Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Three-dimensional replica of the temporal bone in the teaching of human anatomy.","authors":"Juliana Maria Sansevero Senne, Ademir Franco, Carolina de Paula Rossetto Lisboa, José Luiz Cintra Junqueira, Francine Kühl Panzarella, Mariana Quirino Silveira Soares","doi":"10.1007/s00276-024-03417-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-024-03417-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The current study proposes the comparison of the visualization and identification of anatomical details between natural human temporal bone, its respective copy from three-dimensional printing, and the virtual model obtained from CBCT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The sample consisted of undergraduate students in Dentistry (Group UE, n = 22), Postgraduate students in Radiology and Imaging (Group P-RI, n = 20), and Postgraduate students in Forensic Odontology (Group P-FO, n = 24). All participants attended a theoretical class on specialized anatomy of the temporal bone and subsequently performed the markings of 10 determined structures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The number of correct identifications was similar in natural bone and printed three-dimensional models in all groups (p > 0.05). The virtual model showed a significantly lower number of correct structures (p < 0.05) in the 3 groups. In general, there were significantly higher percentages of accurate answers among postgraduate students compared to undergraduate students. Most graduate students believed that the printed three-dimensional model could be used to teach anatomy in place of natural bone, while undergraduate students disagreed or were unsure (p < 0.05). Regarding the virtual tomographic image, in all groups, students disagreed or were not sure that its use would be beneficial in replacing natural bone.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Three-dimensional and virtual models can be used as auxiliary tools in teaching anatomy, complementing practical learning with natural bones.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":"1345-1353"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141441026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An ectopic thyrolingual trunk arising from the common carotid artery: a rare variant.","authors":"George Tsakotos, George Triantafyllou, Marianna Vlychou, Katerina Vassiou, Theodosis Kalamatianos, Maria Piagkou","doi":"10.1007/s00276-024-03426-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-024-03426-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The common carotid artery (CCA) typically bifurcates into the external and internal carotid arteries (ECA and ICA). In the head and neck area, the ECA gives off a few anterior branches from proximal to distal: the superior thyroid artery (STA), the lingual artery (LA), and the facial artery (FA). Occasionally, these branches can fuse into trunks, with the linguofacial trunk being the most common. During a computed tomography angiography (CTA) of a 67-year-old patient, a common arterial trunk, 11.3 mm proximal (prior) to the CCA bifurcation was recorded. The trunk was formed by the STA and the LA fusion and was characterized as a thyrolingual trunk (TLT). These trunks have been reported with a prevalence ranging between 0.3 and 1% and correspond to one of the rarest variants of the ECA anterior branches. Knowledge of the typical and variant anatomy of the carotid arteries and their branches is of paramount importance to surgeons and interventional radiologists.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":"1301-1303"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141447446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The vertical topography of the carotid bifurcation - original study and review.","authors":"Mihaela Daniela Manta, Mugurel Constantin Rusu, Sorin Hostiuc, Răzvan Costin Tudose, Bogdan Adrian Manta, Adelina Maria Jianu","doi":"10.1007/s00276-024-03404-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-024-03404-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The vertical level of carotid bifurcation (CB) is commonly indicated at the superior margin of the thyroid cartilage. Few studies observed the CB vertical topography. It was aimed at studying the vertical location of the CB as referred to vertebral and anterior cervical landmarks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An archived lot of 147 computed tomography angiograms was documented for the vertical level of CB referred to vertebral and anterior cervical landmarks. The topography of the CB in relation to anterior landmarks was classified into seven types: (1) at the superior margin of the thyroid cartilage; (2) between the hyoid and the thyroid cartilage; (3) at the hyoid level; (4) between the hyoid and mandible; (5) subgonial or supragonial CB; (6) lower cervical level; (7) intrathoracic.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most common locations of CB were at C3 (27.21%), C3/C4 (26.19%) and C4 (25.51%). Bilateral symmetry of CB was found in 51.7%, except for C2 and C5/C6. Type 7 was not found, type 3 occurred in 39.12%, type 2 in 24.49%, type 1 in 13.95%, type 4 in 13.61%, type 5 in 6.12%, and type 6 in 2.72% (294 CBs). Bilateral symmetry of anterior types was found in 59.86%. Statistically significant correlations were found between sex and both left and right types and vertebral levels of CB.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The vertical topography of the CB is highly variable and has sex-related specificity. This detail should be included in the teaching of anatomy. Surgeons and interventionists should better document the carotid anatomy on a case-by-case basis.