Nature Reviews Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Wired for immunity: neuroimmune control of the lung by sensory neurons","authors":"Anna M. Ehlers, Idaira M. Guerrero-Fonseca, Christophe Altier, Bryan G. Yipp, Sebastien Talbot","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01046-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01046-0","url":null,"abstract":"Respiratory diseases, including bacterial pneumonia, viral infections and allergic asthma, are leading causes of hospitalization, yet current therapies often fall short. The lower airways are densely innervated by pain-transmitting sensory neurons (nociceptors) that arise from the nodose–jugular ganglia of the vagus nerve, with additional contributions from the spinal dorsal root ganglia. Converging evidence indicates that reciprocal neuroimmune signalling between lung-innervating sensory neurons and immune cells lies at the centre of pulmonary defence, inflammation and tissue repair. Among several immunomodulatory neuropeptides, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), released by activated TRPV1-positive nociceptors, has context-dependent functions. CGRP supports tissue protection and repair by shaping macrophage and neutrophil activation states, yet these same actions can exacerbate pathology during bacterial infection. In allergic asthma, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells act as early epithelial sentinels that amplify type 2 immunity and help to define state-dependent effects of CGRP as well as other neuropeptides, including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuromedin U (NMU) and substance P (SP). An updated framework that accounts for phase-specific and context-specific neuromodulation could enable new therapeutic strategies, including targeted inhibition or modulation of defined pathways to preserve essential reflexes while meaningfully altering disease trajectories and outcomes. Incorporating the neural state and exposure history will be critical for developing disease-modifying therapies informed by pulmonary neuroimmunology. Lung diseases drive substantial hospitalization, but available therapies remain limited. In this Review, Talbot and colleagues highlight pulmonary neuroimmunology — the bidirectional crosstalk between lung-innervating neurons and immune cells — and discuss how this axis may open new avenues for disease-modifying therapies.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 7","pages":"481-493"},"PeriodicalIF":29.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147817990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A social readout of circuit imbalance","authors":"Baolin Guo","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01048-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01048-y","url":null,"abstract":"In this Journal Club, Baolin Guo highlights a 2011 study that linked altered excitation–inhibition balance in prefrontal circuits to social dysfunction in mice.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 6","pages":"375-375"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147753072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making the primate cortex ‘see’ with mesoscale optogenetics","authors":"Hao Li \u0000 (, )","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01044-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01044-2","url":null,"abstract":"In this Tools of the Trade article, Hao Li describes the development of a mesoscale optogenetics platform for targeted and precise stimulation of the primate cortex.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 6","pages":"373-373"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147684892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Categorization is ‘baked’ into the brain","authors":"Lisa Feldman Barrett, Earl K. Miller","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01036-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01036-2","url":null,"abstract":"Categorization, the grouping of objects, living organisms, actions or events into equivalence clusters, is fundamental to adaptive behaviour. Traditionally, it is assumed that categorization begins with feature detection and ends with assigning representations stored in memory. Here we review converging evidence from neuroanatomy, electrophysiology, brain imaging and cognitive science to suggest an alternative view: categorization is not the end stage of perception but occurs throughout signal processing, from the very beginning. It is a core computational strategy of the brain, implemented through a neural context created by predictive feedback signals that organize feedforward processing. Implications for theory, future research and neuropsychiatric disorders are discussed. Categorization, the grouping of objects, living organisms, actions or events into equivalence clusters, is fundamental to adaptive behaviour. In this Perspective, Barrett and Miller discuss evidence that, rather that being the end stage of perception, categorization occurs throughout signal processing and is a core computational strategy of the brain.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 6","pages":"435-456"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147666549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flies ‘change their tune’ according to female behaviour during courtship","authors":"Sian Lewis","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01043-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01043-3","url":null,"abstract":"Perturbing female Drosophila behaviour during courtship induces adaptive changes in innate male fly courtship song patterns; these changes are initially retained in subsequent courtship encounters with normal female behaviour, but songs gradually return to innate patterns.