Viruses-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Two <i>Avastrovirus</i> Species Discovered in Psittaciformes Expand the Host Range of the Family <i>Astroviridae</i>.","authors":"K Jenns, John-Sebastian Eden, Annabelle Olsson, David Phalen","doi":"10.3390/v17030450","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metatranscriptomics has recently revealed greater species richness and host range of the <i>Avastrovirus</i> genus, quadrupling the number of avian orders known to host them in less than a decade. Despite this growing awareness of astrovirus presence in wild birds, limited attention has been paid to these viruses in the context of disease in Australian avifauna. Here we used unbiased RNA sequencing of intestinal samples from a galah (<i>Eolophus roseicapilla</i>) and an Australian king parrot (<i>Alisterus scapularis</i>) with a chronic diarrhoeal and wasting disease to detect the entire genomes of two novel astrovirus species. We propose naming these viruses <i>Avastrovirus eolorosei</i> (PQ893528) and <i>Avastrovirus aliscap</i> (PQ893527). The phylogenetic positions of these viruses highlight the importance of current and future metatranscriptomic virus screening in investigations of avian host landscapes beyond <i>Galloanserae</i>. This is also the first documentation of avastrovirus infections in Psittaciformes and the first to report their potential role as disease agents in them.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946394/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Interactome Profiling of Nonstructural Protein 3 Across SARS-CoV-2 Variants Emerged During the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Valeria Garcia Lopez, Lars Plate","doi":"10.3390/v17030447","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants remain a global health threat, due to their capacity for rapid evolution. Variants throughout the COVID-19 pandemic exhibited variations in virulence, impacting vaccine protection and disease severity. Investigating nonstructural protein variants is critical to understanding viral evolution and manipulation of host protein interactions. We focus on nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3), with multiple domains with different activities, including viral polyprotein cleavage, host deubiquitylation, de-ISGylation, and double-membrane vesicle formation. Using affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS), we identify differential protein interactions in nsp3 caused by mutations found in variants identified between 2019 and 2024: Alpha 20I, Beta 20H, Delta 21I, Delta 21J, Gamma 20J, Kappa 21B, Lambda 21G, Omicron 21K, and Omicron 21L. A small set of amino acid substitutions in the N-terminal region of nsp3 (nsp3.1) could be traced to increased interactions with RNA-binding proteins, which are vital in viral replication. Meanwhile, variants of the central region of nsp3 (nsp3.2) were found to share interactions with protein quality control machinery, including ER-associated degradation. In this construct, shared trends in interactor enrichment are observed between Omicron 21K and Delta 21I. These results underscore how minor mutations reshape host interactions, emphasizing the evolutionary arms race between the host and virus. We provide a roadmap to track the interaction changes driven by SARS-CoV-2 variant evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Retrospective Study of Respiratory Viruses in a Four-Year Study of Nasal Swabs from Patients with Severe Influenza-like Symptoms in the Lazio Region, Italy.","authors":"Giuseppe Sberna, Licia Bordi, Cosmina Mija, Enrico Girardi, Fabrizio Maggi, Eleonora Lalle","doi":"10.3390/v17030452","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030452","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the strategies adopted by different nations have affected and altered the transmission of different respiratory pathogens around the world. We examined the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the spread of respiratory viruses in the period between 2021 and 2024 in patients with severe influenza-like symptoms in the Lazio region using multiplex PCR tests for the identification of common seasonal respiratory viruses. Our data reveal a change in the transmission of respiratory viruses from 2021 to 2024, with a sharp decline in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and a rise in the transmission of other respiratory viruses, especially influenza viruses, and human rhinovirus/enterovirus in 2024. Moreover, viral co-infections, both those involving two viruses and those involving three viruses, have also increased. This work shows how the spread of SARS-CoV-2 influenced the spread of other respiratory viruses over four years in patients with severe influenza-like symptoms in the Lazio region. In conclusion, the resurgence and fluctuation of various respiratory viruses emphasize the dynamic nature of viral epidemiology in the post-pandemic context and highlight the ongoing need for vigilant public health monitoring and intervention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946106/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Nose Wipes, Stall Sponges, and Air Samples with Nasal Secretions for the Molecular Detection of Equine Influenza Virus in Clinically and Subclinically Infected Horses.","authors":"Nicola Pusterla, Kaila Lawton, Samantha Barnum, K Gary Magdesian","doi":"10.3390/v17030449","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the use of non-invasive host and environmental samples for the detection and monitoring of equine respiratory pathogens has shown promise and a high overall agreement with the gold standard of nasal secretions. The present study looked at comparing nose wipes, stall sponges, and air samples with nasal swabs collected from 27 horses involved in an equine influenza (EI) outbreak. The