Viruses-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Antiviral Treatment for Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in Extremely Preterm Newborn: A Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Giovanni Boscarino, Giusy Davino, Silvia Pezzoni, Mara Corradi, Maria Carmela Pera, Susanna Esposito, Enzo Romanini","doi":"10.3390/v18030391","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v18030391","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is one of the most common congenital infections worldwide and the leading cause of non-genetic sensorineural hearing loss. Although less frequent in preterm infants, cCMV may significantly worsen outcomes in an already vulnerable population. The risks and benefits of antiviral therapy in extremely preterm neonates remain unclear, as this group is largely excluded from clinical trials.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We report a case of symptomatic cCMV infection in an extremely preterm infant born at 26 weeks and 2 days of gestation to a mother with primary CMV infection during the second trimester. High CMV viral loads were detected in urine and plasma shortly after birth. On day of life (DOL) 3, respiratory deterioration required intubation, with radiological findings consistent with CMV pneumonia and positive bronchoaspirate samples. Intravenous ganciclovir was initiated on DOL 16 and administered for six weeks, followed by oral valganciclovir for six months. Treatment was associated with a favourable clinical and virological response and no significant hematological toxicity. Ophthalmologic and audiological evaluations were normal. Neurodevelopmental assessment with Bayley III at one year of corrected age demonstrated age-appropriate performance across all domains.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>A structured literature review identified 10 case reports, including 13 extremely preterm infants treated for cCMV infection. Antiviral dosing regimens were heterogeneous. The most frequent manifestations prompting treatment were laboratory abnormalities (92.3%), particularly thrombocytopenia and leukopenia or neutropenia. Neuroimaging abnormalities and intrauterine growth restriction or small for gestational age were each reported in 53.8% of cases. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes were normal in 38.5% of infants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Antiviral therapy for cCMV infection with ganciclovir and valgancyclovir in premature neonates is feasible and safe with careful monitoring, and appears to provide benefits. Nevertheless, well-designed studies that include pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, virologic monitoring, and long term outcomes of development, vision and hearing are urgently needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A STAT1-Knockout Mouse Model for Chapare Virus Infection and Pathogenesis.","authors":"Stephanie R Monticelli, Ana I Kuehne, Thomas G Batchelor, Joshua B Richardson, Zebulon Lapoint, Jennifer L Williams, Susan R Coyne, Jo Lynne W Raymond, Xiankun Zeng, Christopher P Stefan, Jeffrey W Koehler, Jeffrey R Kugelman, Andrew S Herbert","doi":"10.3390/v18030388","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v18030388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chapare virus (CHAPV) is an <i>Arenaviridae</i> family member and causative agent of Chapare hemorrhagic fever (CHHF). Endemic to Bolivia, CHAPV was found to be the cause of several outbreaks of CHHF in Bolivia in 2003 and 2019 with high case-fatality rates and instances of human-to-human transmission. The pathogenesis of CHAPV infection is poorly understood, and no vaccines or antivirals are available, in part due to a dearth of available animal models. Mice lacking signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1^-/-) have been shown to succumb to infection by related arenaviruses, including Machupo virus, and were investigated for their susceptibility to CHAPV infection. Challenge with CHAPV resulted in partial lethality in STAT1^-/- mice with a biphasic disease course characterized by initial viral load and pathology in the spleen and liver followed by inflammation and high viral titers in the brain and spinal cord that immediately preceded mortality. Adaptation in the brains of STAT1^-/- mice resulted in a fully lethal mouse-adapted CHAPV variant, with a similar biphasic disease course, but virus in tissues was detected more proximal to challenge. The result of this study is a lethal small-animal rodent model for CHAPV that recapitulates many aspects of human CHAPV disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteriophages as Antibacterial Agents Against Bovine Pathobionts Associated with Foodborne Human Morbidity.","authors":"Mary Garvey","doi":"10.3390/v18030392","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v18030392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rates of foodborne infectious disease are increasing globally. The One Health zoonoses report shows increasing cases of shigatoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i>, campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis and listeriosis