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":"1253-1263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11246274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141285155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontal trans opercular approaches to the insula: building the mental picture from procedure-guided anatomical dissection.","authors":"Salvatore Marino, Guillaume Dannhoff, Christophe Destrieux, Igor Lima Maldonado","doi":"10.1007/s00276-024-03409-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-024-03409-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Performing transopercular frontal approaches to the insula, widely used in glioma surgeries, necessitates a meticulous understanding of both cortical and subcortical neuroanatomy. This precision is vital for preserving essential structures and accurately interpreting the results of direct electrical stimulation. Nevertheless, acquiring a compelling mental image of the anatomy of this region can be challenging due to several factors, among which stand out its complexity and the fact that white matter fasciculi are imperceptible to the naked eye in the living brain.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>In an effort to optimize the study of the anatomy relevant to this topic, we performed a procedure-guided laboratory study using subpial dissection, fiber dissection, vascular coloration, and stereoscopic photography in a \"real-life\" surgical perspective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine cerebral specimens obtained from body donation were extracted and fixed in formalin. Colored silicone injection and a variant of Klinglers's technique were used to demonstrate vascular and white matter structures, respectively. We dissected and photographed the specimens in a supero-antero-lateral view to reproduce the surgeon's viewpoint. The anatomy related to the development of the surgical corridor and resection cavity was documented using both standard photography and the red-cyan anaglyph technique.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The anatomy of frontal transopercular approaches to the insula involved elements of different natures-leptomeningeal, cortical, vascular, and fascicular-combining in the surgical field in a complex disposition. The disposition of these structures was successfully demonstrated through the aforementioned anatomical techniques. Among the main structures in or around the surgical corridor, the orbital, triangular, and opercular portions of the inferior frontal gyrus are critical landmarks in the cortical stage, as well as the leptomeninges of the Sylvian fissure and the M2-M4 branches of the middle cerebral artery in the subpial dissection stage, and the inferior fronto-occipital, uncinate and arcuate fasciculi, and the corona radiata in establishing the deep limits of resection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Procedure-guided study of cerebral hemispheres associating subpial, vascular, and fiber dissection from a surgical standpoint is a powerful tool for the realistic study of the surgical anatomy relevant to frontal transopercular approaches to the insula.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":"1331-1344"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141318709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arterial vascularization of the mandible and soft tissues. Anatomic study.","authors":"P Jeanneton, A De Barros, S Alshehri, V Poulet, Z Cavallier, A Prevost, R Lopez","doi":"10.1007/s00276-024-03320-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-024-03320-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The literature has for too long described the arterial supply of the mandible as coming from a single artery, the inferior alveolar artery, and being of the terminal type. Rather, it appears to come from an extensive and complex arterial network dependent on the lingual, facial, and maxillary arteries and their collateral branches. Our study aims to confirm and demonstrate the arterial vascular richness of the mandible and to establish arterial mapping.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The arterial vascularization of the mandible was revealed in six anatomic specimens after performing selective injections of the lingual, facial, and maxillary arteries with different dyes. A specimen was injected intra-arterially with colored latex at the level of the maxillary artery for a morphometric study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighteen selective arterial injections were performed on six anatomic specimens. The mucocutaneous, musculoperiosteal, and intramedullary vascularizations were analyzed. Each of the arteries has a defined and delimited cutaneo-mucous vascular territory. The facial and maxillary arteries supply the musculoperiosteal vascularization of the mandible from the condyle to the symphysis. The lingual artery supplies only the inner cortex of the parasymphyseal and symphyseal regions. The facial and maxillary arteries provide intramedullary vascularization from the angle of the mandible to the parasymphysis. The vascularization of the symphysis depends on the facial artery. No staining was found in the condyle region. Neoprene latex injection was performed on an anatomic specimen, revealing a permeable anastomosis between the inferior alveolar and facial arteries.