Viruses-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Are You My Host? An Overview of Methods Used to Link Bacteriophages with Hosts.","authors":"Paul Hyman","doi":"10.3390/v17010065","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17010065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Until recently, the only methods for finding out if a particular strain or species of bacteria could be a host for a particular bacteriophage was to see if the bacteriophage could infect that bacterium and kill it, releasing progeny phages. Establishing the host range of a bacteriophage thus meant infecting many different bacteria and seeing if the phage could kill each one. Detection of bacterial killing can be achieved on solid media (plaques, spots) or broth (culture clearing). More recently, additional methods to link phages and hosts have been developed. These include methods to show phage genome entry into host cells (e.g., PhageFISH); proximity of phage and host genomes (e.g., proximity ligation, polonies, viral tagging); and analysis of genomes and metagenomes (e.g., CRISPR spacer analysis, metagenomic co-occurrence). These methods have advantages and disadvantages. They also are not measuring the same interactions. Host range can be divided into multiple host ranges, each defined by how far the phage can progress in the infection cycle. For example, the ability to effect genome entry (penetrative host range) is different than the ability to produce progeny (productive host range). These different host ranges reflect bacterial defense mechanisms that block phage growth and development at various stages in the infection cycle. Here, I present a comparison of the various methods used to identify bacteriophage-host relationships with a focus on what type of host range is being measured or predicted.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769497/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143042789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two Years of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Genomic Evolution in Brazil (2022-2024): Subvariant Tracking and Assessment of Regional Sequencing Efforts.","authors":"Ueric José Borges de Souza, Fernando Rosado Spilki, Amilcar Tanuri, Paulo Michel Roehe, Fabrício Souza Campos","doi":"10.3390/v17010064","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17010064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, has undergone significant genetic evolution since its emergence in 2019. This study examines the genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil after the worst phase of the pandemic, the wider adoption of routine vaccination, and the abolishment of other non-pharmacological preventive measures from July 2022 to July 2024 using 55,951 sequences retrieved from the GISAID database. The analysis focuses on the correlation between confirmed COVID-19 cases, sequencing efforts across Brazilian states, and the distribution and evolution of viral lineages. Our findings reveal significant regional disparities in genomic surveillance, with São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro recovering the largest number of genomes, while Tocantins and Amazonas showed higher sequencing rates relative to their reported case numbers, indicating proactive surveillance efforts. We identified 626 distinct SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in Brazil, with dominant subvariants shifting over time from BA.5 in 2022 to XBB and JN.1 in 2023-2024. The emergence of new subvariants in this new epidemiological scenario underscores the importance of ongoing genomic surveillance to track viral evolution and inform public health strategies, providing valuable information to update vaccines and implement other measures, such as lockdowns, mask usage, social distancing, health education, and self-testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768930/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143043036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Virus Survival in African Swine Fever Virus-Contaminated Materials-Implications for Indirect Virus Transmission.","authors":"Christina Marie Lazov, Ann Sofie Olesen, Graham J Belsham, Anette Bøtner","doi":"10.3390/v17010063","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17010063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Introduction of African swine fever virus (ASFV) into pig herds can occur via virus-contaminated feed or other objects. Knowledge about ASFV survival in different matrices and under different conditions is required to understand indirect virus transmission. Maintenance of ASFV infectivity can occur for extended periods outside pigs. Current assays detecting ASFV have inherent disadvantages. Cell culture-based assays are labor-intensive and sensitive to contaminants while methods using qPCR detect ASFV DNA with high sensitivity and specificity, but this may not correspond to infectious virus. Here, we have combined the use of these assays to assess the replication of ASFV within cells and determined the effect of pig feces, straw, wood shavings, and mixed feed on ASFV infectivity. In porcine serum, infectious ASFV survived for at least 60 days at 4 °C, 22 °C, and 37 °C; for two days at 50 °C; one day at 60 °C; and ≤5 min at 70 °C. In the presence of feed, straw, or wood shavings, the survival of the virus wasmarkedly shortened. Samples remained positive in the qPCR assay despite the loss of virus infectivity. Thus, it was possible to distinguish between the presence of ASFV DNA and the survival of the infectious virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143042790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chikungunya: From Hypothesis to Evidence of Increased Severe Disease and Fatalities.","authors":"Carlos Brito, Melissa Barreto Falcão, Maria de Fatima Pessoa Militão de Albuquerque, Thiago Cerqueira-Silva, Maria Glória Teixeira, Rafael Freitas de Oliveira Franca","doi":"10.3390/v17010062","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17010062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chikungunya virus infection often manifests as an acute, self-limiting febrile illness, with arthralgia and musculoskeletal symptoms being the most commonly reported. Arthralgia can persist for months or even years, and approximately 50% of cases progress to chronic conditions. However, recent outbreaks have revealed a rising number of severe cases and fatalities. This review examines evidence from the past decade that suggests a higher incidence of severe chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections and increased mortality rates, challenging official reports and guidelines from many countries. The literature review includes case reports, series, and studies with comparison groups to assess whether CHIKV-related mortality is underreported. Evaluating excess mortality involves analyzing consistent findings across different regions, biological plausibility, and systemic manifestations that contribute to severe outcomes. These findings aim to expand disease classifications in international guidelines and raise awareness among healthcare professionals to better identify severe CHIKV cases and related deaths. Studies were identified through PubMed using the search terms \"chikungunya\", \"death\", \"severe\", \"pathogenesis\", and \"pathophysiology\".</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143042821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serosurvey of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Cattle in Southern Japan and Estimation of Its Transmissibility by Transient Infection in Nonvaccinated Cattle.","authors":"Norikazu Isoda, Satoshi Sekiguchi, Chika Ryu, Kosuke Notsu, Maya Kobayashi, Karin Hamaguchi, Takahiro Hiono, Yuichi Ushitani, Yoshihiro Sakoda","doi":"10.3390/v17010061","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17010061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is caused by the BVD virus (BVDV) and has been reported worldwide in cattle. To estimate BVDV circulation among cattle where few BVD cases were reported in southern Japan, 1910 serum samples collected from 35 cattle farms without a BVD outbreak were investigated to detect antibodies against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 using an indicator virus with a cytopathogenic effect and the luciferase gene, respectively. Neutralizing antibodies against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 were detected more frequently in 18 vaccinated farms than in 17 nonvaccinated farms. In the nonvaccinated farms, 9.6%, 1.8%, and 13.8% of the cattle were estimated to have a history of infection with BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and both, respectively. The median rate of within-herd anti-BVDV-1 seropositivity among cattle in the nonvaccinated farms was 22.0%; however, a high within-herd seropositivity (>50%) was confirmed in the two farms. The force of infection, basic reproduction number, and annual probability of BVDV-1 infection were estimated as 0.072 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.062-0.084), 0.36 (95% CI: 0.31-0.42), and 0.73% (95% CI: 0.61-0.87%), respectively, using the age-specific positive rate of anti-BVDV-1 antibodies. These parameters should be further applicable for developing epidemiological models which illustrate the BVDV dynamics in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143043020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feline Papillomatosis.","authors":"Herman Egberink, Katrin Hartmann, Ralf Mueller, Maria Grazia Pennisi, Sándor Belák, Séverine Tasker, Karin Möstl, Diane D Addie, Corine Boucraut-Baralon, Tadeusz Frymus, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, Fulvio Marsilio, Etienne Thiry, Uwe Truyen, Margaret J Hosie","doi":"10.3390/v17010059","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17010059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Different types of feline papillomaviruses (PVs) are associated with a variety of skin lesions and neoplasia, such as papillomas and cell carcinomas, but the virus can also be found in healthy skin. