Viruses-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Recombinant Sendai Virus Vectors as Novel Vaccine Candidates Against Animal Viruses.","authors":"Álex Gómez, Ramsés Reina","doi":"10.3390/v17050737","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17050737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccination plays a pivotal role in the control and prevention of animal infectious diseases. However, no efficient and safe universal vaccines are currently registered for major pathogens such as influenza A virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). Here, we review the development of Sendai virus (SeV) vectors as a promising vaccine platform for animal diseases. Recombinant SeV vectors (rSeVv) possess several key features that make them highly suitable for developing vaccination strategies: (1) SeV has exclusively cytoplasmic replication cycle, therefore incapable of transforming host cells by integrating into the cellular genome, (2) rSeVv can accommodate large foreign gene/s inserts (~5 kb) with strong but adjustable transgene expression, (3) can be propagated to high titers in both embryonated chicken eggs and mammalian cell lines, (4) exhibits potent infectivity across a broad range of mammalian cells from different animals species, (5) undergo transient replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of non-natural hosts, (6) has not been associated with disease in pigs, non-humans primates, and small ruminants, ensuring a favorable safety profile, and (7) induce a robust innate and cellular immune responses. Preclinical and clinical studies using rSeVv-based vaccines against influenza A virus, FMDV, SIV, and SRLV have yielded promising results. Therefore, this review highlights the potential of rSeVv-based vaccine platforms as a valuable strategy for combating animal viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological and Molecular Surveillance of Aichi Virus A at Different Stages of Sewage Treatment: A One-Year Study in the Southeast of Brazil.","authors":"Mariah C A do Nascimento, Camila R Rosa, Meriane Demoliner, Dayla B Geraldini, Guilherme R F Campos, Daniela M Quevedo, Rafael N Miceli, Fernando R Spilki, João Pessoa Araújo, Marilia F Calmon, Paula Rahal","doi":"10.3390/v17050736","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17050736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enteric viruses, such as the Aichi virus (AiV), pose a potential health risk due to their high excretion rates through fecal elimination, limited removal during treatment processes, and prolonged survival, highlighting the need to assess the potential for exposure and disease transmission through sanitation systems. This study investigated the prevalence of AiV at three key stages of sewage treatment in the city of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo state, Brazil, as well as its viral concentrations, infectious potential, and molecular characterization. The data were also analyzed for potential correlations with reported diarrheal disease cases in the city and the physicochemical properties of sewage. The methodology employed included Nested PCR, qPCR, Sanger Sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis, as well as infectivity testing in cell cultures. The prevalence of AiV throughout the year in raw sewage samples was 90.4%, 78.8% in post-anaerobic biological treatment, and 71.1% in post-chemical treatment, totaling 125 positive samples out of 156, being characterized as AiV genotype A. The virus also demonstrated persistence and infectious potential at all three stages analyzed. The AiV-A mean concentration ranged from 2.05 log¹⁰ to 4.64 GC/mL, 2.31 to 4.72 log¹⁰ GC/mL, and 2.13 to 2.85 log¹⁰ GC/mL for the same treatment stages, respectively. A significant difference (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) suggests higher viral concentrations in summer at the three sewage process points analyzed, while lower viral concentrations were observed in post-chemical treatment samples (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01). Additionally, no statistically significant relationship was observed between the virus occurrence in samples and cases of acute diarrheal diseases in the city. In conclusion, this study highlights that much remains to be understood about AiV while providing valuable insights into the relationship between AiV, environmental factors, and public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115472/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of an Emerging Recombinant Duck Circovirus in Northern Vietnam, 2023-2024.","authors":"Hieu Van Dong, Dai Quang Trinh, Giang Huong Thi Tran, Thanh Thi Vu, Thinh Hung Ba Nguyen, Amonpun Rattanasrisomporn, Dao Anh Tran Bui, Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn","doi":"10.3390/v17050732","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17050732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to characterize the duck circovirus circulating in Northern Vietnam based on complete genome sequences. Between 2023 and 2025, 45 pooled tissue samples were collected from nine duck flocks in several provinces in Northern Vietnam. Of the 45 samples tested, 16 (35.56%) were positive for the DuCV genome, as determined using conventional polymerase chain reaction. Nine representative strains were selected for viral genome sequencing. The results indicated that the complete Vietnamese DuCV genomes were from 1992 to 1995 bp in length, and the degree of nucleotide identity shared among them ranged from 96.88% to 99.84%. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genomes showed that the nine Vietnamese DuCV strains belonged to genotype I, subgenotypes Ia (two strains), Ib (four strains), and Ic (three strains). These viral strains were genetically related to viruses reported in China from 2019 to 2023. Recombination events occurred on the Cap gene sequences of three Vietnamese DuCV strains (Vietnam/VNUA-102/2023, Vietnam/VNUA-225/2023, and Vietnam/VNUA-318/2024). One positive selection was detected on the Rep protein sequence.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115742/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Doravirine Resistance Mutations in a Large-Scale HIV-1 Transmitted Drug Resistance Survey in Buenos Aires, Argentina.","authors":"Diego Cecchini, Isabel Cassetti, Florencia Scarnato, Agustina Fiori, Jimena Nuevo, Clara Villaverde, Adriana Sucari, María C Torroija, Emiliano Bissio, Gabriela Bugarin, Gustavo Lopardo","doi":"10.3390/v17050731","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17050731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Argentina has reported moderate to high levels of transmitted drug resistance in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), mostly to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Doravirine (DOR) has a unique resistance profile and retains potent antiviral activity in the presence of the most prevalent NNRTI-associated resistant viruses. Scarce data exist regarding the frequency of DOR resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) in Latin America. We describe the prevalence of DOR RAMs in samples from adults PLWHA in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in the context of a survey of transmitted drug resistance (TDR).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was undertaken utilizing samples collected between 2017 and 2021 at two reference HIV clinics. Samples were analyzed for RAMs using the World Health Organization (WHO) mutation list. Mutations to DOR were assessed with the Stanford and Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA (ANRS) algorithms. Rilpivirine (RPV) RAMs were assessed using the Stanford algorithm. Susceptibility to NNRTIs was evaluated using the HIVdb Program with Stanford and ANRS criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Samples from 1667 PLWHA were analyzed: 81.2% were male, with 52.6% identifying as men who have sex with men. According to the WHO list, the overall TDR was 12.1% (<i>n</i> = 203). The prevalence of RAMs was 10.1% (170/1667) for NNRTIs, 4% (67/1667) for nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and 1.7% (30/1667) for protease inhibitors (PIs). The most frequent NNRTI mutations were K103N (5.6%), G190A (0.89%), and K103S (0.77%). The prevalence of DOR RAMs was <2%, with the most common being Y188L (0.53%). Rilpivirine RAM prevalence was 6%. Susceptibility to DOR, RPV, efavirenz, and nevirapine as given by the Stanford algorithm was 97.4%, 92%, 91.4%, and 90.4%, respectively. The ANRS criteria yielded susceptibility rates of 98.3%, 93.3%, 92.3%, and 90.8%, respectively. Regarding NRTIs, thymidine analog mutations (including T215 revertants) were the most frequent RAMs. Among PIs, the most prevalent RAMs were M46L (0.47%) and V82A (0.35%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study shows the persistence of moderate to high levels of resistance to first-generation NNRTIs. Despite this, prevalence was low for DOR. Surveillance of TDR remains critical for recommendations of ART initiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12116006/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Clinical Manifestation of Astrovirus Gastroenteritis in Adults: A Seven-Year Study in Washington D.C., USA.","authors":"Maryam Mehdipour Dalivand, Maher Ali, Rebecca Yee","doi":"10.3390/v17050730","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17050730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastroenteritis is commonly caused by viral etiologies. The inclusion of astrovirus on multiplex, syndromic gastrointestinal PCR panels allows for the detection and characterization of infected patients. This retrospective, observational, clinical study examines the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of astrovirus infections