Viruses-Basel最新文献

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of the Neglected and Emerging Oropouche Virus.","authors":"Fengwei Bai, Prince M D Denyoh, Cassandra Urquhart, Sabin Shrestha, Donald A Yee","doi":"10.3390/v17030439","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oropouche virus (OROV) is a neglected and emerging arbovirus that infects humans and animals in South and Central America. OROV is primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected midges and possibly some mosquitoes. It is the causative agent of Oropouche fever, which has high morbidity but low mortality rates in humans. The disease manifests in humans as high fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, photophobia, and, in some cases, meningitis and encephalitis. Additionally, a recent report suggests that OROV may cause fetal death, miscarriage, and microcephaly in newborns when women are infected during pregnancy, similar to the issues caused by the Zika virus (ZIKV), another mosquito-borne disease in the same regions. OROV was first reported in the mid-20th century in the Amazon basin. Since then, over 30 epidemics and more than 500,000 infection cases have been reported. The actual case numbers may be much higher due to frequent misdiagnosis, as OROV infection presents similar clinical symptoms to other co-circulating viruses, such as dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), ZIKV, and West Nile virus (WNV). Due to climate change, increased travel, and urbanization, OROV infections have occurred at an increasing pace and have spread to new regions, with the potential to reach North America. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 10,000 cases were reported in 2024, including in areas where it was not previously detected. There is an urgent need to develop vaccines, antivirals, and specific diagnostic tools for OROV diseases. However, little is known about this surging virus, and no specific treatments or vaccines are available. In this article, we review the most recent progress in understanding virology, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, host-vector dynamics, and antiviral vaccine development for OROV, and provide implications for future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945866/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Switching to Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate Regimen and Its Effect on Liver Steatosis Assessed by Fibroscan.","authors":"Marcello Trizzino, Roberta Gaudiano, Dalila Mimì Arena, Luca Pipitò, Claudia Gioè, Antonio Cascio","doi":"10.3390/v17030440","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030440","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease to a chronic and manageable condition, but increasing health issues beyond acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, such as metabolic, liver, and cardiovascular diseases, have been observed. Furthermore, the increasing prevalence of HIV strains resistant to older antiretroviral regimens has necessitated a re-evaluation of treatment strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective, observational study to evaluate the long-term outcomes of an antiretroviral switch from a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based to bictegravir-based regimen; this study aimed to assess the impact of this antiretroviral switch on treatment adherence, the safety profile, and virologic outcomes. The secondary objectives were to analyze the changes in lipid, kidney function, liver function, and anthropometric parameters after switching.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 25 patients were included in this analysis; virologic suppression was maintained over time, with 100% of patients demonstrating undetectable viral loads at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. In parallel, a significant increase in CD4+ cell count was observed after switching. No significant differences were observed compared to the previous therapy regarding anthropometric parameters or laboratory parameters. However, a significant reduction in liver steatosis, as assessed by Fibroscan, was observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>bictegravir-based regimens are a valid therapeutic option for people living with HIV, particularly for those with metabolic comorbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Immunosuppressive Treatment on Torque Teno Virus Load in Lung Transplant Recipients: A Preliminary Study.","authors":"Marek Ochman, Dagmara Galle, Anna Kowal, Magdalena Królikowska, Fryderyk Zawadzki, Anita Stanjek-Cichoracka, Anna Łaszewska, Elżbieta Chełmecka, Tomasz Hrapkowicz","doi":"10.3390/v17030438","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>After transplantation, systematically monitoring and assessing the risk of transplanted organ rejection is crucial. Current methods involving immunosuppressant monitoring, the assessment of organ function, and biopsies are insufficient for predicting rejection. However, regular determination of torque teno virus (TTV) load after transplantation may prove to be a useful parameter for monitoring immunosuppression efficacy. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate TTV load in patients before and after lung transplantation and the kinetics of TTV growth in relation to immunosuppression strength. We included 14 patients (mean age: 49.4 ± 14.0 years) undergoing lung transplantation and determined TTV copy numbers using the commercial ARGENE TTV-R-GENE kit from BioMerieux from the day of transplantation to 180 days post-transplantation. We also developed an empirical immunosuppression unit scale to calculate immunosuppression strength. We observed an average positive correlation between log₁₀ TTV and immunosuppression strength, with significant increases in log₁₀ TTV depending on the duration of immunosuppression. These results indicate the potential of TTV as a new parameter to assess the possibility of transplanted organ rejection.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and In Vivo Validation of <i>Dichorhavirus</i> e-Probes in Meta-Transcriptomic Data via Microbe Finder (MiFi^®) Discovers a Novel Host and a Possible New Strain of Orchid Fleck Virus.","authors":"Avijit Roy, Jonathan Shao, Andres S Espindola, Daniel Ramos Lopez, Gabriel Otero-Colina, Yazmín Rivera, Vessela A Mavrodieva, Mark K Nakhla, William L Schneider, Kitty Cardwell","doi":"10.3390/v17030441","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030441","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Dichorhavirus</i> is a recently accepted plant virus genus within the family <i>Rhabdoviridae</i>. Species assigned to the genus consist of bi-segmented, negative sense, single-stranded RNA viruses and are transmitted by <i>Brevipalpus</i> spp. Currently, there are five recognized species and two unclassified members in the genus <i>Dichorhavirus.</i> Four out of seven-orchid fleck virus (OFV), citrus leprosis virus N, citrus chlorotic spot virus, and citrus bright spot virus-can infect citrus and produce leprosis disease-like symptoms. The E-probe Diagnostic for Nucleic Acid Analysis (EDNA) was developed to reduce computational effort and then integrated within Microbe-Finder (MiFi^®) online platform to design and evaluate e-probes in raw High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) data. During this study, <i>Dichorhavirus</i> genomes were downloaded from public databases and e-probes were designed using the MiProbe incorporated into the MiFi^® platform. Three different sizes of e-probes, 40, 60, and 80 nucleotides, were developed and selected based on whole genome comparisons with near-neighbor genomes. For curation, each e-probe was searched in the NCBI nucleotide sequence database using BLASTn. All the e-probes that had hits with non-target species with ≥90% identities were removed. The sensitivity and specificity of <i>Dichorhavirus</i> genus, species, strain, and variant-specific e-probes were validated in vivo using HTS meta-transcriptomic libraries generated from <i>Dichorhavirus</i>-suspected citrus, orchid, and ornamentals. Through downstream analysis of HTS data, EDNA not only detected the known hosts of OFV but also discovered an unknown host leopard plant (<i>Farfugium japonicum</i>), and the possible existence of a new ornamental strain of OFV in nature.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liver Scores in the Prognostication of COVID-19 Patients.","authors":"Thilo Gambichler, Dominic König, Nadine Schuleit, Laura Susok, Wolfgang Schmidt, Nessr Abu Rached","doi":"10.3390/v17030444","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030444","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The implementation of easily accessible prognostic biomarkers for patients with COVID-19 remains an important area of clinical research. In this large monocentric study at a German tertiary care hospital, we determined the prognostic performance of different liver scores in 605 patients with COVID-19. We evaluated the Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index, the Aspartate Aminotransferase-to-Platelet Ratio Index (APRI), the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, and the De Ritis ratio (DRR; AST/ALT ratio). The 30-day mortality was used as primary COVID-19 outcome measure. The need for intensive care unit (ICU) treatment and overall mortality were secondary endpoints. Univariable analyses showed that most of the investigated liver-related scores (FIB-4, MELD, and DRR), but not APRI for overall mortality, were significantly associated with key outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Concurrently, well-known risk factors-such as advanced age, diabetes, and cardiac or pulmonary comorbidities-were also linked to worse outcomes, except for the female sex having a preventive effect against ICU admission. A history of liver disease was rarely documented among the patients and showed no significant impact on the examined endpoints. Multivariable analyses further revealed that advanced age, DRR, and MELD were independent predictors of both 30-day and overall mortality, while FIB-4 emerged as an independent predictor specifically for overall