outbreak involved 5 clinical, 6 subclinical, and 16 uninfected horses. Samples sets were collected at the onset of the index case and retested every 2-3 days thereafter until all horses tested qPCR-negative for EI virus (EIV). Nose wipes and stall sponges identified EIV in all clinical cases, and air samples identified EIV in 4/5 clinical horses. The overall agreement with all nasal swabs collected from clinical cases was 89% for nose wipes, 78% for stall sponges, and 44% for air samples. Due to the shorter shedding time in subclinical cases, nose wipes and stall sponges detected EIV in 5/6 and 4/6 subclinical horses, respectively. Only one single air sample tested qPCR-positive for EIV in a subclinical shedder. When compared to the gold standard of nasal secretions in subclinically infected horses, the overall agreement was 54% for stall sponges, 50% for air samples, and 45% for nose wipes. The collection of non-invasive contact and environmental samples is a promising alternative to nasal swabs for the detection of EIV in clinically and subclinically infected horses. However, they should always be considered as a second-choice sample type to the more accurate nasal swabs and used to test refractory horses or large populations during outbreaks. Further, the pooling of identical or different samples collected from the same horse for the qPCR testing of EIV increases the accuracy of detecting EIV, especially in subclinically infected horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143721985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Gao et al. Effects of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway Inhibitor BAY11-7082 in the Replication of ASFV. <i>Viruses</i> 2022, <i>14</i>, 297.","authors":"Qi Gao, Yunlong Yang, Yongzhi Feng, Weipeng Quan, Yizhuo Luo, Heng Wang, Jiachen Zheng, Xiongnan Chen, Zhao Huang, Xiaojun Chen, Runda Xu, Guihong Zhang, Lang Gong","doi":"10.3390/v17030445","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the original publication [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of IgY-Based Passive Immunization Against Tilapia Lake Virus: Development and In Vitro Neutralization Assays.","authors":"Piyathip Setthawong, Jidapa Yamkasem, Matepiya Khemthong, Puntanat Tattiyapong, Pornphimon Metheenukul, Noppadol Prasertsincharoen, Tuchakorn Lertwanakarn, Naris Thengchaisri, Win Surachetpong","doi":"10.3390/v17030448","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) poses a major threat to global tilapia aquaculture and contributes to significant economic losses due to the absence of effective vaccines and treatments. Given the high mortality rates and severe pathological effects of TiLV on tilapia, alternative strategies, such as immunoglobulin-based therapies, are being considered for disease control. In this study, we developed specific immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies against TiLV and evaluated their neutralization activity. Laying hens were immunized via intramuscular injections of recombinant TiLV segment 4 protein, and IgY antibodies were extracted and purified from their egg yolks using polyethylene glycol precipitation. Western blot analysis confirmed the specificity of the IgY, which demonstrated no cross-reactivity with nontarget proteins. Neutralization assays revealed a dose-dependent reduction in TiLV infectivity, which declined from 5.01 × 10⁶ TCID₅₀/mL to 5.01 × 10⁴-1.26 × 10⁵ TCID₅₀/mL, with the highest efficacy observed at a 1:2 dilution. Despite the variability in neutralization infectivity among the different hens, IgY effectively inhibited TiLV-induced cytopathic effects. Immunofluorescence assays further confirmed a significant reduction in the TiLV antigen levels in IgY-treated RHTiB cells. Our findings highlight IgY as a promising strategy for TiLV control and suggest its potential application in the prevention of emerging viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946193/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV 1/2) in Ecuador: Time for Action.","authors":"Miguel Angel Garcia-Bereguiain, Solon Alberto Orlando, Melissa Joseth Carvajal Capa, Manuel Gonzalez","doi":"10.3390/v17030446","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human T-cell lymphotropic viruses of type 1 and 2 (HTLV 1/2) are retroviruses with estimations of 10 million people infected worldwide. HTLV 1/2 viruses are endemic in South America where Indigenous and Afro American populations are considered of high risk. Although several case reports of HTLV 1/2 associated pathologies and some prevalence studies have been reported in Ecuador, the country lacks a national surveillance and control program, and no screening of blood or organ donors is currently done. We discuss the problems associated to HTLV 1/2 in Ecuador and propose a strategy to improve a surveillance and control program.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV-Helminth Co-Infections and Immune Checkpoints: Implications for Cancer Risk in South Africa.","authors":"Botle Precious Damane, Thanyani Victor Mulaudzi, Sayed Shakeel Kader, Pragalathan Naidoo, Zodwa Dlamini, Zilungile Lynette Mkhize-Kwitshana","doi":"10.3390/v17030451","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>South Africa has the highest HIV prevalence globally, often co-occurring with helminth infections in impoverished regions. The coexistence of these infections leads to immunological interactions, potentially enhancing oncogenesis by upregulating immune checkpoint molecules (ICs) among other effects. Notably, most ICs are overexpressed in cancer and correlated with its progression. Helminth infections trigger Th2-type immunity, increasing immunosuppressive M2 macrophages, regulatory T cells, and associated IC molecules. PD-L2 is reported to contribute to Th2-type immunity induced by helminth infections. Similarly, TIM-3, elevated during