in adults from our institution in Washington D.C. (USA) over a seven-year period. Chart abstraction was performed to collect patient demographics, laboratory results, clinical presentation, and management. The overall positivity rate of astrovirus was 0.6%. Peak seasons were late winter to spring (February-April). The mean age was 32 years old (range: 18-52 years). All patients presented with gastroenteritis symptoms and were immunocompetent except one. Symptoms varied among diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and fever, but patients in age group 30-39 years experienced less vomiting (<i>p</i> = 0.01). Infected patients had an increase in monocytes and neutrophils and a decrease in lymphocytes (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Gastrointestinal co-infections were seen in 24% of our patients. In all patients, clinicians acknowledged the detection of astrovirus and discharged patients without further treatment. The median length of stay was 6 h, and no patients were admitted into the intensive care unit. We show that astrovirus infections in immunocompetent adults were associated with mild disease associated with specific cell counts and different symptoms correlated with age.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Function of TRIM25 in Antiviral Defense and Viral Immune Evasion.","authors":"Qianxun Liu, Shantong Peng, Jiani Wei, Zhenzhen Xie","doi":"10.3390/v17050735","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17050735","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tripartite motif (TRIM) 25 is a member of the TRIM E3 ubiquitin ligase family, which plays multiple roles in anti-tumor and antiviral defenses through various pathways. Its RBCC and SPRY/PRY domains work cooperatively for its oligomerization and subsequent activation of ligase activity. TRIM25 expression is regulated by several proteins and RNAs, and it functionally participates in the post-transcriptional and translational modification of antiviral regulators, such as RIG-I, ZAP, and avSGs. Conversely, the antiviral functions of TRIM25 are inhibited by viral proteins and RNAs through their interactions, as well as by the viral infection-mediated upregulation of certain miRNAs. Here, we review the antiviral functions of TRIM25 and highlight its significance regarding innate immunity, particularly in antiviral defense and viral immune evasion.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progressive Adaptation of Subtype H6N1 Avian Influenza Virus in Taiwan Enhances Mammalian Infectivity, Pathogenicity, and Transmissibility.","authors":"Zuoyi Zheng, Xifeng Chen, Rutian Zheng, Zhigang Yan, Long Li, Rirong Chen, Lifeng Li, Yongmei Liu, Yi Guan, Huachen Zhu","doi":"10.3390/v17050733","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17050733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses remains a significant public health concern. H6 viruses have gained attention following the first human infection by a chicken-origin H6N1 virus (A/Taiwan/02/2013, Hu/13), highlighting their zoonotic potential. To understand the evolutionary trajectory and mammalian adaptation of this Taiwan lineage, we compared two avian isolates (A/Chicken/Taiwan/CF19/2009, Ck/09; A/Chicken/Taiwan/2267/2012, Ck/12) and Hu/13 in vitro and in vivo. Hu/13 exhibited enhanced replication in MDCK cells, producing larger plaques and higher viral titers than Ck/09 and Ck/12. In BALB/c mice, Hu/13 demonstrated the highest pathogenicity and mortality, followed by Ck/12, while Ck/09 induced minimal morbidity. Hu/13 and Ck/12 replicated efficiently in respiratory tissues, eliciting robust cytokine responses and severe pulmonary lesions. In ferrets, Hu/13 showed relatively efficient transmission, infecting all direct physical-contact and two out of three airborne-contact ferrets, whereas Ck/09 failed to transmit. Histopathology confirmed escalating lung pathology from Ck/09 to Ck/12 and Hu/13. Whole-genome sequencing identified adaptive mutations in Hu/13 during ferret replication, though no canonical mammalian-adaptive changes (e.g., PB2-E627K or HA-Q226L) were detected. These findings demonstrate progressive mammalian adaptation, replication efficiency, and transmissibility within the Taiwan H6N1 lineage. Enhanced surveillance is crucial to monitor mammalian-adaptive mutations, informing pandemic preparedness and public health strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic Analysis and Spread of HPAI H5N1 in Middle Eastern Countries Based on Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Gene Sequences.","authors":"Laith N Al-Eitan, Diana L Almahdawi, Iliya Y Khair","doi":"10.3390/v17050734","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17050734","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A/H5N1 viruses threaten animal and human health worldwide. The first documented cases in the Middle East were reported in 2005; however, despite extensive