Viruses-Basel最新文献

{"title":"T-Cell Epitope-Based SARS-CoV-2 DNA Vaccine Encoding an Antigen Fused with Type 1 Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein D (gD).","authors":"Luana Raposo de Melo Moraes Aps, Aléxia Adrianne Venceslau-Carvalho, Carla Longo de Freitas, Bruna Felício Milazzotto Maldonado Porchia, Mariângela de Oliveira Silva, Lennon Ramos Pereira, Natiely Silva Sales, Guilherme Formoso Pelegrin, Ethiane Segabinazi, Karine Bitencourt Rodrigues, Jamile Ramos da Silva, Bianca da Silva Almeida, Jéssica Pires Farias, Maria Fernanda Castro-Amarante, Paola Marcella Camargo Minoprio, Luís Carlos de Souza Ferreira, Rúbens Prince Dos Santos Alves","doi":"10.3390/v17091191","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17091191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Authorized SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit both antibody and T-cell responses; however, benchmark correlates and update decisions have largely emphasized neutralizing antibodies. Motivated by the complementary role of cellular immunity, we designed a prototype polyepitope DNA vaccine encoding conserved human and mouse T-cell epitopes from non-structural proteins of the original strain SARS-CoV-2 lineage. Epitope selection was guided by in silico predictions for common HLA class I alleles in the Brazilian population and the mouse H-2Kb haplotype. To enhance immunogenicity, the polyepitope sequences were fused to glycoprotein D (gD) from Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1), an immune activator of dendritic cells (DCs), leading to enhanced activation of antigen-specific T-cell responses. Mice were immunized with two doses of the electroporated DNA vaccine encoding the gD-fused polyepitope, which induced robust interferon-gamma- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-producing T cell responses compared to control mice. In addition, K18-hACE2 transgenic mice showed protection against intranasal challenge with the original SARS-CoV-2 strain, with reduced clinical symptoms, less weight loss, and decreased viral burden in both lung and brain tissues. The results experimentally confirm the protective role of T cells in vaccine-induced protection against SARS-CoV-2 and open perspectives for the development of universal anti-coronavirus vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474356/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145180140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Systemic Inflammation to Vascular Remodeling: Investigating Carotid IMT in COVID-19 Survivors.","authors":"Emilia Bielecka, Piotr Sielatycki, Paulina Pietraszko, Sara Anna Frankowska, Edyta Zbroch","doi":"10.3390/v17091196","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17091196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition that underlies both cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. Emerging evidence suggests that COVID-19 may play a role in its progression.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the development of atherosclerosis.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Common carotid artery (CCA) intima media thickness (IMT) was measured by ultrasonography twice, 12-18 months apart, in a cohort of 92 patients (47 with COVID-19 and 45 controls). Clinical data were collected from medical histories, physical examinations, and laboratory findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baseline IMT values were comparable between the study groups (0.85 mm vs. 0.78 mm). However, the COVID-19 group exhibited a significantly greater increase in IMT over time, with a median change of 0.13 mm compared to 0.05 mm in the controls (<i>p</i> = 0.018). Furthermore, 69.2% of COVID-19 patients exceeded the median IMT progression threshold compared to 36% in the control group (<i>p</i> = 0.017). An elevated level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and a higher triglyceride (Tg)-to-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL) ratio were significantly associated with increased IMT in the COVID-19 group. Age and heart rate were identified as significant predictors of IMT progression across both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>COVID-19 may accelerate the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis. The strong associations of CRP and the TG/HDL ratio with IMT highlight the potential roles of chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in driving these vascular changes. Further large-scale, multicenter studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, confirm these observations, and guide targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies for individuals with an increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Detection and Identification of Southern Tomato Virus Infecting Tomatoes in Oklahoma with Complete Genome Characterization and Insights into Global Genetic Diversity.","authors":"Salil Jindal, Akhtar Ali","doi":"10.3390/v17091193","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17091193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Southern tomato virus (STV) or <i>Amalgavirus lycopersici</i> is a persistent virus impacting tomato crops globally. This study identified new STV isolates from Oklahoma and analyzed their evolutionary relationship to global STV isolates. Phylogenetic analyses (complete genomes or