Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Teaching abdominal aorta anatomy applied to clinical practice through active methodology and 3D printing.","authors":"Julia Fernandes de Oliveira, Gleison Carlos Arantes Filho, Luiz Eduardo Sousa","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03623-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03623-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>3D printing of anatomical structures from computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans enables new didactic strategies in the teaching anatomy applied clinical medicine, allowing the reproduction of organs affected by diseases or traumas. This approach brings students closer to real clinical cases, promoting the development of critical thinking through a practical and immersive experience. The present study aimed to analyse the performance of medical students in identifying vascular structures of the abdominal aorta associated with an aneurysm and horseshoe kidney using a 3D printed model. We also analysed the costs related to the 3D printing of the models.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a randomized study with a quantitative approach. The performance of medical students regarding anatomical and clinical knowledge of aorta artery associated with an aneurysm and a horseshoe kidney was analysed. Active methodology and 3D printed models of the abdominal aorta were used in the project.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results show that the methodologies used were effective in improving students' performance regarding anatomical and clinical knowledge of aorta artery, specially in the group that used 3D models associated with 2D images.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of an integrated and interactive approach, which places the student as the protagonist of the learning process, improves performance and knowledge in anatomy. 3D printing, capable of producing high-quality and low-cost anatomical models, can become an additional tool in the teaching- learning process.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometric, morphologic and topographic evaluation of diaphyseal nutrient foramina of the femur.","authors":"Bahattin Paslı, Mehmet Ülkir, Ceren Günenç Beşer","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03611-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03611-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Vascularization of bones is crucial for bone growth and repair. The nutrient artery, passing through the nutrient foramen, is key to bone blood supply, but its impact on fracture healing and complications is not fully understood. The study aims to investigate the morphology and location of the nutrient foramen in the femoral diaphysis and to understand its clinical implications for fractures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, 88 adult dry femurs of unknown age and sex were examined. The characteristics of the nutrient foramina, including number, size, direction, and localization were evaluated. The foraminal index [(distance from foramen to proximal end of femur/total length of femur) × 100], was employed to categorize the regions [Region-I, 0-33.33; Region-II, 33.34-66.66; Region-III 66.67-100].</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The majority of the femurs had one or two foramina (92.94%). Of the total number of nutrient foramina, 121 (97.58%) were directed towards the proximal end, while three (2.42%) were horizontal. The majority of foramina were detected in sizes 18G (34.67%) and 20G (27.42%). All nutrient foramina were found on the posterior surface of the femur and adjacent to linea aspera. Sixteen nutrient foramina were located (12.90%) in Region-I, 104 (83.87%) in Region-II, and 4 (3.23%) in Region-III.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The nutrient foramina were typically located in the middle third of femur, adjacent to linea aspera on the posterior surface of femur. This observation indicates that the anterior surface is safer for surgery, while caution is needed near the linea aspera on the posterior surface.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coverage of elbow and forearm soft tissue defects with the posterior ulnar recurrent artery perforator flap (PURAP): an anatomical study.","authors":"Elise Lupon, Hadrien Paoli, Yanis Berkane, Nicolas Bertheuil, Jean Baptiste De Villeneuve Bargemon, Olivier Camuzard, Isabelle Pluvy, Benoît Chaput","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03616-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-025-03616-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Covering soft tissue defects from the elbow and forearm is challenging for the plastic surgeon. The posterior ulnar recurrent artery perforator flap is a fasciocutaneous perforator flap vascularized by the perforators emerging from the posterior ulnar recurrent artery. It has multiple functional and aesthetic advantages but has not yet been well studied. This work aimed to examine the number, caliber, and topography of the posterior ulnar recurrent artery's perforators.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Perforator mapping was performed by blue latex injection on 20 fresh cadavers' upper extremities. Thermal mapping by TIRD was used to identify the \"hot spots\" of these perforators, and the 4D vascular network of the ulnar recurrent artery was scanned. The preoperative design and dissection of the flap were adapted based on the results of this anatomical study. A case study was performed to illustrate the clinical application.