Nature Reviews Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Old organoids mimic brain maturation","authors":"Katherine Whalley","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01086-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01086-6","url":null,"abstract":"Human brain organoids cultured for more than 5 years reproduce endogenous programmes of postnatal brain maturation and track the passage of time in culture.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 11","pages":"730-730"},"PeriodicalIF":29.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum computing for neuroscience: opportunities beyond classical limits","authors":"Annemarie Wolff, Alexandre Choquette, Georg Northoff, Atsushi Iriki, Guillaume Dumas","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01083-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01083-9","url":null,"abstract":"Some of the least understood phenomena in the brain emerge from interactions between local and global brain states, yet representing their joint activity is a considerable computational challenge. As neuroscience datasets grow and classical methods reach their limits, alternative approaches are needed. Quantum computing, through its novel approach to information processing, may offer a solution.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 11","pages":"727-729"},"PeriodicalIF":29.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal structure tunes the psychedelic experience","authors":"Jake Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01087-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01087-5","url":null,"abstract":"Human brain activity under psilocybin contains latent temporal structure that improves alignment with ongoing context and covaries with the subjective quality of the psychedelic experience.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 11","pages":"730-730"},"PeriodicalIF":29.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards an integrative neuroscience of metacognition","authors":"Stephen M. Fleming","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01081-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01081-x","url":null,"abstract":"Metacognition enables organisms to self-evaluate their own cognitive processes. In humans, this capacity underpins adaptive learning, social coordination and the formation of self-beliefs about skill and ability. A core motif that underpins multiple forms of metacognition is the ability to form estimates of performance in a self-directed frame of reference, expressed as propositional confidence about one’s own behaviour and mental processes. Convergent behavioural, computational and neural evidence obtained across rodents, non-human primates and humans indicates that these self-evaluations arise from structured transformations of uncertainty. Dynamic evidence accumulation processes provide candidate building blocks for local confidence, whereas multimodal prefrontal brain areas integrate these signals to support abstract, global self-beliefs. This architecture supports metacognitive control at multiple timescales, from rapid error correction to strategic task arbitration and social communication. Dysfunctional metacognition can lead to disorders of reality monitoring and insight, in which erroneous mental representations are endorsed with aberrant confidence. By integrating computational, cross-species and clinical perspectives, metacognitive neuroscience offers a bridge from neural circuit mechanisms to subjective experience. The capacity to self-evaluate and control one’s own cognitive performance, known as metacognition, underpins adaptive learning, social behaviours and self-belief. Stephen Fleming outlines our current understanding of the neural basis of metacognition, its contributions to self-regulation and social communication, and the consequences of its dysfunction in clinical conditions.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 11","pages":"789-806"},"PeriodicalIF":29.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148983343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-performance handwriting brain–computer interfaces","authors":"Yu Qi","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01082-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01082-w","url":null,"abstract":"In this Journal Club, Yu Qi discusses a 2021 study that reported a brain–computer interface that used neural activity in the motor cortex to decode attempted handwriting in real time.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 11","pages":"731-731"},"PeriodicalIF":29.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148970396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining the electrical synapse","authors":"Alberto E. Pereda, Adam C. Miller","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01080-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01080-y","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical and chemical synapses together shape neural circuits critically required for the processing of information by the nervous system. Owing to the relative simplicity of the mechanism of action mediating electrical coupling between neurons, electrical transmission is generally perceived as static and results solely from the function of intercellular channels at structures known as ‘gap junctions’. However, electrical synapses are dynamic structures that exhibit changes in their synaptic strength, indicating a need for a deeper understanding of the determinants regulating their structure and plasticity. Mounting evidence indicates that, beyond the intercellular channels, electrical transmission is supported by sophisticated synaptic structures with an unanticipated complexity in their molecular organization, requiring a new, broader definition of electrical synapses. The mechanisms underlying electrical transmission are often viewed as relatively simple compared with those mediating chemical transmission, yet electrical synapses exhibit dynamic changes in structure and strength. In this Review, Alberto Pereda and Adam Miller examine the structural and molecular bases and complexities of electrical transmission.