dorsiflexion but remained unchanged in the severe condition. The Severe condition demonstrated a significantly greater average curvature at plantar flexion than the other conditions. The thickness significantly decreased with dorsiflexion only in the severe condition, resulting in a significantly thinner insertion at maximum dorsiflexion compared with the other conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggested that Mild effusion of the retrocalcaneal bursa may not exacerbate the mechanical load of Achilles tendon insertion. In contrast, in the presence of severe effusion, the retrocalcaneal bursa may compress the Achilles tendon insertion even in the plantarflexion position, and during dorsiflexion the tendon showed deformation compatible with increased compression.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148383146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the Editor \"Aberrant right posterior hepatic artery originating from the gastroduodenal artery with a concomitant replaced left hepatic artery: a rare clinical variant\".","authors":"Rodrigo Mateo, Jamie Diaz-Robinson, Sharon R Weeks, Guinevere Granite","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-03929-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-026-03929-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148370630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MRI-based normative orbital anthropometric measurements in pediatric populations: age-related variations and clinical implications.","authors":"Cafer Ikbal Gulsever, Alaaddin Ates, Elif Hazal Karlı, Edanur Karapinar, Zuhal Bayramoglu, Mehmet Semih Cakir, Gorkem Durak, Serra Sencer, Mehmet Barburoglu","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-03940-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-03940-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Accurate anthropometric data of the pediatric orbit is critical for diagnosing and managing various pediatric orbital pathologies and for planning surgical and reconstructive interventions. The purpose of this study was to establish MRI-based normative anthropometric data for pediatric orbital structures, analyze age-related variations, and evaluate interobserver reliability among expert neuroradiologists.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 64 healthy pediatric patients (32 males, 32 females; age range, 1-17 years) who underwent MRI scans for indications unrelated to orbital pathology. Patients were categorized into three age groups: pre-school (3-6 years), school-age (7-12 years), and adolescent (13-17 years). MRI scans acquired at 1.5 Tesla and 3 Tesla were independently evaluated by three neuroradiologists to measure orbital anthropometric parameters, including extraocular muscle dimensions, orbital breadth, orbital height, interzygomatic line length, intercanthal distance, optic nerve sheath width, and optic nerve angle. Statistical analyses included Spearman's correlation, Kruskal-Wallis tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to assess interobserver reliability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant positive correlations were identified between patient age and orbital parameters, particularly the interzygomatic line length (Spearman's r = 0.772, p < 0.001). Orbital breadth (right: r = 0.674; left: r = 0.703) and orbital height (right: r = 0.608; left: r = 0.644) also significantly increased with advancing age (all p < 0.001). Interobserver reliability demonstrated excellent reproducibility, with ICC values notably high for orbital breadth (ICC = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.89-0.95) and orbital height (ICC = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.87-0.93).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MRI-based normative anthropometric measurements provide precise and reliable reference values for pediatric orbital anatomy. These measurements reveal significant age-related developmental trends, enhancing diagnostic accuracy, clinical management, and surgical planning in pediatric orbital conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148370625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}