phylogenetic studies, there is limited information on the transmission dynamics of the virus within this region. We analyzed HA and NA gene sequences from various hosts to address this gap and to understand the virus's spread and evolution in the Middle East. We hypothesized that H5N1 transmission exhibits host-specific or geographically influenced clade structures in this region. This study traced transmission pathways of HPAI A/H5N1 through a phylogenetic and amino acid sequence analysis of HA and NA gene segments from isolates across different hosts in Middle Eastern countries, using the MUSCLE algorithm for alignments and MEGA11 software for phylogenetic analysis. Sequences were selected from NCBI's virus database based on geographic and host diversity, including those from birds, humans, and other mammals, and were collected at different time points, predominantly after the early 2000s. An amino acid phylogenetic tree was also constructed to examine the conservation of key HA and NA protein residues, identifying distinct clades linked to specific countries and host species, suggesting a possible interspecies transmission and cross-border spread distinct between Egypt and neighboring countries. These findings underscore the role of migratory birds in regional transmission and point to the need for more targeted surveillance and biosecurity efforts, offering more genomic insights into the spread of HPAI A/H5N1 and contributing valuable information for future prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HTLV-I Basic Leucine Zipper Factor (sHBZ) Actively Associates with Nucleophosmin (B23) in the Nucleolus.","authors":"Nahid Moghadam, Yong Xiao, Francois Dragon, Benoit Barbeau","doi":"10.3390/v17050727","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17050727","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV 1) is an oncogenic retrovirus responsible for the development of adult T cell leukemia (ATL). The minus strand of HTLV-1 provirus encodes an oncoprotein named HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), which plays a pivotal role in viral replication and T cell proliferation. Of particular interest is the spliced HBZ isoform (sHBZ), which is predominantly expressed in ATL cells and localizes within the nucleolus, conferring immortalizing properties to T cells. Our previous study has shown that sHBZ colocalizes and associates with Nucleophosmin/B23, a nucleolar phosphoprotein with multiple functions. In this study, through an optimized nucleolar isolation method, we first confirmed sHBZ's nucleolar localization via Western blotting in transfected HEK293T cells, chronically HTLV-1-infected T cell lines, and freshly infected HeLa cells. We further demonstrated that the sHBZ/B23 association predominantly occurs in the nucleolus by co-immunoprecipitation of cell fractions. Our study highlights the nucleolar localization of sHBZ and its possibly essential interaction with this nucleolar-residing protein, leading to cell immortalization.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic Analysis of the Spleen from Asian Seabass (<i>Lates calcarifer</i>) Infected with Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus.","authors":"Hong-Yi Xin, Lim Xin Ying, Lee Ching Pei Carmen, Mookkan Prabakaran","doi":"10.3390/v17050728","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17050728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is an emerging viral pathogen with an expanding host range, posing a significant threat to economically important fish species. In this study, we isolated the ISKNV strain responsible for disease outbreaks in Asian seabass (<i>Lates calcarifer</i>) and analyzed the transcriptomic profile of spleen tissues from experimentally infected fish. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the virus belongs to clade I of ISKNV. Next-generation sequencing identified differentially expressed genes, providing a comprehensive overview of the transcriptional landscape in the spleen of ISKNV-infected fish. The pathway analysis revealed complex host-virus interactions, impacting immune regulation, endocytosis, cell communication, cell cycle arrest, and programmed cell death. To further investigate these interactions, we analyzed relevant pathways in the Reactome database for Asian seabass, humans, and zebrafish, constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using STRING database, and identified hub genes using six different algorithms. This analysis revealed 69 key genes, including 41 hub genes and 28 key genes that connect different pathways or clusters within the PPI network. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms driving ISKNV infection in Asian seabass. Future research should focus on elucidating the regulatory functions of these key genes and their roles in ISKNV pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115965/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}