in the last 5 years. The ESKAPE pathogens are the top priority due to their alarming rate of resistance to broad-spectrum beta-lactams, carbapenems, glycopeptides, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and biocide solutions. Research assessing alternative biocontrol options highlight the advantages of bacteriophages in the control of resistant bacterial species. Phage formulations including ListShield^TM and SalmoFresh^TM have gained FDA approval for food production. As biocontrol agents, however, phages are limited by their specificity in a multispecies environment, the presence of environmental variables and bacterial resistance mechanisms. Genetic modification and the use of phage cocktails aim to overcome such limitations. Future research is warranted in a harmonised approach supported by a defined legal framework to establish best formulation and exposure protocols. This review discusses phages as biocontrol agents in the control of high-risk pathobionts associated with foodborne illness. Pathobionts associated with bovine livestock are discussed due to the morbidity and incidence of disease associated with such pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of APOBEC3 Packaging into HIV-1.","authors":"Mirriam Nzivo, Christoph G W Gertzen, Tom Luedde, Holger Gohlke, Carsten Münk","doi":"10.3390/v18030389","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v18030389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 3s (APOBEC3s, A3s) are single-stranded DNA cytidine deaminases with antiviral activity against diverse DNA and RNA viruses. The human APOBEC3 locus encodes seven members: A3A, A3B, A3C, A3D, A3F, A3G, and A3H. Of these, A3C, A3D, A3F, A3G, and A3H are packaged into HIV-1, lacking the viral infectivity factor (VIF, HIV-1Δ<i>vif</i>), while A3D, A3F, A3G, and A3H hap II exhibit strong antiviral activity. Packaging of A3s into virions is critical for viral restriction, yet the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. A3 incorporation requires interactions with the GAG polyprotein, especially the matrix (MA) and nucleocapsid (NC) domains, and binding to cellular or viral RNAs. Specific amino acid residues within A3 proteins mediate these contacts, and A3G localization to lipid rafts facilitates packaging. While A3F and A3G incorporation have been extensively characterized, mechanisms for other A3s remain poorly defined. This review synthesizes current knowledge on A3 packaging, emphasizing the interplay of protein, RNA, and membrane determinants in efficient virion incorporation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030881/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147534124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Inhibition of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus by a Bifunctional 5'-PPP miRNA Combining RIG-I Activation with Sequence-Specific Viral Targeting.","authors":"Zihang Song, Jiabao Hou, Feng Guo, Longping Chen, Chudong Wang, Xinjie Guo, Ping Li, Wenlong Shen, Jiajun Yang, Hongxu Zhong, Hanlu Zhang, Yan Zhang, Enqi Du, Zhihu Zhao","doi":"10.3390/v18030390","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v18030390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The immunosuppressive nature of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains the central obstacle to its effective control. Conventional microRNA (miRNA)-based antiviral approaches are limited by their modest potency and the high risk of viral escape. Here, we rationally designed an engineered miRNA carrying a 5'-triphosphate (5'-PPP) terminus that integrates RIG-I-driven innate immune activation and sequence-specific gene silencing within a single molecule. In vitro-transcribed 5'-PPP miRNAs are efficiently recognized by the pattern-recognition receptor RIG-I, triggering a robust type I interferon response that counteracts PRRSV-induced immunosuppression. In MARC-145 cells, one such construct, 5'-PPP BZL-sRNA-20, potently inhibited PRRSV replication through the synergistic action of immune activation and gene silencing. However, in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs)-the natural host cells for PRRSV-the antiviral effect depended primarily on 5'-PPP-induced interferon responses, with the targeting sequence providing limited or context-dependent benefits. Dual-luciferase assays confirmed that the gene-silencing activity depends on 5'-PPP modification, which enhances the stability of BZL-sRNA-20. This bifunctional strategy establishes an \"immune activation plus targeting\" paradigm by simultaneously acting as a RIG-I ligand that triggers broad antiviral responses and specifically cleaves viral RNA via direct base-pairing to conserved regions of the PRRSV genome. These findings reveal the potential of engineered 5'-PPP miRNAs as immunomodulatory antiviral agents, while highlighting that the contribution of RNAi targeting varies depending on the cellular context.