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On average, we located 7.7 ± 1.7 perforators per upper extremity with an average caliber of 0.77 ± 0.19 mm (3.5 ± 1.2 in the forearm and 4.2 ± 1.5 in the arm). On average, the arm perforators were located 3.2 ± 1.6 cm proximally from the medial epicondyle. Thermal mapping showed three perforator \"hot spots,\" two in the forearm (directly at the artery origin level and one more posteriorly) and one in the arm. The 4D CT reconstructions allowed us to estimate the vascular territory at the level of the medial epicondyle and the distal half of the medial aspect of the arm, as well as the ascending course of the artery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The posterior ulnar recurrent artery perforator flap can be harvested efficiently and reliably, as the posterior ulnar recurrent artery has constant perforators, especially around 3 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle. This reinforces this flap's status as a potential elbow and forearm tissue defect coverage alternative.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Right vertebral artery arising from the extreme proximal right subclavian artery and entering the C3 transverse foramen diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography.","authors":"Akira Uchino, Yuki Mukai","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03621-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03621-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe a case of right vertebral artery (VA) arising from the extreme proximal right subclavian artery (SA) and entering the C3 transverse foramen (TF), which was diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 46-year-old woman with acute pontine infarction underwent MRA using a 3-Tesla scanner. MRA was performed using a standard 3-dimensional time-of-flight technique.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MRA of the intracranial region revealed no pathological lesions. Fenestrations of the basilar artery were observed. MRA from the aortic arch (AA) to the craniovertebral junction level also showed no pathological lesions; however, there was a right VA arising from the extreme proximal right SA. The distance from the origin of the right SA to the origin of the right VA was 3 mm. The right VA entered the C3 TF.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The right VA rarely enters C3 TF, with a reported prevalence of approximately 0.1%. The right VA arises from the right SA at two types of points: a normal point of origin and an extremely proximal point of origin. The latter type is considered to result from the same embryonic developmental variation of the left VA arising from AA. Although the image quality of MRA at the level of AA is not as good as that of computed tomography angiography, careful observation of MRA and the creation of reformatted MRA images are important for the correct diagnosis of this rare variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The morphologic and morphometric features of the pisiform: a radioanatomic study.","authors":"İsmet Demirtas, Ayşegül Ayran, Ural Verimli, Livan Gül Durmuş, Onur Buğdaycı, Gülnaz Nural Bekiroğlu","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03613-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03613-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphologic and morphometric features of the pisiform using various anatomical landmarks, and to analyze its topographic relationship with surrounding bony structures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Unilateral CT images of the hand and wrist taken from 208 patients (62 females, 146 males) admitted to Radiology Department of Marmara University Faculty of Medicine between 2014 and 2019 retrospectively analyzed in the study. The mean age of the subjects was 33.4 (range, 14-65) years of age. Eight different measurements were performed using 3D Slicer software and one novel classification was made on the images of 117 (56.25%) right and 91 (43.75%) left hands taken in neutral position. The results were further compared between gender, laterality, and age groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean values of the truncated hand length (THL), longitudinal diameter of pisiform (LDP), transverse diameter of pisiform (TDP), and piso-triquetral distance (PTD) were significantly higher for men than for women. No significant difference was found between the right and left side measurements. A significant difference was also observed in PTD values between the age groups. The novel classification used in the present study revealed that the most common shape of triquetral facet of the pisiform was ellipse type (85.6%), followed by round (10.1%), and cylindrical (4.3%) types, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of the study provide comprehensive morphologic and morphometric data for the pisiform and may lend support for better understanding of the region which would be beneficial for the surgical interventions of the hand and wrist.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143665198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prevalence of the fenestrated left renal vein.","authors":"Nawwaf Sebastian Damen, Adelina Maria Jianu, Mugurel Constantin Rusu","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03614-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-025-03614-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The left renal vein (LRV) is typically a single preaortic vein. The discovery of fenestrated LRVs (FLRVs), a rare occurrence previously reported only twice, has piqued our interest. We aimed to determine the prevalence of such variants using an angioCT batch.