mortality. Regarding ICU admission, obesity, underlying lung disease, and elevated APRI and MELD scores were identified as independent risk factors, whereas the female sex appeared to be protective. Overall, MELD demonstrated the strongest prognostic value for mortality and ICU admission, with DRR also exhibiting independent predictive power for mortality. These findings suggest that scores originally developed for chronic liver disease assessment-namely FIB-4, APRI, MELD, and DRR-hold promise as prognostic tools in COVID-19. In particular, MELD and DRR emerged as the most powerful biomarkers for predicting severe disease and mortality, highlighting the potential for incorporating these indices into risk stratification models for COVID-19 management. Further prospective multicenter studies are warranted to confirm these observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946517/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adapting Next-Generation Sequencing to <i>in Process</i> CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing of Recombinant <i>Ac</i>MNPV Vectors: From Shotgun to Tiled-Amplicon Sequencing.","authors":"Madhuja Chakraborty, Lisa Nielsen, Delaney Nash, Jozef I Nissimov, Trevor C Charles, Marc G Aucoin","doi":"10.3390/v17030437","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The alphabaculovirus <i>Autographa californica</i> multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (<i>Ac</i>MNPV) is the most commonly used virus in the Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS) and has been utilized for the production of many human and veterinary biologics. <i>Ac</i>MNPV has a large dsDNA genome that remains understudied, and relatively unmodified from the wild-type, especially considering how extensively utilized it is as an expression vector. Previously, our group utilized CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering that revealed phenotypic changes when baculovirus genes are targeted using either co-expressed sgRNA or transfected sgRNA into a stable insect cell line that produced the Cas9 protein. Here, we describe a pipeline to sequence the recombinant <i>Ac</i>MNPV expression vectors using shotgun sequencing, provide a set of primers for tiled-amplicon sequencing, show that untargeted baculovirus vector genomes remain relatively unchanged when amplified in Sf9-Cas9 cells, and confirm that <i>Ac</i>MNPV <i>gp64</i> gene disruption can minimize baculovirus contamination in cell cultures. Our findings provide a robust baseline for analyzing <i>in process</i> genome editing of baculoviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is the vIL-10 Protein from Cytomegalovirus Associated with the Potential Development of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?","authors":"Ruvalcaba-Hernández Pamela, Mata-Rocha Minerva, Cruz-Muñoz Mario Ernesto, Mejía-Aranguré Juan Manuel, Sánchez-Escobar Norberto, Arenas-Huertero Francisco, Melchor-Doncel de la Torre Silvia, Rangel-López Angélica, Jiménez-Hernández Elva, Nuñez-Enriquez Juan Carlos, Ochoa Sara, Xicohtencatl-Cortes Juan, Cruz-Córdova Ariadnna, Figueroa-Arredondo Paula, Arellano-Galindo José","doi":"10.3390/v17030435","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leukemia is a hematologic malignancy; acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most prevalent subtype among children rather than in adults. <i>Orthoherpesviridae</i> family members produce proteins during latent infection phases that may contribute to cancer development. One such protein, viral interleukin-10 (vIL-10), closely resembles human interleukin-10 (IL-10) in structure. Research has explored the involvement of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) in the pathogenesis of ALL. However, the limited characterization of its latent-phase proteins restricts a full understanding of the relationship between hCMV infection and leukemia progression. Studies have shown that hCMV induces an inflammatory response during infection, marked by the release of cytokines and chemokines. Inflammation may, therefore, play a role in how hCMV contributes to oncogenesis in pediatric ALL, possibly mediated by latent viral proteins. The classification of a virus as oncogenic is based on its alignment with cancer's established hallmarks. Viruses can manipulate host cellular mechanisms, causing dysregulated cell proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and genomic instability. These processes lead to mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, and chronic inflammation, all of which are vital for carcinogenesis. This study aims to investigate the role of vIL-10 during the latent phase of hCMV as a potential factor in leukemia development.