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of veterinary experts on feline infectious diseases from 11 European Countries, discusses the current knowledge of feline PV infections. Cats most likely become infected through lesions or abrasions of the skin. Most PV infections remain asymptomatic. Besides cat-specific PVs, DNA sequences most closely related to human and bovine PVs have been detected in feline skin lesions. Diagnosis is supported by the histological detection of PV-induced cell changes and intralesional detection of viral antigen (immunostaining) or viral DNA (in situ hybridization). Immunostaining of p16CDKN2A protein (p16) can be performed as a proxy marker for PV-induced neoplasms. There is no specific treatment for PV-induced skin lesions. Spontaneous regression commonly occurs. In the case of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (ISCC), complete excision should be considered, if possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143043017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis B Virus in Polish Blood Donors in the Period 2005-2019-Significant Changes in Epidemiology and Demographic Characteristics of Infected Donors.","authors":"Aneta Kopacz, Dorota Kubicka-Russel, Grzegorz Liszewski, Ewa Sulkowska, Anna Chrzanowska, Paulina Zwolińska, Ewa Noceń, Anna Potępa, Magdalena Łętowska, Piotr Grabarczyk, The Group Of Polish Blood Transfusion Centers For Blood Borne Pathogens","doi":"10.3390/v17010060","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17010060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the 1980s, Poland was a medium-endemic country, with one of the highest incidences of hepatitis B in Europe (45/10⁵ inhabitants). Pursuant to the WHO guidelines, obligatory vaccination was introduced in 1994-1996 (as a part of hepatitis B prophylaxis for newborns), and in 2000-2011, all 14-year-olds were vaccinated. To prevent transfusion-transmitted HBV infection (TT-HBV), since the 1970s, each donation has been tested for HBsAg and, since 2005, additionally for the presence of HBV DNA. Based on the data from the Blood Transfusion Centers, changes in HBV detection in Polish blood donors were analyzed, starting from the introduction of mandatory NAT screening until 2019. During the period under analysis, a total of 11,625 HBV-infected donors were identified: 97.95% were seropositive (confirmed HBsAg) and 2.05% were seronegative (NAT yields). The detection frequency for both categories of infections was significantly (<i>p</i> = 0.05) higher for men than for women (Residual Risk RR = 1.4 and RR = 2.63, respectively). Seropositive infections were detected more frequently (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in first-time donors than in repeat donors (RR = 360), while no significant differences were observed in the category of seronegative infections. A downward trend in HBsAg detection was observed in both first-time and repeat donors (Spearman's coefficient R = -0.98 and R = -0.90, respectively). The frequency of HBsAg in first-time donors decreased 5-fold, and, in repeat donors, 30-fold. In both subpopulations, the largest decrease occurred in the age group ≤ 20 years (i.e., donors born between 1985 and 2001). The incidence of window period (WP) infections in the repeat donor group demonstrated a downward trend (R = -0.54, <i>p</i> < 0.05), and in the first-time donor group, no significant trend was recorded. For occult hepatitis B infection (OBI), no significant trend was observed in either donor subpopulation. WP infections were detected significantly more often in donors aged 21-50 years than in donors ≤20 years, most often in the 41-50 age group. The frequency of OBI increased with donor age and was the highest in the 51-60 age group. A spectacular decrease in the frequency of HBsAg(+) infections was observed in current study, indicating the effectiveness of the hepatitis prevention strategy applied in Poland. We expect that the improvement in the epidemiological situation among blood donors causes a reduction in the risk of TT-HBV. Confirmation of this hypothesis by the analysis of residual risk should be a subject of further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143042433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latin America's Dengue Outbreak Poses a Global Health Threat.","authors":"Michelle Teixeira de Almeida, Davi Gabriel Salustiano Merighi, Aline Biazola Visnardi, Cauê Augusto Boneto Gonçalves, Vitor Martins de Freitas Amorim, Anielle Salviano de Almeida Ferrari, Anacleto Silva de Souza, Cristiane Rodrigues Guzzo","doi":"10.3390/v17010057","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17010057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue fever, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), poses a significant global health challenge, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Recent increases in indigenous DENV cases in Europe are concerning, reflecting rising incidence linked to climate change and the spread of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> mosquitoes. These vectors thrive under environmental conditions like temperature and humidity, which are increasingly influenced by climate change. Additionally, global travel accelerates the cross-border spread of mosquito-borne diseases. DENV manifests clinically in a spectrum from asymptomatic cases to severe conditions like dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, influenced by viral serotype and host factors. In 2024, Brazil experienced a fourfold increase in dengue cases compared to 2023, accompanied by higher mortality. Conventional control measures, such as vector control, community