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030578/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medication Burden and Adherence of Antiretroviral Therapy Among Older People Living with HIV in the Context of Multimorbidity and Polypharmacy: A Multicenter Study.","authors":"Yaqin Zhou, Hong Zuo, Sitong Luo, Chunyuan Zheng, Honghong Wang","doi":"10.3390/v18030387","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v18030387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Population aging among people living with HIV (PLWH) has led to a growing burden of multimorbidity and complex medication regimens. However, the relationships between medication-related challenges and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence in older PLWH remain insufficiently understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted among PLWH aged ≥50 years receiving routine HIV care in Hunan Province, China. Multimorbidity, polypharmacy, potential drug-drug interactions (PDDIs), medication-related burden, and ART adherence were assessed using validated instruments and clinical records. Path analysis was applied to examine hypothesized relationships based on the transactional model of stress and coping.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 301 participants, 54.2% experienced multimorbidity and 29.2% met criteria for polypharmacy. Medication-related burden was moderate to high. The proposed path model demonstrated good fit. Multimorbidity was positively associated with polypharmacy and PDDIs, both of which contributed to higher medication-related burden. Medication-related burden was the only factor directly associated with lower ART adherence, whereas polypharmacy and PDDIs showed no significant direct effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Medication-related burden was significantly associated with both clinical complexity indicators and ART adherence among older PLWH. Interventions addressing patients' subjective treatment burden may be critical for sustaining long-term adherence in aging HIV populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030674/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147534079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment of a Cell-Fusing Agent Virus Infection Model in <i>Aedes albopictus</i> and Its Impact on Vector Competence for Zika Virus.","authors":"Dongqin Li, Ningxin Zhou, Li Xiong, Xi Pu, Mingqiang Li, Qing Liu, Lu Liu, Rui Xiao, Yuanhang Wang, Hengduan Zhang, Xiaoxia Guo, Dan Xing, Tongyan Zhao, Jiahong Wu, Yuting Jiang","doi":"10.3390/v18030384","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v18030384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The overuse of chemical insecticides highlights the urgent need for novel vector control strategies. Insect-specific viruses (ISVs), such as the cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV), have shown potential to block arbovirus transmission by inhibiting viral replication in mosquitoes. However, the effects of CFAV beyond its natural host, <i>Aedes aegypti</i>, remain largely unexplored. In this study, we established a CFAV infection model in <i>Aedes albopictus</i>, a major vector for Zika virus (ZIKV), via intrathoracic injection. Stable infection was achieved, with viral loads reaching up to 10⁷ copies per mosquito by day 10 post-injection. Nevertheless, high post-injection mortality (median survival: 3 days) was observed, which we attribute primarily to mechanical injury. No evidence of vertical transmission of CFAV was detected in <i>Ae. albopictus</i>. Co-injection of CFAV and ZIKV did not significantly affect ZIKV replication in this species. In contrast, in <i>Ae. aegypti</i> pre-infected with CFAV followed by oral ZIKV challenge, CFAV significantly reduced ZIKV infection rates in the ovaries at day 4 and viral loads in salivary glands at day 10. These findings demonstrate that while CFAV can productively infect <i>Ae. albopictus</i>, it does not undergo vertical transmission in this species, and has no inhibitory effect on ZIKV under the co-infection conditions tested. This study underscores challenges associated with using single ISVs such as CFAV for arbovirus control and highlights the complex, bidirectional role of multiple ISV co-infections. While exploring multi-ISV combinations may offer a potential strategy to enhance antiviral efficacy, their net effect-whether suppression or enhancement of arboviruses-warrants careful investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147534004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wastewater as Sentinel for Emerging Viral Diseases in Livestock: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Mishuk Shaha, Ashutosh Das, Joyshri Saha, Md Mizanur Rahaman, Mukta Das Gupta, Saranika Talukder, Subir Sarker","doi":"10.3390/v18030385","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v18030385","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The accelerating frequency of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) in livestock poses a significant threat to global food security, as well as to animal and public health. While wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) has advanced significantly for human health surveillance, its application to livestock production systems remains fragmented and lacks standardization. This review synthesizes current evidence on livestock wastewater-based surveillance (L-WBS) as