individual genes) grouped STV isolates into two distinct clades, independent of geographic origin or host. Notably, Oklahoma isolates formed a separate cluster from previously reported isolates in the United States of America (USA). Coalescent analysis suggested the most recent common ancestor of STV fusion protein emerged around 135 years ago. Genetic diversity among STV isolates was low, with slightly more variability in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene than the p42 gene. Both genes showed strong purifying selection. No recombination events were detected across complete genomes. Structure analysis revealed that the p42 protein, particularly its C-terminal region, displayed higher disorder, indicating a possible role in host interactions and viral adaptability. These findings deepen our understanding of STV's evolution and highlight the need for ongoing surveillance and broader genomic sampling.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474347/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of the Slow-Delivery Platform, VacSIM, Shapes the Host Immune Response to Increase Protection Against Influenza Infection.","authors":"Anna L McCormick, Ted M Ross, Donald A Harn, Jarrod J Mousa","doi":"10.3390/v17091190","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17091190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza virus is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality due to acute lower respiratory infection, even with the widespread use of multiple licensed influenza vaccines. However, antigenic drift during influenza replication can cause vaccine-induced antibodies to poorly neutralize influenza virus, thereby reducing vaccine effectiveness. To help overcome this problem, we leveraged a hydrogel platform with influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein to induce prolonged antigen exposure. The hydrogel platform, Vaccine Self-Assembling Immune Matrix (VacSIM^®), in combination with recombinant influenza H1 or H3 HA protein antigens, increased antigen-specific antibody titers in vaccinated mice, which led to decreased disease severity after H1N1 infection for H1 HA-vaccinated mice and decreased lung viral titers after H3N2 challenge for H3 HA-vaccinated mice. Sera collected from mice immunized with VacSIM and HA also showed broader HAI activity, increasing by 1-3 log against a panel of influenza viruses. These results were consistent with the use of cocktail immunization, containing both an H1 and H3 HA, where mice immunized with VacSIM had an increase in antigen-specific antibody titers and decreased disease severity and lung viral titers against H1N1 and H3N2 influenza challenges, respectively. Finally, it was determined that a single immunization with VacSIM and H1 HA could provide protection against lethal H1N1 challenge compared to a group without VacSIM. In summary, we demonstrate that use of the slow-release platform VacSIM can improve the host immune response to vaccination and increase protection against influenza infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145180154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole-Exome Sequencing Reveals Rare Genetic Variants in Saudi COVID-19 Patients with Extreme Phenotypes.","authors":"Rashid Mir, Mohammad Fahad Ullah, Imadeldin Elfaki, Mohammad A Alanazi, Naseh A Algehainy, Faisal H Altemani, Mamdoh S Moawadh, Faris J Tayeb, Badr A Alsayed, Mohammad Muzaffar Mir, Jaber Alfaifi, Syed Khalid Mustafa, Jameel Barnawi, Salma Saleh Alrdahe","doi":"10.3390/v17091198","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17091198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global impact of COVID-19 was staggering, with millions of cases and related mortality reported worldwide. Genetic variations play a significant role in determining an individual's susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and progress to severe disease. This pilot study provides an experimental approach using WES to identify certain rare and novel genetic variants that might affect an individual's susceptibility to the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, offering an initial exploration of these genetic variants. In the study cohort with 16 patients, the mortality rate was higher in male patients due to severe disease. There was a substantial burden of comorbidity, including hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and T2DM, conditions which independently increase the risk of adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients. A total of 4478 variants were identified, distributed across 322 genes within the cohort. The majority of these variants were missense substitutions along with frameshift variants, inframe insertions/deletions (indels), and nonsense variants. The variants were further categorized by types to include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), deletions (DEL), and insertions (INS). The gene with the highest number of variants was <i>HLA-DRB1</i>, followed by <i>HLA-B</i>, <i>ABO</i>, <i>HPS4</i>, and <i>SP110</i> displaying both common polymorphisms and rare variants. Moreover, the <i>HLA-B</i> gene exhibited the highest number of rare candidate variants, followed by <i>AK2</i>, <i>IRF7</i>, <i>KMT2D</i>, <i>TAP1</i>, and <i>HLA-DRB1</i>. Several genes harbored multiple novel variants, including <i>TAP1</i>, <i>AK2</i>, <i>G6PC3</i>, <i>HLA-B</i>, <i>IL12RB2</i>, and <i>ITGB2</i>. The frequencies of the identified variants were found to be either zero or extremely low (below 1% threshold) in the Middle Eastern or in the overall combined population, suggesting that these are indeed rare and do not represent common indigenous polymorphisms. Functional enrichment analysis of the constructed protein-protein interaction network in our preliminary findings revealed that the identified genes are primarily enriched in pathways associated with immune deficiency and DNA repair. This initial exploration of genetic variants in COVID-19 susceptibility provides a foundation for future large-scale studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474163/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145180110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Detected from Different Areas of the Kandy District of Sri Lanka from November 2020-March 2022.","authors":"Bushran N Iqbal, Sibra R M Shihab, Tao Zhang, Aadhil Ahamed, Shiyamalee Arunasalam, Samanthika Jagoda, Leo L M Poon, Malik Peiris, Faseeha Noordeen","doi":"10.3390/v17091189","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17091189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A comprehensive analysis of the molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in the Kandy District of Sri Lanka from November 2020 to March 2022 was conducted to address the limited genomic surveillance data available across the country. The study investigated the circulating SARS-CoV-2 lineages, their temporal dynamics, and the associated mutational profiles in the study area. A total of 280 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples were selected, and 252 complete genomes were successfully sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technology. Lineage classification was performed using the EPI2ME tool, while phylogenetic relationships were inferred through maximum likelihood and time-scaled phylogenetic trees using IQ-TREE2 and BEAST, respectively. Amino acid substitutions were analyzed to understand lineage-specific mutation patterns. Fifteen SARS-CoV-2 lineages were identified, and of those B.1.411 (36%) was the most prevalent, followed by Q.8 (21%), AY.28 (9.5%), and the Delta and Omicron variants. The lineage distribution showed a temporal shift from B.1.411 to Alpha, Delta, and finally the Omicron, mirroring the global trends. Time to the most recent common ancestor analyses provided estimates for the introduction of major variants, while mutation analysis revealed the widespread occurrence of D614G in the spike protein and lineage-specific mutations across structural, non-structural, and accessory proteins.Detection of the Epsilon variant (absent in other national-level studies) in November 2020, highlighted the regional heterogeneity viral spread. This study emphasizes the importance of localized genomic surveillance to capture the true diversity and evolution of SARS-CoV-2, to facilitate containment strategies in resource-limited settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145180033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies in Healthy Adults, in Mexico, Against Human and Simian Adenovirus Types.","authors":"Raúl E López, Margarita Valdés Alemán, Jesús M Torres-Flores, Yordanis Pérez-Llano, David Alejandro Cabrera Gaytán, Clara Esperanza Santacruz Tinoco, Julio Elias Alvarado Yaah, Yu Mei Anguiano Hernández, Bernardo Martínez Miguel, José Esteban Muñoz Medina, Nancy Sandoval Gutiérrez, Ilse Ramos Lagunes, José Antonio Arroyo Pérez, Ramón A González","doi":"10.3390/v17091184","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17091184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Replication-defective adenoviruses are widely used as vectors for vaccines, but their efficacy may be compromised by the prevalence of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies from natural infections or prior vaccination with adenovirus-based vaccines. To overcome these limitations, less common human adenovirus (HAdV) types and simian adenoviruses (SAdV) have been explored as alternative vectors to the widely prevalent HAdV-C5. Despite their importance, there is limited information on the epidemiology of adenovirus immunity in many countries and geographical regions, including Mexico. In this study, we analyzed 2488 serum samples from healthy adults across all 32 states of Mexico to assess the prevalence of both total and neutralizing antibodies against various HAdV types from species A-F, and three related SAdVs. Our findings indicate a high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against HAdV-C5 and HAdV-C6, with significant cross-reactivity observed among related adenoviruses. Notably, HAdV-D26 exhibited a lower prevalence of neutralizing antibodies, suggesting its potential suitability as a vector for vaccine development in populations with high pre-existing immunity to more common HAdV types. These results provide critical insights for optimizing adenovirus-based vaccine strategies in Mexico.