Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Three-dimensional CT evaluation of anatomical constraints during posterior lip drilling in the retrosigmoid approach to the internal auditory canal.","authors":"Sun Wha Song, Ha Yoon Lee, Joung Eun Kim, Junhui Jeong, Beom Cho Jun","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04031-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04031-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To develop a CT-based three-dimensional morphometric framework for evaluating the depth and orientation of posterior lip drilling during the retrosigmoid approach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred normal temporal bones from 50 adults were reconstructed from high-resolution CT. Five surgically relevant landmarks were identified at the endolymphatic sac-duct junction, posterior internal auditory canal (IAC) porus, common crus, lateral IAC fundus, and Bill's bar. Six linear distances and four angular relationships were measured to characterise the drilling corridor relative to the IAC, labyrinth, and endolymphatic sac/duct system. Associations with sex, age, and laterality were explored using a significance threshold of p < 0.01.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The distance from the posterior IAC porus to the fundus-related landmark was 10.4 ± 1.9 mm, and that from the common crus to the fundus-related landmark was 5.8 ± 1.2 mm. Bill's bar lay 0.9 ± 0.9 mm from the reference plane. The drilling-corridor angle relative to the posterior IAC was 46.1 ± 9.0°. The angle between the endolymphatic sac-common crus axis and the lateral semicircular canal plane was 30.7 ± 15.3° and showed the greatest variability. No significant sex-related or left-right differences were identified. Age showed significant negative correlations with two linear measurements.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CT-based three-dimensional assessment demonstrated patient-specific variation in drilling orientation as well as depth. This framework may support selective preoperative anatomical planning, but pathological and intraoperative validation is required before these measurements can be considered operative limits.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149148931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral pterygomeningeal arteries penetrating the skull anterior to the foramen ovale.","authors":"Osamu Tadokoro","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04017-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04017-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The pterygomeningeal (accessory meningeal) artery is an inconstant branch of the middle meningeal or maxillary artery. A variant that penetrates the skull anterior to the foramen ovale is rare, and bilateral coexistence has not been reported. A cadaver with bilateral variants of this type is described.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The head of a 79-year-old man was examined during a gross anatomy course. Origin, course, and relations of the variant vessels were recorded on both sides.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On the left, an accessory middle meningeal branch of the middle meningeal artery penetrated the greater wing approximately 4 mm anterior to the foramen ovale, became enclosed within the maxillary nerve, passed together through the foramen rotundum, and descended anteroinferiorly in a narrow interlaminar space between two firm laminae along the posterior maxilla. No alveolar foramina were present in the maxillary tuberosity. On the right, an accessory middle meningeal artery arose from the maxillary artery, penetrated the skull anterior to the foramen ovale, and gave branches on the inferior surface of the trigeminal ganglion.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the present case, bilateral pterygomeningeal variants penetrated the skull anterior to the foramen ovale. The left-sided continuation through the foramen rotundum with the maxillary nerve has not been described in detail. The bony openings may be related to the foramen of Vesalius, but this could not be confirmed. These findings are of anatomical and potential clinical relevance for interpreting unusual skull-base vascular pathways and for procedures involving the posterior maxillary region, although their clinical significance requires further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149148962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innervation of the subscapularis muscle and implications for treatment of spasticity.","authors":"Pierre Maincourt, Brahman Sivakumar, Anne Perruisseau-Carrier","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04014-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04014-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Spasticity of the muscles in the shoulder girdle, frequently observed in upper motor neuron syndromes, leads to an internal rotation deformity with associated functional limitation. Selective neurectomy (SN) of motor branches can offer targeted relief whilst preserving glenohumeral joint stability.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To provide detailed anatomical mapping of motor branches to the subscapularis muscle and assess the feasibility of SN in the management of shoulder spasticity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty shoulders from ten formalin-fixed cadavers were dissected via an infraclavicular approach. The number, diameter, length of the motor branches were documented, as was the distance of the emergence point of the nerves referenced from the inferior border of the clavicle. Anatomical variations were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean number of motor branches to the subscapularis was 2.55 (± 0.89). The average length of each branch was 44.9 mm, with an average diameter of 1.9 mm. Branches emerged on average 36 mm below the inferior edge of the clavicle, with 7.9% emerging more proximally. An origin from the axillary nerve was identified in 35% of cadavers, typically supplying the lower segment of the muscle. A common trunk with the thoracodorsal nerve was observed in 10% of dissections.