Air Quality Atmosphere and Health最新文献

{"title":"Size-segregated bioaerosols concentration and characterization under diverse microenvironments","authors":"Yogesh Kumar Vishwakarma,&nbsp;Kirpa Ram,&nbsp;Mukunda M. Gogoi,&nbsp;Tirthankar Banerjee,&nbsp;R. S. Singh","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01658-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01658-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Scientific research on the concentration and size distribution of bioaerosols in diverse environmental conditions is recently being prioritized. Exposure to bioaerosols, especially through inhalation, is linked to many severe health complications. The inhalation of the bioaerosols is directly linked with the size as well as the nature of the bioaerosols. However, information related to the prevalence of bioaerosols is limited in India, constituting the basis for investigating variations in bacterial and fungal bioaerosol concentrations at various indoor sites. Several observational campaigns were initiated within diverse indoor sites, including cowshed, poultry, canteen, library, auditorium, laboratory, and hospital, using a six-stage viable impactor. Bacterial bioaerosols were more prevalent for size &gt; 7.0 μm and between 1.1 and 2.1 μm. In contrast, fungal concentration peaked in the size range of 1.1 to 3.3 μm. At all the sites, the concentration of bacterial bioaerosols exceeded fungal bioaerosols (2 to 12 times), while such variation was exceptionally high in the poultry firm (70 times higher). No significant correlation was noted between bacterial and fungal bioaerosol concentration and environmental factors. The diversity of bacteria and fungi bioaerosols was found to be different as it varied from site to site. However, species like <i>Acinetobacter</i> and <i>Bacillus sp.</i> in bacteria and <i>Penicillium</i>, <i>Aspergillus</i>, and <i>Cladosporium</i> in fungi were most prevalent. Some of the bioaerosols found in these sites are pathogenic in nature and may cause severe health issues (if found in significant amount). The predominance of bioaerosols is mostly within the breathable range (&lt; 3.3 μm) in diverse microenvironments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 2","pages":"521 - 535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particulate matter exposure to street vendors in Dhaka city and associated health risk study","authors":"Md. Shariful Islam,&nbsp;Shahid Uz Zaman,&nbsp;Md. Safiqul Islam,&nbsp;Shatabdi Roy,&nbsp;Mahbuba Yesmin,&nbsp;Shih-Chun Candice Lung,&nbsp;Abdus Salam","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01666-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01666-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air pollution is a serious environmental health issue, particularly in heavily polluted urban areas such as Dhaka, Bangladesh. Street vendors, who often work in outdoor environments with high traffic emissions, are among the most vulnerable populations to particulate matter (PM) exposure. This study aims to evaluate the exposure of high-level PM_2.5 to twenty street vendors across various locations in Dhaka and to assess the consequent health impacts. AS-LUNG air sensors were utilized to continually measure PM exposure for each vendor for about 48 h, covering both work and rest periods. The data obtained demonstrated that the exposure levels of PM were significantly different among the vendors in various locations. The High Court corner exhibited the highest working period exposure (PM_1.0 143.3 ± 64.9 µgm⁻³, PM_2.5 247.4 ± 126.5 µgm⁻³), while the Chankharpol area had the lowest (PM_1.0 20.8 ± 1.9 µgm⁻³, PM_2.5 31.9 ± 3.1 µgm⁻³). The highest exposure was observed in vendor-10 during rest periods (PM_1.0 59.7 ± 4.8 µgm⁻³, PM_2.5 191.4 ± 9.7 µgm⁻³), while the lowest was observed in vendor-12 (PM_1.0 23.7 ± 5.7 µgm⁻³, PM_2.5 37.7 ± 9.9 µgm⁻³). In comparison to vendors exposed to lower levels (&lt; 100 µgm⁻³), health assessments revealed that peak flow rates were considerably lower (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) in those exposed to higher PM levels (&gt; 100 µgm⁻³). PM exposure was consistently higher during work periods than during rest periods, despite significant indoor exposure was also observed. The findings emphasize the urgent need for guidelines and policies to mitigate PM exposure among street vendors, thereby minimizing associated health risks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 3","pages":"633 - 643"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of COVID-19 restrictions on urban air pollution levels in Jambi, Indonesia: insights into ultrafine particles and carbon components","authors":"Rizki Andre Handika,&nbsp;Muhammad Amin,&nbsp;Mitsuhiko Hata,&nbsp;Furuuchi Masami","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01661-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01661-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented global lockdowns, providing a unique opportunity to study the effects of