Neuroethics最新文献_第3页

Global Versus Local Theories of Consciousness and the Consciousness Assessment Issue in Brain Organoids 意识的全局理论与局部理论以及脑器官组织中的意识评估问题

IF 1.4 4区哲学

Neuroethics Pub Date : 2024-01-27 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-024-09544-7

Maxence Gaillard

{"title":"Global Versus Local Theories of Consciousness and the Consciousness Assessment Issue in Brain Organoids","authors":"Maxence Gaillard","doi":"10.1007/s12152-024-09544-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09544-7","url":null,"abstract":"Any attempt at consciousness assessment in organoids requires careful consideration of the theory of consciousness that researchers will rely on when performing this task. In cognitive neuroscience and the clinic, there are tools and theories used to detect and measure consciousness, typically in human beings, but none of them is neither fully consensual nor fit for the biological characteristics of organoids. I discuss the existing attempt relying on the Integrated Information Theory and its models and tools. Then, I revive the distinction between global theories of consciousness and local theories of consciousness as a thought-provoking one for those engaged in the difficult task of adapting models of consciousness to the biological reality of brain organoids. The “microconsciousness theory” of Semir Zeki is taken as an exploratory path and illustration of a theory defending that minimal networks can support a form of consciousness. I suggest that the skepticism prevailing in the neuroscience community regarding the possibility of organoid consciousness relies on some assumptions related to a globalist account of consciousness and that other accounts are worth exploring at this stage.","PeriodicalId":49255,"journal":{"name":"Neuroethics","volume":"38 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139579649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rewriting the Script: the Need for Effective Education to Address Racial Disparities in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Uptake in BIPOC Communities 改写剧本：需要开展有效教育，解决黑人、双性恋和变性人社区在接受经颅磁刺激方面的种族差异问题

IF 1.4 4区哲学

Neuroethics Pub Date : 2024-01-27 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-024-09542-9

Christi R. P. Sullivan, Alex Henry, Jonathan Lehman, Logan Caola, Ziad Nahas, Alik S. Widge, Laura Y. Cabrera, Anita Randolph, Saydra Wilson

{"title":"Rewriting the Script: the Need for Effective Education to Address Racial Disparities in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Uptake in BIPOC Communities","authors":"Christi R. P. Sullivan, Alex Henry, Jonathan Lehman, Logan Caola, Ziad Nahas, Alik S. Widge, Laura Y. Cabrera, Anita Randolph, Saydra Wilson","doi":"10.1007/s12152-024-09542-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09542-9","url":null,"abstract":"Depression is a widespread concern in the United States. Neuromodulation treatments are becoming more common but there is emerging concern for racial disparities in neuromodulation treatment utilization. This study focuses on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), a treatment for depression, and the structural and attitudinal barriers that racialized individuals face in accessing it. In January 2023 participants from the Twin Cities, Minnesota engaged in focus groups, coupled with an educational video intervention. Individuals self identified as non-white who had no previous TMS exposure but had tried at least one treatment for their depression. Results revealed that the intervention did not notably change knowledge or stigma about TMS, but attitudes surrounding traveling for treatment changed. Notably, barriers like affordability, frequency of treatment, and lack of knowledge persist. Participants expressed a desire for more information, personal connection, and a tailored educational approach. The study suggests a need for multifaceted strategies to reduce disparities, focusing on education, community-based resources, and policy interventions. Immediate actions that can be taken include the creation of a TMS education program focused on patient engagement and awareness about TMS.","PeriodicalId":49255,"journal":{"name":"Neuroethics","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139579807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Patentability of Brain Organoids derived from iPSC– A Legal Evaluation with Interdisciplinary Aspects 从 iPSC 衍生的脑有机体的专利性--跨学科的法律评估

IF 1.4 4区哲学

Neuroethics Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-023-09541-2

Hannes Wolff

{"title":"Patentability of Brain Organoids derived from iPSC– A Legal Evaluation with Interdisciplinary Aspects","authors":"Hannes Wolff","doi":"10.1007/s12152-023-09541-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09541-2","url":null,"abstract":"Brain Organoids in their current state of development are patentable. Future brain organoids may face some challenges in this regard, which I address in this contribution. Brain organoids unproblematically fulfil the general prerequisites of patentability set forth in Art. 3 (1) EU-Directive 98/44/EC (invention, novelty, inventive step and susceptibility of industrial application). Patentability is excluded if an invention makes use of human embryos or constitutes a stage of the human body in the individual phases of its formation and development. Both do not apply to brain organoids, unless ES-cells are used. Art. 6 (1) EU-Directive 98/44/EC excludes patentability for inventions “the commercial exploitation of which would be contrary to ordre public or morality”. While there is no conceivable scenario, in which the commercial application of current brain organoids violates the ordre public, the same is not necessarily true for future brain organoids. Keeping in mind that a development of consciousness-like abilities in future brain organoids cannot be excluded and that an ability for both physical and psychological suffering has been theorized, both of which are aspects of the ordre public, certain applications of future brain organoids may constitute a violation of the ordre public and therefore lead to an exclusion of patentability.","PeriodicalId":49255,"journal":{"name":"Neuroethics","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139500724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