an early-warning sentinel for emerging viral pathogens, evaluating their dynamics, economic impacts, biosecurity measures, and One Health implications. Existing studies demonstrate that L-WBS effectively detects emerging viral pathogens in agricultural effluent, swine manure, and municipal wastewater systems serving livestock regions, frequently preceding clinical outbreak recognition. We further conceptualized a multifactorial framework linking environmental drivers such as climate and ecological disruption and agricultural intensification to pathogen emergence dynamics. Economic assessments show substantial direct losses (approximately US$ 950 per H5N1-infected dairy cow and US$ 25.9 billion in African swine fever virus (ASFV)-related damages across China) alongside indirect costs from biosecurity implementation, workforce disruption, and supply-chain instability. We recommend prioritizing methodological standardization through unified sampling and extraction protocols, integration of next-generation sequencing for genomic surveillance, and cross-sectoral policy frameworks to operationalize L-WBS as a global early-warning infrastructure for mitigating zoonotic spillover and livestock-dependent community resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147534088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Models for Drug Development Against Two Hemorrhagic <i>Hareavirales</i>: Rift Valley Fever and Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses.","authors":"Sarah Chaput, Antoine Nougairède, Franck Touret","doi":"10.3390/v18030386","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v18030386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) are designated by the World Health Organization as priority pathogens due to their epidemic potential, zoonotic transmission, and the absence of licensed therapeutics or vaccines. The development of effective antivirals critically relies on robust in vitro and in vivo models; however, progress is limited by the requirement for high-containment facilities. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the experimental models currently available for RVFV and CCHFV, ranging from cell-based assays to animal models, and discuss their respective advantages, limitations, and translational relevance. We further highlight strategies allowing for BSL-2 experimentations, thereby expanding research accessibility, and accelerating the development of countermeasures against these high-priority pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147534041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foundation Protein Language Models for Influenza A Virus T-Cell Epitope Prediction: A Transformer-Based Viroinformatics Framework.","authors":"Syed Nisar Hussain Bukhari, Kingsley A Ogudo","doi":"10.3390/v18030380","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v18030380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza A virus remains a major cause of respiratory disease worldwide and poses a persistent challenge to vaccine development due to its rapid genetic evolution and antigenic variability. T-cell-based immunity has therefore gained increasing importance, as it can provide broader and more durable protection by targeting conserved viral regions. Accurate identification of T-cell epitopes (TCEs) is a fundamental requirement for epitope-based vaccine design and immunological research. Although numerous computational methods have been proposed, many existing approaches rely on handcrafted physicochemical features, which offer limited ability to capture contextual sequence dependencies. In this study, a transformer-based viroinformatics framework is proposed for the binary prediction of TCEs from Influenza A virus peptide sequences. The framework employs a pretrained Evolutionary Scale Modeling-2 (ESM-2) protein language model (PLM) to generate rich, contextualized embeddings directly from raw amino acid sequences, eliminating the need for manual feature engineering. These embeddings are processed using a lightweight attention-based transformer classifier to learn epitope-specific sequence patterns. The model achieves strong and stable predictive performance, attaining an accuracy of approximately 97% and an AUC close to 0.99 under stratified cross-validation. Ablation analysis further confirms that protein language model representations and self-attention contribute substantially to performance gains over classical machine learning baselines. To enhance practical reliability, Monte Carlo dropout is incorporated during inference to provide uncertainty-aware predictions, enabling differentiation between high-confidence and ambiguous peptide candidates. In addition, attention-based interpretability is used to identify residue-level contributions to model decisions, offering biologically meaningful insights into epitope recognition. Overall, this study demonstrates that PLMs combined with Transformer architectures provide an effective, interpretable, and a promising computational framework for Influenza A TCE discovery and vaccine research.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147534165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}