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We meticulously studied archived angioCT files of 95 men and 55 women. The morphology of the LRVs was carefully checked on planar sections and by three-dimensional volume renderings, ensuring the accuracy of our findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 3.34% of cases, four males and one female were found FLRVs. Their posterior projections on the aorta were variable. The FLRVs were either partly preaortic, immediately to the left side of the aorta, or at a distance to the left side of the aorta. There were three true FLRVs, with a single vein attached at the lateral end and two pseudo-fenestrations, with two veins attached laterally. The left suprarenal and gonadal veins drained, respectively, in the superior and inferior arms of the fenestrations. In 2/5 cases, the second left lumbar vein drained into the inferior arms of the fenestrations. In one case, the FLRV was traversed by the inferior segmental branch of the renal artery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings have significant implications for surgical procedures targeting the left renal pedicle. The FLRV, with its morphological and topographical variability, should be considered among the anatomical variations of the LRV that may impede or endanger such procedures. However, it can be accurately discriminated on angioCT scans, providing a potential solution to this challenge.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11913925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143651818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistent primitive olfactory artery associated with accessory middle cerebral artery and partially duplicated anterior communicating artery.","authors":"Hideki Endo, Hidetoshi Ono, Yuki Ishida, Hirohiko Nakamura","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03594-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03594-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Although anatomical variations in the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), anterior communicating artery (ACoA) complex, and/or middle cerebral artery (MCA) are common, their combination is rare. Persistent primitive olfactory artery (PPOA) is a rare variant of the proximal ACA that has a hairpin curve associated with cerebral aneurysms. To our knowledge, there are no previous reports of PPOA associated with accessory MCA and partially duplicated ACoA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We report a case of PPOA with a suspected aneurysm at the hairpin curve associated with accessory MCA and partially duplicated ACoA, diagnosed by 1.5-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 46-year-old woman visited our hospital for screening examinations for cerebrovascular disease. MRA showed hairpin curves in the proximal portions of the bilateral ACAs, which we considered to be bilateral PPOAs (type 1). MRA three-dimensional volume rendering images revealed a small bulge, a suspected aneurysm, at the left hairpin curve. MRI/MRA showed that the left accessory MCA originated just proximal to the bulge in the hairpin curve. A partial duplication of the ACoA was also observed. We plan to follow up on the bulge in the hairpin curve because of the increased risk of aneurysm formation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Careful imaging assessment is important to identify rare anatomical variations. MRA three-dimensional volume rendering images provided a better understanding of the vascular structure, including the presence of a small bulge suspected to be an aneurysm. In our case, accessory MCA was considered to enhance local hemodynamic stress at the hairpin curve.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143651817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between structures affecting maxillary sinus ventilation and maxillary sinus volume: a CT study.","authors":"Mervenur Güven, Duygu Akin Saygin, Ismihan Ilknur Uysal, Ganime Dilek Emlik","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03607-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03607-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to identify anatomical variations inside and outside the maxillary sinus (MS), determine their prevalence and coexistence, and investigate their relationship with MS volume in individuals without MS pathology, using ImFusion Suite software.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Analysis of 330 paranasal CT scans obtained from the radiology archive (2018-2021) was performed using the ImFusion Suite program. Anatomical variations, including accessory ostium, Haller cells, ethmomaxillary sinus, concha anomalies, septa, and impacted teeth, were identified and their frequency of coexistence was determined. MS volume and nasal septum deviation (NSD) angle were measured. The relationship between MS volume and gender, as well as the impact of anatomical variations on MS volume, was analyzed. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most common anatomical variation was NSD (98%), while the least common was ethmomaxillary sinus (9.4%). Middle and inferior concha hypertrophy were more frequent in males, whereas concha bullosa and impacted teeth were more prevalent in females (p < 0.05). A normal anatomical appearance on CT scans was observed in only 2.1% of cases (3.5% in males; 1.1% in females), with a notable coexistence of multiple variations. MS volume was significantly higher in males (right: 16.79 ± 5.23 cm³; left: 16.39 ± 5.61 cm³) than in females (right: 14.44 ± 4.54 cm³; left: 14.59 ± 4.62 cm³) (p < 0.05). MS volume was significantly smaller when the NSD angle was ≥9° and larger in the presence of septa.