When the Trial Ends: The Case for Post-Trial Provisions in Clinical Psychedelic Research. 审判结束时：临床迷幻药研究中的审判后条款。

IF 1.4 4区哲学

Neuroethics Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z

Edward Jacobs, Ashleigh Murphy-Beiner, Ian Rouiller, David Nutt, Meg J Spriggs

{"title":"When the Trial Ends: The Case for Post-Trial Provisions in Clinical Psychedelic Research.","authors":"Edward Jacobs, Ashleigh Murphy-Beiner, Ian Rouiller, David Nutt, Meg J Spriggs","doi":"10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z","url":null,"abstract":"The ethical value-and to some scholars, necessity-of providing trial patients with post-trial access (PTA) to an investigational drug has been subject to significant attention in the field of research ethics. Although no consensus has emerged, it seems clear that, in some trial contexts, various factors make PTA particularly appropriate. We outline the atypical aspects of psychedelic clinical trials that support the case for introducing the provision of PTA within research in this field, including the broader legal status of psychedelics, the nature of the researcher-therapist/participant relationship, and the extended time-frame of the full therapeutic process. As is increasingly understood, the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is driven as much by extrapharmacological elements and the cultural therapeutic container as by the drug itself. As such, we also advocate for a refocusing of attention from post-trial access to a broader concept encompassing other elements of post-trial care. We provide an overview of some of the potential post-trial care provisions that may be appropriate in psychedelic clinical trials. Although the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki calls on researchers, sponsors, and governments to make provisions for post-trial access, such provision may feel impracticable or out-of-reach within psychedelic trials that are already constrained by a high resource demand and significant bureaucratic burden. We show how conceiving of post-trial provision as an integral site of the research process, and an appropriate destination for research funding, will serve to develop the infrastructure necessary for the post-legalisation psychedelic medicine ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":49255,"journal":{"name":"Neuroethics","volume":"17 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10627912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71523093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What (if anything) morally separates environmental from neurochemical behavioral interventions? 从道义上讲，环境干预与神经化学行为干预之间有什么区别（如果有的话）？

IF 1.4 4区哲学

Neuroethics Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-023-09540-3

Viktor Ivanković

引用次数: 0

Dimensions of Consciousness and the Moral Status of Brain Organoids 意识的维度与脑类器官的道德地位

IF 1.4 4区哲学

Neuroethics Pub Date : 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-023-09538-x

J. Lomax Boyd, Nethanel Lipshitz

{"title":"Dimensions of Consciousness and the Moral Status of Brain Organoids","authors":"J. Lomax Boyd, Nethanel Lipshitz","doi":"10.1007/s12152-023-09538-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09538-x","url":null,"abstract":"Human brain organoids (HBOs) are novel entities that may exhibit unique forms of cognitive potential. What moral status, if any, do they have? Several authors propose that consciousness may hold the answer to this question. Others identify various kinds of consciousness as crucially important for moral consideration, while leaving open the challenge of determining whether HBOs have them. This paper aims to make progress on these questions in two ways. First, it proposes a framework for thinking about the moral status of entities other than paradigmatic persons. This framework identifies four qualities that ground moral status: evaluative stance, self-directedness, agency, and other-directedness. Second, we speculate on ways in which these qualities are relevant to dimensions of conscious experience that have been, or could be, identified in nonhuman animals. We further explore how these approaches could be adapted for use in HBOs, and argue that such studies, or something similar to them, will have to be performed if we wish to have empirical indications that HBOs have consciousness of a morally significant kind. We end by proposing that in our current scientific and epistemic situation, it is too soon to attribute any moral status to HBOs, but that this might change in the future.","PeriodicalId":49255,"journal":{"name":"Neuroethics","volume":"28 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138506756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Caregivers of ALS Patients: Their Experiences and Needs 渐冻症患者的照护者:他们的经验与需求

4区哲学

Neuroethics Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-023-09537-y

Kun Yang, Hongxia Xue, Li Li, Shan Tang

引用次数: 0

Rationales and Approaches to Protecting Brain Data: a Scoping Review 保护大脑数据的基本原理和方法:范围审查

4区哲学

Neuroethics Pub Date : 2023-11-04 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-023-09534-1

Anita S. Jwa, Nicole Martinez-Martin

引用次数: 0

How to Advance the Debate on the Criminal Responsibility of Antisocial Offenders 如何推进反社会罪犯刑事责任之争