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides an anatomical map of the innervation to the subscapularis, with a mean of 2.55 branches emerging on average 36mm below the inferior edge of the clavicle. This information is useful when considering performing selective neurectomy to this muscle in the setting of upper motor neuron syndrome.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence iv: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149148666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quadrant-specific anatomical architecture of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer: a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography study.","authors":"Banu Çiçek Doğan, Samet Kapakin, Muhammed Raşit Sirem","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04010-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04010-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the quadrant-specific anatomical organization of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and identify the independent determinants of global RNFL thickness in healthy adults using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cross-sectional study included 188 healthy adults (18-76 years). Medical records containing SD-OCT-derived peripapillary RNFL and optic nerve head measurements were reviewed retrospectively. Only right eyes were analyzed to avoid inter-eye correlation. Quadrant-specific RNFL differences were evaluated using the Friedman test with Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons. Associations with age, spherical equivalent, and neuroretinal rim area were examined using Spearman's correlation, followed by multiple linear regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean global RNFL thickness was 107.86 ± 8.97 μm. RNFL thickness followed the ISNT pattern (inferior > superior > nasal > temporal). Quadrant differences were significant (χ² = 476.315, p < 0.001; Kendall's W = 0.845). Global RNFL thickness correlated negatively with age (ρ = - 0.158, p = 0.031) and positively with neuroretinal rim area (ρ = 0.288, p < 0.001). Myopic participants had thinner RNFL than emmetropic participants (adjusted p = 0.013). Age, spherical equivalent, and neuroretinal rim area were independent predictors of RNFL thickness, whereas sex was not (p = 0.133).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In healthy adults, peripapillary RNFL thickness exhibits a highly organized anatomical architecture characterized by the ISNT pattern, consistent with the topographic organization of retinal ganglion cell axons around the optic nerve head. OCT-derived RNFL measurements should therefore be interpreted in the context of age, refractive status, and neuroretinal rim area.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149149518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliometric analysis of research hotspots and trends in fascia from 2013 to 2025.","authors":"Yikuan Du, Guotao Fan, Ye Zheng, Qiaohong Zhong, Mingyuan Xu, Fushan Ou, Tao Liu, Xinyan Lao, Huangkun Zhang, Yaxian Fan, Kairu Fang, Ziyi Luo, Ke Chen, Yueyi Long, Yanling Jiang, Songsong Yang, Chunling Ma, Chun Yang","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04004-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04004-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>With the continuous advancement in fascia research, an increasing number of diseases have been identified as closely associated with fascial pathologies. The value of fascia in disease diagnosis and treatment has garnered growing attention, offering new perspectives and entry points for related studies. However, systematic analysis remains lacking. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the evolution and development trends of fascia research, thereby providing data support and theoretical reference.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Literature from 2013 to 2025 was retrieved from the Web of Science database. After screening, 3101 articles were included. CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Bibliometrix were used to analyze the countries, journals, keywords, and other aspects, constructing knowledge maps.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The annual publication volume showed a wave-like increase, with sustained growth in research intensity. Regarding international collaboration, the United States was the primary contributing country, though cross-institutional cooperation requires further enhancement. Analysis of keywords revealed terms like \"management\", \"ultrasound\" and \"nerve block\" among the most frequent, highlighting the driving role of technology in advancing fascia research and facilitating the translation of findings into clinical practice. Concurrently, the emergence of keywords like \"hyaluronic acid\", \"extracellular matrix\", coupled with citation bursts, indicates basic research on fascia is deepening, with increasing emphasis on regulating extracellular matrix-related microenvironment of fascia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Driven by technology and basic research, the clinical application potential of fascia is increasingly evident. Future efforts should further explore the regulatory mechanisms of extracellular matrix-related fascia microenvironment and optimize clinical therapeutic approaches to promote the translation and expansion of related research.