engagement, and vaccination, proved insufficient as climate change exacerbated mosquito proliferation, challenging containment efforts. In this regard, our review analyzes prevention measures and therapeutic protocols during the outbreak while addressing DENV transmission dynamics, clinical presentations, and epidemiological shifts. It also evaluates diagnostic strategies combining clinical assessment with serological and molecular testing, providing information to improve diagnostic and preventive measures. The global expansion of dengue-endemic regions, including outbreaks in Europe, highlights the urgent need for enhanced surveillance, proactive interventions, and international collaboration to mitigate the growing threat of Dengue and other arboviruses like West Nile, Zika, Chikungunya, Oropouche, and Yellow Fever viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143042787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Adsorption of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strains to Minnesota Soils.","authors":"Joaquin Alvarez-Norambuena, Angie Quinonez-Munoz, Cesar A Corzo, Sagar M Goyal","doi":"10.3390/v17010058","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17010058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an endemic disease affecting the swine industry. The disease is caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV). Despite extensive biosecurity and control measures, the persistence and seasonality of the virus have raised questions about the virus's environmental dynamics during the fall season when the yearly epidemic onset begins and when crop harvesting and manure incorporation into the field occur. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential for PRRSV to percolate through different soil types, simulating conditions that could lead to groundwater contamination which could represent a risk of herd introduction. An experimental soil column model was used to mimic field conditions. Three PRRSV-2 strains were tested across thirteen Minnesota soils with different physical and chemical characteristics. The findings revealed that PRRSV can percolate through all soil types and that the amount of virus percolated decreases with increased amounts of soil. These results suggest that PRRSV can percolate through different soil types. Further investigations should be undertaken to determine the associated implications for swine health and biosecurity measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143042901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The <i>Meq</i> Genes of Nigerian Marek's Disease Virus (MDV) Field Isolates Contain Mutations Common to Both European and US High Virulence Strains.","authors":"Joseph N Patria, Luka Jwander, Ifeoma Mbachu, Levi Parcells, Brian Ladman, Jakob Trimpert, Benedikt B Kaufer, Phaedra Tavlarides-Hontz, Mark S Parcells","doi":"10.3390/v17010056","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17010056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Marek's disease (MD) is a pathology affecting chickens caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV), an acute transforming alphaherpesvirus of the genus <i>Mardivirus</i>. MD is characterized by paralysis, immune suppression, and the rapid formation of T-cell (primarily CD4+) lymphomas. Over the last 50 years, losses due to MDV infection have been controlled worldwide through vaccination; however, these live-attenuated vaccines are non-sterilizing and potentially contributed to the virulence evolution of MDV field strains. Mutations common to field strains that can overcome vaccine protection were identified in the C-terminal proline-rich repeats of the oncoprotein Meq (Marek's <i>Eco</i>RI-Q-encoded protein). These mutations in <i>meq</i> have been found to be distinct to their region of origin, with high virulence strains obtained in Europe differing from those having evolved in the US. The present work reports on <i>meq</i> mutations identified in MDV field strains in Nigeria, arising at farms employing different vaccination practices.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>DNA was isolated from FTA cards obtained at 12 farms affected by increased MD in the Plateau State, Nigeria. These sequences included partial whole genomes as well as targeted sequences of the <i>meq</i> oncogenes from these strains. Several of the <i>meq</i> genes were cloned for expression and their localization ability to interact with the chicken NF-IL3 protein, a putative Meq dimerization partner, were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sequence analysis of the <i>meq</i> genes from these Nigerian field strains revealed an RB1B-like lineage co-circulating with a European Polen5-like lineage, as well as recombinants harboring a combination of these mutations. In a number of these isolates, Meq mutations accumulated in both N-terminal and C-terminal domains.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our data, suggest a direct effect of the vaccine strategy on the selection of Meq mutations. Moreover, we posit the evolution of the next higher level of virulence MDVs, a very virulent plus plus pathotype (vv++).</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143041366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}