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides a comprehensive analysis of anatomical variations in the MS and their relationship with MS volume. The findings indicate that septa increase MS volume, while a higher NSD angle (≥9°) is associated with reduced MS volume. Other variations, including accessory ostium, Haller cells, and concha anomalies, showed no significant impact on MS volume. These results highlight the importance of detailed radiological evaluation in clinical and surgical planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding horizons: the feasibility and challenges of tubular retraction in endoscopic transorbital skull base approaches.","authors":"Gardashkhan Karımzada, Demet Evleksiz Karımzada, Gökberk Erol, Emrah Celtikci, Nail Çağlar Temiz, Ahmet Murat Kutlay, Yusuf İzci, Walter C Jean, Abuzer Güngör","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03592-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03592-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Endoscopic transorbital skull base approaches are always challenging and require good anatomical knowledge.The aim of this study was to describe the anatomical pathways of endoscopic transorbital approaches and to determine the limitations of these procedures. To evaluate the feasibility of the tubular retractor and the difference with manual retractor.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The targets of endoscopic transorbital approach were the anterior and middle cranial fossa, mesial temporal region, meckel's cave, petroclival area, opticocarotid region, anterior and lateral walls of the cavernous sinus, etc. Step-by-step anatomical dissections were performed in cadaveric heads using manual and tubular retractors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Anterior and middle cranial fossa was reached. The branches of the trigeminal nerve, the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, meckel's cave and gasserian ganglion were exposed by manual and tubular retraction using an endoscopic transorbital approach. Access to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and the mesial temporal region was more accessible with a tubular retractor. Also, following the anterior clinoidectomy, the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery, as well as, the arteries of the anterior circulation were exposed to gain access the vascular skull base lesions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The endoscopic transorbital approach is suitable for the surgical treatment of many pathologies located in the anterior and middle skull base. It provides direct access to vascular and tumoral lesions. We observed that mesial temporal region interventions are possible with this approach. The transtubular technique may have some limitations, but in selected cases it can provide clear vision without brain retraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143606963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the relationship of the sigmoid sinus with the facial nerve and semicircular canals in terms of mastoid surgery.","authors":"Berin Tuğtağ Demir, Hilal Melis Altıntaş, Burak Bilecenoğlu, Kaan Orhan","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03609-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03609-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The location of the sigmoid sinus may change according to the ventilation status of the mastoid bone, in which case the relationship of the sigmoid sinus to the facial nerve and semicircular canals is predicted to change. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of sigmoid sinus distances to the facial nerve and semicircular canals concerning mastoid surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The relationship of the sigmoid sinus and the facial nerve with the semicircular canals was analyzed from the cone beam computed tomography images of 75 male and 95 female subjects, aged 18-65 years. First, a line drawn from the posterior semicircular canal to the sigmoid sinus on axial CT images was used to assess whether the sigmoid sinus was lateral or medial. Second, sigmoid sinus typing was performed quantitatively on 3D reconstructed images. The distance between the sigmoid sinus-facial canal, sigmoid sinus-semicircular canals and sigmoid sinus-basal part of the cochlea was measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sigmoid sinus was found to be lateral to the posterior semicircular canal in 80.8% of cases and medial in 19.2% of cases. The posterior semicircular canal-sigmoid sinus distance was determined to be 11.76 ± 0.99 mm and 9.99 ± 0.93 mm on the right side and 11.99 ± 0.43 mm and 9.87 ± 0.02 mm on the left side, respectively, according to the sigmoid sinus patterns.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to our results, it was found that the relationship between the semicircular canals and the facial canal varied according to the location of the sigmoid sinus, and in the medially located sigmoid sinus, the facial canal was very close to all three semicircular canals.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"94"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143606962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}