chronic viral infections, induces a similar immunosuppressive profile. CTLA-4 and PD-1 impact T-cell function by interacting with CD28, crucial for T-cell function. CD28 is downregulated in chronic infections and cancer. This study investigated the impact of HIV-helminth co-infection on co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecule profiles associated with antitumor immunity. Using 78 serum samples collected from March 2020 to May 2021, participants were categorized into uninfected control (no HIV and helminth infections), HIV-infected, helminth-infected, and HIV-helminth co-infected groups. Multiplex immune regulatory molecule assay analysis was conducted. The data were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis and adjusted for confounders (age, gender, BMI, ART, supplements, and other chronic diseases). The uninfected control group was used as the baseline reference group for analysis. HIV-infected individuals had higher PD-1 (adjusted β = 0.12, <i>p</i> = 0.034) and TIM-3 (adjusted β = 23.15, <i>p</i> = 0.052) levels, with the latter showing a trend toward significance. However, lower CD28 levels (adjusted β = -651.95, <i>p</i> = 0.010) were observed. Helminth-infected individuals had higher TIM-3 levels (adjusted β = 20.98, <i>p</i> = 0.020). The co-infected group had higher PD-1 (unadjusted β = 0.18, <i>p</i> = 0.0046) and PD-L2 (adjusted β = 7.95, <i>p</i> = 0.033) levels. A significant decrease in CD28 profile was observed across all infected groups: HIV-infected (adjusted β = -651.95, <i>p</i> = 0.010), helminth-infected (adjusted β = -674.32, <i>p</i> = 0.001), and co-infected (adjusted β = -671.55, <i>p</i> = 0.044). The results suggest that HIV-helminth co-infections alter immune checkpoint markers, potentially increasing cancer risk by promoting an immunosuppressive microenvironment that hinders anti-cancer immunity. CD28's downregulation underscores immune inefficiency in chronic diseases. Addressing these co-infections is crucial for improving HIV care and potentially reducing cancer risks through targeted strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Morbidity and Mortality Due to Yellow Fever in Brazil.","authors":"Luisa Sousa Machado, Antonio Francisco Marinho Sobrinho, Andrielly Gomes De Jesus, Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma, Helierson Gomes","doi":"10.3390/v17030443","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Yellow fever (YF) is a viral hemorrhagic fever transmitted by mosquitoes, characterized by a high mortality due to kidney and liver failure, massive coagulation disorders, and hemorrhages. With no specific treatment, prevention through vaccination and vector control is essential. This study investigates the epidemiology of YF in Brazil from 2011 to 2020, focusing on its trends and distribution across the territory.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This ecological time-series study analyzed confirmed YF cases in Brazil's 27 federative units between 2011 and 2020. Data were sourced from DATASUS, IBGE, and IPEA. Incidence rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated, and various sociodemographic and health indicators were analyzed. Prais-Winsten autoregressive models assessed the trends, while a spatial analysis identified the risk areas using global and local Moran's I statistics. The data were processed using Stata and GeoDa^® software, version 1.12.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>YF cases were concentrated in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes. The majority of the cases occurred in males (83.3%), non-white individuals (94.3%), and rural workers. Pará showed an increasing trend in incidence. A higher vaccination coverage correlated with a lower YF incidence, though endemic areas with good vaccination coverage still exhibited high rates. Health and socioeconomic indicators were inversely related to incidence, highlighting disparities in regional development.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Effective YF control requires multidisciplinary strategies, including expanded vaccination coverage, intensified vector control, and active surveillance. Research should focus on developing better vaccines, monitoring immunity, and improving the global response coordination.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Martina Salvi, Benedetta Fioretti, Maria Alberti, Irene Scarvaglieri, Stefania Arsuffi, Giorgio Tiecco, Francesco Castelli, Eugenia Quiros-Roldan","doi":"10.3390/v17030442","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread implementation of antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced HIV-related mortality and mother-to-child transmission. Despite being HIV-uninfected, HIV-exposed children (HEU) seem to face heightened risks of immune dysfunction, cardiometabolic diseases, growth delays, reduction in bone mineral density, and neurocognitive impairments compared to HIV-unexposed uninfected peers. These vulnerabilities can be attributed to maternal immune dysregulation during pregnancy, antiretroviral (ART) toxicity, HIV exposure, and adverse socioeconomic and nutritional environments. Emerging evidence highlights the impact of antiviral therapy exposure, particularly tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, on HEU mitochondrial dysfunction, bone resorption, neurocognitive delays, and zidovudine on cardiac abnormalities. This narrative review explores the multisystem effects of ART exposure in HEU children, focusing on immune function, neurodevelopment, cardiovascular health, growth, and bone metabolism. By synthesizing findings from diverse studies, the review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential risks associated with ART regimens and identify future research priorities to improve outcomes for HEU children.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}