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 6","pages":"374-374"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147630273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Musical neurodynamics and the ‘inner voice’","authors":"Lewi Stone, Eyal Buks","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01041-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01041-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 6","pages":"457-458"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147599451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opportunities and pitfalls of data contextualization in neuroimaging","authors":"Jessica Royer, Casey Paquola, Sara Larivière, Justine Y. Hansen, Sofie L. Valk, Bratislav Misic, Robert Leech, Jonathan Smallwood, Boris C. Bernhardt","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01038-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01038-0","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the mechanisms of brain function and dysfunction is at the core of the neuroscience mission. However, the field’s grasp of causal relationships between brain properties has been hindered by a focus on single modalities that neglects the complex interplay between the features found at different neural scales. Progress in neuroinformatics and the increasing availability of open datasets have helped overcome this limitation by facilitating the contextualization of brain maps against cellular, metabolic and network features. Despite the rapid uptake of data contextualization methods proposing that quantification of spatial similarity between brain maps may shed light on pathways of structure–function coupling, development and disease, their potential pitfalls have received little attention. In the context of neuroimaging research, these limitations include reliance on often small-sample and non-representative reference datasets, repeated use of the same brain maps across studies, and problems with intermodal and interindividual alignment. Applying data contextualization without considering these limitations can lead to circular reasoning, overfitting and correlational overreach, and limits the interpretation of findings to the properties of the source data. Here we provide a Roadmap of practical guidelines operating at the level of study design, analysis pipelines and interpretation of findings to encourage the development of best practices in data contextualization. A more informed use of brain map correlation approaches will improve mechanistic investigations and our understanding of causal relationships between brain properties. Despite rapid exploitation of the opportunities that contextualization of brain maps affords, potential limitations have received little attention. In this Roadmap, Royer et al. provide practical guidelines operating at the level of study design, analysis pipelines and interpretation of findings to encourage the development of best practices in data contextualization in neuroscience.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 6","pages":"416-434"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147599452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to ‘Musical neurodynamics and the ‘inner voice’’","authors":"Edward W. Large, Eleanor E. Harding, Ji Chul Kim, Alexander P. Demos, Iran R. Roman, Parker Tichko, Caroline Palmer","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01039-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01039-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 6","pages":"459-460"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147599453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurogenic signatures of cognitive decline and resilience","authors":"Katherine Whalley","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01040-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01040-6","url":null,"abstract":"Single-nucleus sequencing reveals age- and disease-related changes in the molecular regulation of neurogenesis associated with cognitive decline and resilience.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 5","pages":"304-304"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147524603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of dysregulated calcium homeostasis in astrocytes in neurodegenerative disorders","authors":"Maria V. Sanchez-Mico, Maria Calvo-Rodriguez, Brian J. Bacskai","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01032-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01032-6","url":null,"abstract":"Calcium signalling in astrocytes is a fundamental mechanism for maintaining brain homeostasis, shaping neuronal activity, and coordinating vascular and immune responses. Once considered secondary to neuronal signalling, astrocytic Ca2+ dynamics are now recognized as highly versatile, spatially compartmentalized and essential for regulating neurotransmitter uptake, ion buffering, metabolic support and mitochondrial function. Accumulating evidence shows that these Ca2+ signalling pathways are progressively remodelled during ageing and become profoundly dysregulated in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Importantly, astrocyte Ca2+ alterations are heterogeneous and context-dependent, ranging from aberrant spontaneous activity to loss of signalling in specific subcellular domains, reflecting the disease stage, brain region and molecular pathology. Disruption of astrocyte Ca2+ homeostasis compromises core homeostatic functions and contributes to neuronal vulnerability, circuit dysfunction and impaired neurovascular regulation. By integrating current evidence across physiological, ageing and disease contexts, this Review highlights astrocytic Ca2+ signalling as a central node in neurodegenerative pathophysiology and underscores its potential as a target for therapeutic intervention. Astrocytic Ca2+ signalling is a fundamental and highly spatiotemporally nuanced mechanism for maintaining brain homeostasis. In this Review, Bacskai and colleagues discuss how astrocytic Ca2+ homeostasis is altered in ageing and neurodegenerative diseases and plays a central role in neurodegenerative pathophysiology.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 6","pages":"377-394"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}