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945621/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conserved Cysteines of a Putative Zinc Finger Motif in P48 Are Important for the Nuclear Egress of Nucleocapsids and the Envelopment of Occlusion-Derived Virions.","authors":"Xiaoyan Ma, Jiang Li, Manli Wang, Zhihong Hu, Huanyu Zhang","doi":"10.3390/v17030434","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The open reading frame 103 (<i>p48</i>) of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is one of the 38 core baculovirus genes. <i>p48</i> has been shown to be essential for the production of infectious budded virions (BVs), nuclear egress of nucleocapsids, envelopment of the nucleocapsid, and embedding of occlusion-derived virions (ODVs) into occlusion bodies (OBs). However, the structure-function relationship of P48 remains unclear. In this study, we showed that four conserved cysteines (C127, C130, C138, and C141) in P48 may form a zinc finger motif based on a predicted structure analysis, and we investigated the roles of these cysteines in P48 function. AcMNPV bacmids lacking <i>p48</i> or containing mutated <i>p48</i> were generated. Transfection/infection assays showed that C127, C130, C138, and C141 in P48 were crucial for infectious BV production. Electron microscopy analysis further confirmed that these four cysteines played critical roles in the transport of nucleocapsids out of the nucleus for BV production, and in ODV envelopment. These results demonstrate that the conserved cysteines C127, C130, C138, and C141, related to the putative zinc finger motif, are critical for P48 function in baculovirus infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of Chikungunya Virus Eastern/Central/South African-Indian Ocean Epidemic Strains, 2004-2019.","authors":"Alessandra Lo Presti, Claudio Argentini, Giulia Marsili, Claudia Fortuna, Antonello Amendola, Cristiano Fiorentini, Giulietta Venturi","doi":"10.3390/v17030430","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030430","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CHIKV infection is transmitted by <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes spp., with <i>Ae. aegypti</i> considered as the primary vector and <i>Ae. Albopictus</i> playing an important role in sustaining outbreaks in Europe. The ECSA-Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) strain emerged in Reunion, subsequently spreading to areas such as India, the Indian Ocean, and Southeast Asia, also causing outbreaks in naive countries, including more temperate regions, which originated from infected travelers. In Italy, two authocthounous outbreaks occurred in 2007 (Emilia Romagna region) and 2017 (Lazio and Calabria regions), caused by two different ECSA-IOL strains. The phylogenetics, evolution, and phylogeography of ECSA-IOL-CHIKV strains causing the 2007 and 2017 outbreaks in Italy were investigated. The mean evolutionary rate and time-scaled phylogeny were performed through BEAST. Specific adaptive vector mutations or key signature substitutions were also investigated. The estimated mean value of the CHIKV E1 evolutionary rate was 1.313 × 10^-3 substitution/site/year (95% HPD: 8.709 × 10^-4-1.827 × 10^-3). The 2017 CHIKV Italian sequences of the outbreak in Lazio and of the secondary outbreak in Calabria were located inside a sub-clade dating back to 2015 (95% HPD: 2014-2015), showing an origin in India. Continued genomic surveillance combined with phylogeographic analysis could be useful in public health, as a starting point for future risk assessment models and early warning.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143721745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biosecurity Risk Factors and Predictive Index for Hepatitis E Virus Serological Status in Belgian Pig Farms: Conventional and Free-Range Systems.","authors":"Constance Wielick, Louisa Ludwig-Begall, Stefaan Ribbens, Étienne Thiry, Christel Faes, Claude Saegerman","doi":"10.3390/v17030432","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v17030432","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis E viruses (HEV) cause hepatitis E in humans. In industrialized countries, sporadic HEV infections, typically caused by HEV genotypes 3 or 4, can become chronic and progress to liver cirrhosis in immunocompromised individuals. Pigs are a significant animal reservoir, implicating raw or undercooked pork products as potential sources of human infection. To better understand HEV dissemination in the Belgian pig population, potential risk factors were investigated by linking farm-level HEV serological status to biosecurity questionnaire data. Farrow-to-finish herd type, free-range systems, and poor boot hygiene were significantly associated with higher within-herd prevalences. This enabled an initial risk profiling of various farming types and the development of predictions for all Belgian pig farms. When combined with the census of the Belgian wild boar population, the predicted HEV status of all professional Belgian pig farms (based on these associations) does not suggest that the proximity of wild boars is a main source of HEV in free-ranging herds. Identifying risk factors for increased circulation of HEV between and within pig farms is critical to controlling its spread and reducing human infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946260/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143721957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}