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The arterial vascularization of the mandible is dependent on the maxillary, facial, and lingual arteries. This is a network vasculature. This study makes it possible to establish an arterial map of the mandible. The presence of an anastomosis between the inferior alveolar artery and the facial artery confirms the existence of dynamic and borrowed vascularization. Knowledge of this arterial system makes it possible to adapt maxillofacial surgical care and to anticipate possible intraoperative complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":"1219-1230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomy of mamillo-accessory foramen and prevalence of ossified mamillo-accessory ligament in lumbar vertebrae related to age.","authors":"Chanasorn Poodendaen, Athikhun Suwannakhan, Arada Chaiyamoon, Sararat Innoi, Sitthichai Iamsaard, Laphatrada Yurasakpong, Bupachad Khanthiyong, Joe Iwanaga, R Shane Tubbs","doi":"10.1007/s00276-024-03412-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-024-03412-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Ossification of the mamillo-accessory ligament (MAL) results in the formation of a mamillo-accessory foramen (MAF), which is associated with aging. The MAL tethers the medial branches of the lumbar dorsal rami to the lumbar vertebrae. A MAL ossified at the lumbar vertebrae can cause low back pain by compressing the medial branch of a dorsal ramus. Age ranges related to ossification of the MAL have not been reported in previous studies. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of ossification of the MAL in the lumbar column and its relationship to aging, and to measure the newly formed MAF at each level of the lumbar vertebrae.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study examined 935 dried lumbar vertebrae from 187 donors at Khon Kaen University, Thailand, consisting of 93 females and 94 males. The research focused on ossification patterns of the MAL, categorizing them into three patterns.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that over 50% of ossified MAL occurred in the 30-45-year-old range and the frequency increased with age. The prevalence of ossified lumbar MAL was 72.73%, especially in L5 on the left side in females (76.92%). The width of the MAF did not differ significantly between the sexes, but it was greater on the left side (2.46 ± 1.08; n = 76) than the right (2.05 ± 0.95; n = 72) (p = 0.016).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ossification of the MAL into the MAF progresses with age, leading to low back pain from nerve compression. Physicians should be aware of the MAF during anesthesia block to treat low back pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":"1367-1371"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141428016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical variations of the extracranial internal carotid artery: prevalence, risk factors, and imaging insights from CT-angiography.","authors":"Aida Barfzadeh, Mohammad Saba, Pouria Pourzand, Mohammad-Rasoul Jalalifar, Seyed Danial Alizadeh, Hanieh Mirkamali, Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd","doi":"10.1007/s00276-024-03425-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-024-03425-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the prevalence of different extracranial internal carotid artery (EICA) variations in CT angiography (CTA) of the neck and its predisposing factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective study from 2021 to 2023 conducted in the radiology department of Shafa Hospital, Kerman, Iran, all patients who had undergone neck CTA were included. Expert radiologists blindly examined each CTA image for the following: EICA variations-coiling, kinking, straight morphology, and tortuosity-and the distance between the internal carotid artery and the apex of the epiglottis and the C2 lower margin.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 106 patients, the mean age was 55.9 ± 16.9 years. 64.2% were men, and 35.8% were women. Considering each patient's bilateral anatomy, the reported 70.28% (149/212) frequency of EICA variations of all arteries. Tortuosity, kinking, and coiling variation were found in 61.8%, 4.2%, and 4.2% of arteries, respectively. Also, 54.72%, 1.89%, and 0.94% of the participants had bilateral tortuosity, kinking, and coiling, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the prevalence of EICA variations and female sex, age, and hypertension.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The frequency of EICA variations in arteries and patients was 70.28% and 73.58%, respectively. Tortuosity was the most common variation. Female sex, old age, and hypertension were significant risk factors for EICA variations.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":"1295-1299"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141460285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sonoanatomy of injecting botulinum neurotoxin into the facial muscles.","authors":"Soo-Bin Kim, Hyewon Hu, Hyung-Jin Lee, Kyu-Ho Yi","doi":"10.1007/s00276-024-03429-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-024-03429-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ultrasonography (US) has become an essential tool for guiding botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections in facial muscles, enhancing precision and safety. This narrative review explores the role of US in BoNT administration, particularly in complex anatomical regions, highlighting its impact on treatment customization, real-time visualization, and complication reduction.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library for articles published from January 2018 to December 2023. Search terms included \"Botulinum neurotoxin,\" \"facial anatomy,\" \"ultrasonography guided injection,\" and \"facial muscle sonoanatomy.