reduced human activities on air pollution especially PMs. This study investigated the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on urban air pollution levels in Jambi, Indonesia, with a particular focus on ultrafine particles (UFPs or PM_0.1) and carbonaceous components. PM concentrations, including UFP, PM₁, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and TSP, were analyzed during the pandemic and compared with data before pandemic in 2018 and 2019. Our findings showed a significant reduction in PM levels during the pandemic. PM₁₀ levels exceeded WHO guidelines in only 10% of the measurements during the pandemic, compared to 62% before the pandemic. For PM_2.5, approximately 63% of the data met WHO standards during the pandemic, whereas all pre-pandemic measurements exceeded these guidelines. UFP concentrations in March and August 2021 decreased by over 50% and 58–68%, respectively, compared to pre-pandemic levels in August 2019. The study also revealed a substantial decrease in carbonaceous components, including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). Soot-EC levels, primarily emitted from vehicle emissions, decreased significantly, highlighting the positive impact of reduced vehicular traffic and biomass burning during the lockdown. These results underscored the potential benefits of targeted emission reduction strategies on urban air quality. The COVID-19 restrictions led to marked improvements in air quality in Jambi, providing valuable insights for future air quality management policies aimed at achieving sustainable urban environments and improved public health outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 2","pages":"575 - 586"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immission levels and identification of carbon monoxide sources in a latin American megacity: use of bivariate polar plots and k-means clustering","authors":"José Abel Espinoza-Guillen,&nbsp;Marleni Beatriz Alderete-Malpartida,&nbsp;Sadyth Jhocelú Bernabé-Meza,&nbsp;David Fernando Vargas-La Rosa,&nbsp;Jimmy Hans Cañari-Cancho","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01654-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01654-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The identification of the main air pollution sources becomes important in cities with rapid economic growth of developing countries in order to effectively prevent and control atmospheric pollution. In this research, carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations recorded during the period 2015–2019 at four air quality monitoring stations in the Metropolitan Area of Lima-Callao (MALC) were evaluated with the aim of determining the immission levels and identifying the main emission sources of this pollutant. Bivariate polar plots and the k-means algorithm were used to identify and classify areas with similar pollution characteristics, and the conditional bivariate probability function was used to identify potential zones where the largest contributions (≥ 75%) to air pollution in the study area originate. The average CO concentration ranged from 579.3 ± 3.8 µg/m³ to 1490.9 ± 4.2 µg/m³. On average, the hourly variation showed two peaks, one in the morning (0700–0900 h LT) and another in the evening (1900–2100 h LT). On a weekly basis, the lowest CO concentrations were observed on Sundays. The results showed that the major contributions of CO come from gaseous emissions of vehicular traffic of 2- and 3-wheeled motorcycles, cars, combi vans and station wagons on the main avenues and highways using gasoline/gasohol as the main fuel, followed by diesel, LPG and NGV. The trends and patterns identified in this study show the vehicular flow on these major roads and fuel type as the main sources of CO pollution. A complementary analysis of black carbon concentrations revealed that forest fires and regional CO transport would influence the concentrations of this pollutant in the MALC. These findings contribute to the understanding of decision-makers in establishing strategies for improving air quality in metropolitan megacities such as the MALC. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 2","pages":"485 - 506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tolerance and performance assessment of common subtropical vegetation growing along a highway for bio-monitoring and abatement of air pollution","authors":"Diksha Gupta,&nbsp;Bharti Sushil Kumar,&nbsp;Sreekanth Bojjagani,&nbsp; Anita,&nbsp;Vertika Shukla,&nbsp;Narendra Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01659-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01659-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Roadside vegetation is inevitably exposed to airborne pollutants and demonstrates a wide range of tolerance and sensitivity towards it. In the present study twenty indigenous plant species were screened for Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API) by accessing their biochemical and socio-economic attributes for the development of green belts along