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 11","pages":"733-746"},"PeriodicalIF":29.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148932663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ventral hippocampus: computations, circuits and functions","authors":"Jeremy S. Biane, Julian Wagner-Carena, Mazen A. Kheirbek","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01078-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01078-6","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in systems neuroscience are revealing how mammalian limbic circuits integrate information about the external world with internal state to shape learning and guide behaviour. This process is especially important for affective and motivated behaviours, in which the meaning of external cues depends on both learned associations and the organism’s current state. As a central hub within limbic networks, the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) integrates external and internal signals and routes them to circuits that regulate avoidance, reward seeking, social behaviour and stress responses. In this Review, we examine the behavioural roles, response properties and local and long-range circuitry of the rodent vHPC and consider how its computations are distributed across projection-defined neuronal subpopulations. We interpret these findings through the framework of an affective–motivational map, in which learning and ongoing physiological and affective states flexibly update what salient stimuli and contexts predict and how they are read out downstream. Different uses of this common representational architecture are proposed to underlie fear, reward seeking, feeding, social behaviour and stress, allowing the vHPC to support flexible behaviour across affective and motivational domains. Recent years have witnessed major advances in our understanding of the distinct functional and computational roles of the ventral hippocampus (vHPC). Mazen Kheirbek and colleagues examine the state-dependent representation of behaviourally salient information by the vHPC and discuss how its anatomy and circuit connectivity support affective and motivational behaviours.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 11","pages":"747-766"},"PeriodicalIF":29.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148932662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making models disagree to learn how brains compute","authors":"Tal Golan, Heiko H. Schütt, Nikolaus Kriegeskorte","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01070-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01070-0","url":null,"abstract":"Computational hypotheses about brain information processing can be expressed in neural network models. Neuroscientists have begun to compare such models in terms of their alignment with neural and behavioural data. The high parametric capacity of these models is essential to their ability to capture cognitive processes but also enables them to approximate arbitrary functions, making distinct models difficult to discriminate experimentally. Model comparisons using stimuli sampled from the training distribution often fail to reveal differences. This challenge can be met by optimizing stimulus sets for model discrimination and by leveraging out-of-distribution generalization as a severe test. This Review explains the emerging methods for optimizing stimuli to adjudicate among neural network models. These methods seek stimulus sets that are controversial among the models in that they make the models disagree in their predictions of the experimental data. We discuss the choices researchers must make, including a prior over candidate stimuli (such as naturalistic images), a measure of the power to discriminate among alternative models and a procedure for selecting or synthesizing stimulus sets that maximize model-comparison power. Historically, researchers have chosen either natural or artificial stimuli for a given study, prioritizing ecological validity or model-comparison power, respectively. Tempered by a prior, controversial stimuli offer a synthesis of these classical approaches, combining the greater ecological validity of naturalistic stimuli with the greater power for model comparison enabled by artificial stimuli. We offer a unified perspective on current work, drawing connections to Bayesian optimal experimental design. Neural network models can express computational hypotheses about brain information processing, but their high parametric capacity makes discriminating model alignment to experimental data challenging. In this Review, Kriegeskorte and colleagues discuss methodology for the optimization of stimuli that make models disagree in their predictions of neural and behavioural data and enhance model comparison.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 11","pages":"767-788"},"PeriodicalIF":29.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148851296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the olfactory receptor rules","authors":"Darran Yates","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01077-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01077-7","url":null,"abstract":"A new study reports that olfactory receptor genes in the mosquito Aedes aegypti can be coexpressed in olfactory neurons and expressed in multiple subtypes of these neurons.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 10","pages":"656-656"},"PeriodicalIF":29.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148851321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning whether one is in control","authors":"Jake Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41583-026-01076-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-026-01076-8","url":null,"abstract":"Humans learn the extent to which outcomes are causally attributable to performance through dorsomedial prefrontal cortex tracking decision confidence to estimate the level of control in an environment as well as controllability changes via its interactions with the dorsal raphe nucleus.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"27 10","pages":"655-655"},"PeriodicalIF":29.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148840075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}