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474060/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145180142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Emerging and Uncommon Enteroviruses C104, C105, and C109 in Respiratory Samples from Maryland, USA, 2018-2024.","authors":"Amary Fall, Ting X Zhuang, Alaina Dodge, Omar Abdullah, Julie M Norton, David Villafuerte, Andrew Pekosz, Eili Klein, Heba H Mostafa","doi":"10.3390/v17091183","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17091183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: While enteroviruses (EVs) are recognized causes of diverse illnesses, little is known about the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of uncommon enterovirus C (EV-C) types, including EV-C104, EV-C105, and EV-C109. <b>Methods</b>: We conducted genomic surveillance of EVs at the Johns Hopkins Health System between 2018 and 2024 (a total of 3715 samples), identifying EV-C104, EV-C105, and EV-C109 in respiratory samples. VP4-VP2 and whole-genome sequencing were used to assess genetic diversity and intra-host evolution. <b>Results</b>: Five EV-C105 infections were identified primarily in pediatric patients, presenting with a range of clinical features including fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, and cerebellitis. Prolonged EV-C104 and EV-C109 infections were identified in two immunocompromised adults. EV-C104 persisted for over five months and showed evidence of viral genomic changes (intra-host evolution). EV-C109 was detected over a four-month period. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a novel EV-C105 clade (C3) closely related to recent USA strains. EV-C104 genomes aligned with genotype B sequences from the USA and Europe, while EV-C109 sequences were similar to 2014-2015 strains from the Netherlands. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings highlight the emergence, persistence, and genetic evolution of uncommon EV-C types in Maryland, especially among immunocompromised hosts, emphasizing the importance of continued genomic surveillance and clinical correlations.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145180011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interplay Between Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles and Phages: Receptors, Mechanisms, and Implications.","authors":"Angelika Bołoz, Valérie Lannoy, Tomasz Olszak, Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa, Daria Augustyniak","doi":"10.3390/v17091180","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17091180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteria and phages have coexisted for billions of years engaging in continuous evolutionary arms races that drive reciprocal adaptations and resistance mechanisms. Among the diverse antiviral strategies developed by bacteria, modification or masking phage receptors as well as their physical removal via extracellular vesicles are the first line of defense. These vesicles play a pivotal role in bacterial survival by mitigating the effects of various environmental threats, including predation by bacteriophages. The secretion of extracellular vesicles represents a highly conserved evolutionary trait observed across all domains of life. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are generated by a wide variety of Gram (+), Gram (-), and atypical bacteria, occurring under both natural and stress conditions, including phage infection. This review addresses the multifaceted role of BEVs in modulating bacteria-phage interactions, considering the interplay from both bacterial and phage perspectives. We focus on the dual function of BEVs as both defensive agents that inhibit phage infection and as potential facilitators that may inadvertently enhance bacterial susceptibility to phages. Furthermore, we discuss how bacteriophages can influence BEV production, affecting both the quantity and molecular composition of vesicles. Finally, we provide an overview of the ecological relevance and efficacy of BEV-phage interplay across diverse environments and microbial ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145180076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Bovine Nasal Epithelial Cells as an In Vitro Model for Studying Viral Infection in the Upper Respiratory Tract.","authors":"Malte Pitters, Henrik Fritsch, Ang Su, Klaus Jung, Paul Becher","doi":"10.3390/v17091188","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17091188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a multifactorial and globally prevalent condition involving a combination of viral and bacterial pathogens, as well as environmental stressors. Viral agents often initiate infections in the upper respiratory tract (URT), predisposing animals to secondary bacterial infections and severe clinical manifestations. Among the key viral contributors to BRDC are bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1). In this study, submerged liquid cultures of undifferentiated bovine nasal epithelial cells (BNECs) were employed to investigate mono- and co-infections with BVDV and BHV-1. Epithelial barrier integrity was assessed to evaluate the cytopathic effects of BHV-1, while viral replication and release were quantified. Both viruses demonstrated polarized release, and BHV-1 infection exhibited a pronounced cytopathic effect. Notably, a preceding BVDV infection did not alter the progression or outcome of BHV-1 infection in this in vitro model. These findings suggest that primary BNEC cultures represent a valuable and physiologically relevant tool for studying viral dynamics and interactions associated with BRDC.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}