highways as a cost-effective and eco-friendly strategy for air pollution abatement. Simultaneously, ‘Criteria’ air pollutants; CO, SO₂, NO₂, O₃, Pb and Particulate matter were also analysed to assess biomonitoring potential of the species screened for APTI and API. Concentration of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in the ambient air were found beyond the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS, PM₁₀: 100 µg/m³ and PM_2.5: 10 µg/m³) and ranged between 36.43 and 288.6 and 24.32–184.23 µg/m³, respectively, whereas, SO₂, NO_x, O₃, Pb and CO were within the permissible limits (PL: 80, 80, 180, 1 µg/m³ and 04 mg/m³ respectively ranged between 8.41 and 19.37, 9.31–28.28, 0.06–41.95 and 0.01.0–0.106 µg/m³, and 0.19–1.77 mg/m³, respectively. The APTI and API values served as composite index of ecological health revealed that <i>Ficus religiosa</i>, <i>Alstonia scholaris</i>, <i>Cassia fistula</i>, <i>Azadirachta indica</i>, and <i>Neolamarckia cadamba</i> for which APTI values were found to be ≥ 17 indicating tolerance against adverse air quality and can be utilized in the development of green barrier along the highways, whereas, <i>Tecoma stans</i>,<i> Nerium oleander</i>,<i> Psidium guajava</i>,<i> Nyctanthes arbor-tristis</i>,<i> Ricinus communis</i>, and <i>Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</i>, displayed APTI values of less than 11, suggesting their potential use in biomonitoring of air pollution. Further, evaluation of Dust Capturing Potential (DCP) of different plant species revealed that species like <i>Platanus occidentalis</i>, <i>Mangifera indica</i>, and <i>Psidium guajava</i> are highly effective in capturing dust. This insight is crucial for urban areas where dust pollution is a significant concern. This dual approach which integrates APTI and API ensures that the selected plants are not only biologically capable of withstanding ambient pollution but also socio-economic viability for large-scale planting. The study identifies specific plant species that exhibit high tolerance to air pollution. These findings are therefore valuable for urban planners and environmentalists in quest to mitigate air pollution through natural based solution not only as physical barrier to pollutants but also ensures increased green cover in urban area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 2","pages":"537 - 553"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dust over Saudi Arabia from multisource data: case studies in winter and spring","authors":"Mazen E. Assiri,&nbsp;M. Nazrul Islam,&nbsp;Md Arfan Ali,&nbsp;Arjan O. Zamreeq,&nbsp;Ayman S. Ghulam,&nbsp;Muhammad Ismail","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01660-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01660-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the Arabian Peninsula, dust storms constitute a significant natural hazard, impacting the region’s climate, human health, and socio-economic development. This paper discusses the dust climatology based on multi-source data spanning the period 1980‒2023 over the Arabian Peninsula. Moreover, case studies of severe dust events during the winter and spring seasons are simulated using the WRF-Chem model. Climatic conditions related to dust events were obtained from observations. Model simulated climatic variables were evaluated against observations. A climatological study conducted over the study area found that dust aerosol levels were highest during spring and summer, although they were present every month. In the recent decade (2011‒2020), aerosol decreased at the rate of 0.103 (0.064) per decade obtained from Terra-MODIS (MERRA-2). Apart from these, the results of two severe dust events demonstrated that a drop in temperature and pressure, along with a sudden rise in wind speed and a temporary increase in humidity, characterize the onset of dust events. During the dust event, low temperatures continued, wind speed decreased, and pressure gradually increased. The WRF-Chem model simulates these basic synoptic characteristics of meteorological variables in both winter and spring. The dust wall was higher (300 hPa) in the spring case as compared to the winter (550 hPa) case. A denser dust concentration was observed in the winter case (5000 µg m⁻³) than in the spring case (2000 µg m⁻³). So far, this is the first analysis of such dust heights on walls in the region. A more thorough analysis of case studies is required, and the WRF-Chem model should be parameterized to forecast dust storms across the area to ensure sustainable socio-economic development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 2","pages":"555 - 573"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The indoor-outdoor relationship of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from PM2.5 in Beijing during APEC","authors":"Yuxin Wang,&nbsp;Yangyang Xie","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01656-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01656-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Studies