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149149624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometric analysis of the axillary nerve in relation to the deltopectoral and deltoid-splitting approaches: implications for surgical safe zones.","authors":"Bronwyn Lottino, Erik Hohmann, Jade Naicker, Nkhensani Mogale","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04018-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04018-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The deltopectoral splitting approach is commonly used in shoulder surgery; however, injury to the axillary nerve remains a major concern due to potential motor and sensory deficits. This study aimed to define the anatomical relationships of the axillary nerve to surrounding structures in order to optimize surgical access and minimize the risk of iatrogenic injury.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty formalin-fixed cadavers (15 males, 15 females) were dissected. Quantitative measurements were obtained to determine the position of the axillary nerve relative to the deltopectoral interval and deltoid muscle. Descriptive statistics, reported as means ± standard deviations (SD), were calculated, and independent t-tests were used to evaluate differences based on sex and laterality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sex-specific differences were observed in axillary nerve positioning. The superior safe zone, measured from the acromion to the anterior branch of the axillary nerve, averaged 65.31 ± 10.82 mm in females and 71.18 ± 9.72 mm in males. The distance from the anterior border to the anterior branch was 48.72 ± 10.89 mm in both sexes. In contrast, the posterior branch measured 21.45 ± 9.25 mm in females and 33.03 ± 22.74 mm in males. No significant differences were observed between left and right shoulders (p ≥ 0.11).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The deltopectoral approach provides reliable access to the glenohumeral joint while minimizing axillary nerve injury when anatomical variations are considered. These findings underscore the importance of sex-specific morphometric considerations and support the integration of population-specific anatomical data into surgical planning to enhance safety and optimize clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13652905/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149149530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opposing blood-contacting surfaces of the human cavernous internal carotid artery: a segmental and topographic immunofluorescence study.","authors":"Mehmet Deniz Yener, Ahmet Öztürk, Burak Çabuk, Tuncay Çolak, Yıldız Yener, Selenay Hümeyra Furat, Yusufhan Yazir","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04023-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04023-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) courses within the cavernous sinus (CS). In this segment, the luminal surface of the intima is in contact with arterial blood, whereas the endothelial covering over its CS-facing outer surface is in contact with cranial venous blood within the CS. Thus, the opposite surfaces of the same arterial wall are associated with different circulatory microenvironments. This study aimed to compare the immunoreactivity distributions of pH sensitive G protein coupled receptor 4 (GPR4) and mechanosensitive PIEZO1 across ICA segments and surfaces.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cavernous and cervical ICA segments from 10 human cadavers embalmed with 10% neutral buffered formalin were dissected. Specimens were routinely processed, paraffin-embedded, and sectioned. Sections underwent GPR4 and PIEZO1 immunofluorescence labeling and laser scanning confocal microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GPR4 immunoreactivity was detected at the CS-facing outer wall contour of the cavernous ICA in 8/10 cadavers, but not at its luminal surface or in the examined cervical ICA regions. Two-dimensional optical sections and three-dimensional reconstructions demonstrated the signal's topographic and spatial association with this surface. PIEZO1 immunoreactivity was not detected in either segment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the human ICA, the GPR4 immunoreactivity distribution differed by anatomical segment and vessel surface. PIEZO1 immunoreactivity was not detected in the examined regions. This qualitative observation identifies the outer surface of the cavernous ICA that is associated with cranial venous blood as an anatomical target for further molecular investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149148538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometric cadaveric assessment of suprascapular and axillary nerve trajectories in relation to glenohumeral landmarks relevant to reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.","authors":"Mohd Maqbool, Kamil Khan, Anjali Aggarwal, Kalu Ram","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04005-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04005-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is increasingly used for complex shoulder pathology but carries a risk of iatrogenic nerve injury, particularly to the suprascapular (SSN) and axillary nerves (AXN). Detailed morphometric data on their relationship to glenoid landmarks remain limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty embalmed adult cadavers (60 shoulders) were dissected at PGIMER, Chandigarh, after ethics approval (PGI/IEC/2024/EIC000563). The SSN and AXN were exposed, and distances from nerves to glenoid \"clock-face\" positions and to osseous landmarks were measured with digital calipers. Data were analyzed for sex- and side-based variations using appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests and descriptive statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The SSN was 27-34 mm from the 12 o'clock glenoid in 75% of shoulders, with males showing significantly greater distances than females (p < 0.001). At the posterior 9 o'clock (or 3 o'clock) rim, the SSN lay 16-20 mm away, more closely in females. The AXN was within 1-4 mm of the inferior capsule in 40% and in direct contact in 22%, with no significant sex- or side-based differences. The SSN bifurcation and its vertical relation to the humeral neck showed consistent patterns.