\" Studies focusing on US-guided BoNT injections in facial muscles were included. Data extraction and synthesis were performed independently by two reviewers, focusing on study design, ultrasonography techniques, outcomes, and conclusions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The review found that US guidance significantly enhances the precision of BoNT injections by providing real-time visualization of facial muscles and blood vessels, thereby reducing the risk of adverse events. US enables tailored injection strategies, ensuring symmetrical facial expressions and minimizing over-treatment. The technique also offers immediate feedback, allowing for on-the-spot adjustments to improve treatment efficacy and safety. However, the review identified limitations, including potential selection bias and variability in US techniques across different studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>US guidance for BoNT injections into facial muscles offers substantial benefits in terms of precision, safety, and treatment customization. Despite the identified limitations, the integration of US into clinical practice is poised to enhance patient outcomes in aesthetic and therapeutic procedures. Further research is needed to standardize US techniques and broaden the inclusivity of studies to validate these findings comprehensively.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":"1237-1252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141471961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case report of bilateral atypical origin of pectoralis minor.","authors":"Eren Ogut, Serdar Bagci, Gonul Kotil Aslan, Pedram Turkoglu, Merve Falay, Cagatay Barut","doi":"10.1007/s00276-024-03407-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-024-03407-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>In the existing literature, various insertion variations and classifications for the Pectoralis Minor (PMi) muscle have been reported. However, there is limited information on inferior origin variations of the PMi muscles and a certain classification is lacking.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>During routine cadaver dissection of an adult male, variations in the origin of the bilateral PMi muscles were identified. Morphometric measurements of the PMi were conducted using ImageJ software, and the unusual origin patterns of the PMi were categorized into specific types. The PMi muscle demonstrated a bilateral variations. On the right side, the PMi displays a bifid structure comprising medial and lateral fibers. The left PMi originate from the superolateral margins of the 4th to 6th costae and terminate at the anterosuperior surface of the coracoid process. The length of the right medial fiber before merging was 5.67 ± 0.04 cm, while that of the right lateral fiber was 6.68 ± 0.05 cm. The distance between the two fibers was measured as 0.43 cm, with a length of 3.33 ± 0.02 cm. The length and diameter of the muscle fibers extending to the 6th costa were 2.63 ± 0.01 cm and 0.46 cm, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Potential variations in PMi arising from impairment during development may occasionally manifest as asymptomatic conditions or predispose individuals to shoulder impingement, rotator cuff dysfunction, shoulder-related disorders, and functional impairments. Therefore, careful attention to this variation is considered in surgical planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":"1373-1378"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141301925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The investigation of cranial fossae in the intracranial cavity of fixed cadaveric skull bases: associations with sex, laterality, and clinical significance.","authors":"Noor Abdelghani, Cagatay Barut, Eren Ogut","doi":"10.1007/s00276-024-03408-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-024-03408-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Our study aims to investigate three parts of the intracranial cavity, their distances to essential anatomical landmarks, and the correlations between these distances with sex, laterality, and surgical significance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The cranial nerve foraminae and essential surgical landmarks of each fossa were investigated bilaterally in 30 adult formalin-fixed cadaveric heads. Measurements, including lengths, depths, diameters, and horizontal distances to each other, to the midline of the skull, and to the outer lateral margin of the skull, were recorded on both sides.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optic canal (OC) depth, internal auditory meatus (IAM) width, CNVII and CNIX diameters, and accessory hypoglossal canal (HC) distance were significantly greater on the left side (p < 0.05). CNVI length, CNV diameter, CNXI length, and the distances of the HC and accessory HC from the skull were significantly greater on the right side (p < 0.05). In males, correlations were found between the length of the left CNVIII and the right IAM diameter (r = 0.864, p = 0.001), right CNVIII length (r = 0.709, p = 0.022), right accessory HC length (r = 0.847, p = 0.016), and right-sided skull distance (r = 0.829, p = 0.042). In females, correlations were noted between IAM depth and length, right IAM location relative to the skull, left CNIX and CNX lengths, left CNXII length, left accessory HC location relative to the skull, and accessory HC length.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of the current study indicate inherent asymmetry, sexual dimorphism, and variability in certain cranial nerves among cadaveric heads, which could have implications for surgical procedures, neuroanatomical studies, and clinical assessments. The study revealed side disparities and correlations within cranial fossa formations and essential surgical landmarks in both genders.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":"1305-1329"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141301969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}