{"title":"How eating makes asthma worse","authors":"Sian Lewis","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00912-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00912-7","url":null,"abstract":"A possible mechanism underlying the worsening of asthma symptoms after eating is found in mice, where type 2 immunity in the lung (which is a primary driver of asthma) is found to be potentiated by food intake.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 4","pages":"193-193"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143517815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sensory cortex quashes subcortical escape instinct","authors":"Jake Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00913-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00913-6","url":null,"abstract":"A modified looming paradigm teases apart how top-down cortical inputs from visual areas can override instinctive fear responses in mice via an endocannabinoid-mediated inhibitory plasticity mechanism in subcortical circuits.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 4","pages":"194-194"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143495323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dániel L. Barabási, André Ferreira Castro, Florian Engert
{"title":"Three systems of circuit formation: assembly, updating and tuning","authors":"Dániel L. Barabási, André Ferreira Castro, Florian Engert","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00910-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00910-9","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the relationship between genotype and neuronal circuit phenotype necessitates an integrated view of genetics, development, plasticity and learning. Challenging the prevailing notion that emphasizes learning and plasticity as primary drivers of circuit assembly, in this Perspective, we delineate a tripartite framework to clarify the respective roles that learning and plasticity might have in this process. In the first part of the framework, which we term System One, neural circuits are established purely through genetically driven algorithms, in which spike timing-dependent plasticity serves no instructive role. We propose that these circuits equip the animal with sufficient skill and knowledge to successfully engage the world. Next, System Two is governed by rare but critical ‘single-shot learning’ events, which occur in response to survival situations and prompt rapid synaptic reconfiguration. Such events serve as crucial updates to the existing hardwired knowledge base of an organism. Finally, System Three is characterized by a perpetual state of synaptic recalibration, involving continual plasticity for circuit stabilization and fine-tuning. By outlining the definitions and roles of these three core systems, our framework aims to resolve existing ambiguities related to and enrich our understanding of neural circuit formation. In this Perspective, Barabási, Ferreira Castro and Engert challenge the notion that learning and plasticity primarily drive the assembly of neural circuits. They present a tripartite framework for how neural circuits form, outlining the relative contributions of developmental, associative learning and tuning-based factors to this process and knowledge acquisition.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 4","pages":"232-243"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143485670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sam Vanherle, Melanie Loix, Veronique E. Miron, Jerome J. A. Hendriks, Jeroen F. J. Bogie
{"title":"Lipid metabolism, remodelling and intercellular transfer in the CNS","authors":"Sam Vanherle, Melanie Loix, Veronique E. Miron, Jerome J. A. Hendriks, Jeroen F. J. Bogie","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00908-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00908-3","url":null,"abstract":"Lipid metabolism encompasses the catabolism and anabolism of lipids, and is fundamental for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, particularly within the lipid-rich CNS. Increasing evidence further underscores the importance of lipid remodelling and transfer within and between glial cells and neurons as key orchestrators of CNS lipid homeostasis. In this Review, we summarize and discuss the complex landscape of processes involved in lipid metabolism, remodelling and intercellular transfer in the CNS. Highlighted are key pathways, including those mediating lipid (and lipid droplet) biogenesis and breakdown, lipid oxidation and phospholipid metabolism, as well as cell–cell lipid transfer mediated via lipoproteins, extracellular vesicles and tunnelling nanotubes. We further explore how the dysregulation of these pathways contributes to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and examine the homeostatic and pathogenic impacts of environment, diet and lifestyle on CNS lipid metabolism. Within the CNS, lipids have vital roles in numerous cellular functions and the maintenance of lipid homeostasis is essential for brain health. Bogie and colleagues explore the mechanisms that regulate lipid biogenesis, metabolism and remodelling in the CNS, the transfer of lipids between different CNS cell types and the impact of loss of lipid homeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 4","pages":"214-231"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143443321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Early spinal cord development: from neural tube formation to neurogenesis","authors":"Murielle Saade, Elisa Martí","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00906-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00906-5","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the simplest and most evolutionarily conserved parts of the vertebrate nervous system, the spinal cord serves as a key model for understanding the principles of nervous system construction. During embryonic development, the spinal cord originates from a population of bipotent stem cells termed neuromesodermal progenitors, which are organized within a transient embryonic structure known as the neural tube. Neural tube morphogenesis differs along its anterior-to-posterior axis: most of the neural tube (including the regions that will develop into the brain and the anterior spinal cord) forms via the bending and dorsal fusion of the neural groove, but the establishment of the posterior region of the neural tube involves de novo formation of a lumen within a solid medullary cord. The early spinal cord primordium consists of highly polarized neural progenitor cells organized into a pseudostratified epithelium. Tight regulation of the cell division modes of these progenitors drives the embryonic growth of the neural tube and initiates primary neurogenesis. A rich history of observational and functional studies across various vertebrate models has advanced our understanding of the cellular events underlying spinal cord development, and these foundational studies are beginning to inform our knowledge of human spinal cord development. During vertebrate embryonic development, the spinal cord emerges from the posterior portion of the neural tube. Saade and Martí describe the complex series of morphogenetic events that shape the neural tube and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the formation of the embryonic spinal cord.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 4","pages":"195-213"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143258098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pathways to sex preferences","authors":"Katherine Whalley","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00909-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00909-2","url":null,"abstract":"A study explores the sexually dimorphic circuits that regulate sociosexual preferences in mice.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 4","pages":"193-193"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143124760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human hippocampal circuit characterization","authors":"Darran Yates","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00907-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00907-4","url":null,"abstract":"A new study reveals distinct circuit features of the human hippocampal CA3 region.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 3","pages":"138-138"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The short and long pathways to memory","authors":"Darran Yates","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00905-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00905-6","url":null,"abstract":"Inhibition of CaMKII blocks short-term memory but not long-term memory of inhibitory avoidance in mice.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 3","pages":"137-137"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The curious case of dopaminergic prediction errors and learning associative information beyond value","authors":"Thorsten Kahnt, Geoffrey Schoenbaum","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00898-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00898-8","url":null,"abstract":"Transient changes in the firing of midbrain dopamine neurons have been closely tied to the unidimensional value-based prediction error contained in temporal difference reinforcement learning models. However, whereas an abundance of work has now shown how well dopamine responses conform to the predictions of this hypothesis, far fewer studies have challenged its implicit assumption that dopamine is not involved in learning value-neutral features of reward. Here, we review studies in rats and humans that put this assumption to the test, and which suggest that dopamine transients provide a much richer signal that incorporates information that goes beyond integrated value. Midbrain dopamine neurons are widely assumed to signal a unidimensional value-based prediction error. In this Perspective, Kahnt and Schoenbaum overview accumulating evidence that challenges this assumption, highlighting the need for a new theory on the role of dopamine in error-based learning that goes beyond value.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 3","pages":"169-178"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neural compositions use multigoal building blocks","authors":"Jake Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00902-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00902-1","url":null,"abstract":"A new study reveals an algorithm implemented by neurons in the medial frontal cortex that is involved in flexibly mapping appropriate actions during goal-oriented behaviour to novel situations.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 2","pages":"63-63"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142934925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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