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Reproducible morphometric patterns of the SSN and AXN relative to glenoid landmarks were identified. Female shoulders demonstrated closer SSN proximity, highlighting sex-related anatomical variability relevant to RTSA. These findings emphasize the importance of individualized surgical planning and may inform assessment of anatomical safety margins for implant placement. Further clinical studies are required to validate their clinical significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149149097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunohistochemical characterization of the human posterior tracheal wall reveals a possible muscularis mucosae: a pilot study.","authors":"Nor Amizan Mohd Sabri, Mardiana Abdul Aziz, Masaany Mansor, Hilwati Hashim, Norazila Abdul Rahim, Mariam Mohamad, Noor Elyana Ahmad Fawzi, Sha'ariyah Mohd Mokhtar, Nurhayati Hamid, Norhafizah Saifudin, Vanitha Palanisamy","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04024-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04024-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The microscopic structure of the human posterior tracheal wall remains incompletely described despite its role in airway function. This pilot study aimed to characterize the posterior tracheal wall using α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunohistochemistry (IHC) and digital image analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Posterior membranous tracheal specimens from patients undergoing total laryngectomy were analysed. Routine Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining was performed on (N = 12) specimens, while α-SMA IHC was performed on (N = 11). Morphometric measurements of the mucosubmucosal complex (MC), trachealis muscle (TM), adventitial (Adv) layer, and muscularis mucosae (MMu) were obtained using ImageJ. Demographic associations were explored using statistical tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>α-SMA IHC provided clearer visualization of smooth muscle than routine H&E staining. A superficial smooth muscle layer within the mucosa, consistent with a possible muscularis mucosae (MMu), was observed in all 11 IHC specimens, while nerve fibres were morphologically identified in 58.33% of the 12 H&E specimens. A three layer muscle arrangement was identified in 36.36% of cases. The mean total posterior tracheal wall thickness was 4.55 ± 1.45 mm. The TM and MMu had similar fibre sizes (p = 0.86), although the TM showed significantly greater muscle density and α-SMA staining intensity than the MMu (both p < 0.01). Age was negatively correlated with TM staining intensity (r = - 0.62, p = 0.04).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This pilot study explores histological data from the human posterior tracheal wall and expands the current description of its microscopic structure, which may support future anatomical, biomechanical, and tissue engineering research.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149149342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of multisensory tactile‑auditory integration teaching on systematic anatomy learning in visually impaired medical students.","authors":"Arjun Sinkemani, Fanzhen Kong","doi":"10.1007/s00276-026-04021-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-026-04021-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Medical education for visually impaired students faces persistent barriers due to the inherent visual dependency of anatomy and the prevalence of unimodal instructional paradigms. This study aimed to design and evaluate a novel tactile-auditory integrated teaching strategy for systematic anatomy, comparing its effectiveness against traditional Braille-based instruction in enhancing academic performance and learning attitudes among visually impaired medical students.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 16-week cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted with 60 visually impaired undergraduate students structured across 4 class clusters. The experimental group ([Formula: see text]) received a multisensory adaptive intervention utilizing high-precision silicone models equipped with an embedded micro-sensor audio-feedback system. The control group ([Formula: see text]) received conventional Braille-based instruction with identical physical models lacking electronic feedback. Primary outcomes were evaluated on the Intention-to-Treat (ITT) population using Linear Mixed-Effects Models (LMM) with multiple imputation and Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) adjustments ([Formula: see text]).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following the intervention, the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher scores than the control group in theoretical examinations ([Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), practical structure identification assessments ([Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), and overall composite scores ([Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). Formative process assessment scores showed no statistically significant difference between groups ([Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). Questionnaire evaluations revealed superior outcomes in the experimental group across self-directed learning engagement, multimodal learning adaptability, clinical problem-solving skills, and anatomical tactile recognition ability (all [Formula: see text]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The tactile-auditory integrated training system significantly improves objective summative knowledge acquisition and subjective learning experiences in visually impaired medical students. This approach provides a scalable, cost-constrained, and replicable pedagogical model for inclusive anatomy education, though future multi-center trials incorporating granular visual function stratification and advanced haptic technologies are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149139266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}