confirm that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM_2.5 elevate cancer risk. Recognized globally, the majority of exposure to outdoor particulate matter (PM) occurs indoors. Control measures such as traffic restrictions, industrial shutdowns, and designated holidays during the APEC summit significantly altered the concentration of PAHs in indoor and outdoor environments. The indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratio for total PAHs concentration is 0.540, while for equivalent toxicity concentration (ETC) and equivalent carcinogenic risk concentration (ECRC), the ratios are 0.552 and 0.549, respectively. In severe pollution, these ratios drop to 0.348 and 0.353. These results show that the containment structure effectively reduces PAHs, particularly in severe pollution conditions. The total average exposure concentration of the population during and after the control measures was 10.780 ng/m³ and 18.600 ng/m³, respectively. The results indicate that the control strategy effectively reduced the concentrations of PAHs indoors and outdoors during the meeting, providing a reference for controlling pollutant concentrations in indoor and outdoor environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 2","pages":"461 - 470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AIRQ HARMO21 special issue—PREFACE","authors":"Ana Isabel Miranda,&nbsp;Philippe Thunis,&nbsp;Silvia Trini Castelli","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01657-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01657-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"17 10","pages":"2073 - 2075"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particulate matter concentrations and human exposure approaches in the world microenvironments","authors":"Mihalis Lazaridis","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01653-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01653-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Particulate matter (PM) constitutes an important environmental exposure. The quantification of human exposure at different indoor microenvironments and outdoors is crucial for refining exposure estimates to inform potential human health hazard using state-of-the-art data derived from field measurements. The overall aim of the current work is to review PM concentrations encountered at different microenvironments such as domestic houses, traffic, offices, schools and outdoors. Measurements of PM concentration characteristics in different microenvironments is the first step for the evaluation of the actual human exposure. In the quantification of the actual human exposure is also necessary to determine the exposure of humans at different microenvironments spent during the day and their activities (activity patterns) in combination to source apportionment analysis. Information derived of the exposure population characteristics can be further used as inputs to dosimetry models, to health risk assessment analysis and epidemiological studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 2","pages":"471 - 484"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing the relationship between gas consumption and airborne pollutants: case study of Zagreb, Croatia","authors":"Nikolina Račić,&nbsp;Stanko Ružičić,&nbsp;Teo Terzić,&nbsp;Gordana Pehnec,&nbsp;Ivana Jakovljević,&nbsp;Zdravka Sever Štrukil,&nbsp;Silva Žužul,&nbsp;Jasmina Rinkovec,&nbsp;Mario Lovrić","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01655-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01655-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals in particulate matter significantly contribute to the health risks associated with air pollution. Hence, their measurements and source apportionment are relevant. This paper comprehensively analyzes the relationship between gas consumption and PAHs and metals in the PM₁₀ fraction of particulate matter. The study investigates the potential associations using statistical techniques and quantifies the relationship between gas consumption patterns, meteorological conditions, and the measured concentrations of PAHs and metals in the atmosphere. The statistical methods comprise correlation analysis, Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF), and linear regression. NMF analysis was employed to understand relationships among variables and potential sources of pollutants. NMF results revealed seasonal influences and different sources of pollutants in the studied area. PAHs with four aromatic rings have been grouped separately from 5- and 6-ring PAHs, suggesting two distinct sources of pollution – heating and traffic emissions. Metals such as As, Pb, Zn, and Cd are grouped, indicating mixed anthropogenic sources. The separation of Mn, Fe, and Cu in a distinguished group signifies their distinct origin, probably non-combustion traffic emissions (vehicle parts wearing).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 2","pages":"507 - 519"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}