Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Precision functional mapping of the individual human brain near birth","authors":"Alyssa K. Labonte ,&nbsp;Julia Moser ,&nbsp;M. Catalina Camacho ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Cindy Tu ,&nbsp;Muriah D. Wheelock ,&nbsp;Timothy O. Laumann ,&nbsp;Evan M. Gordon ,&nbsp;Damien A. Fair ,&nbsp;Chad M. Sylvester","doi":"10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cortical areas are a fundamental organizational property of the brain, but their development in humans is not well understood. Key unanswered questions include whether cortical areas are fully established near birth, the extent of individual variation in the arrangement of cortical areas, and whether any such individual variation in cortical area location is greater in later-developing association areas as compared to earlier-developing sensorimotor areas. To address these questions, we used functional MRI to collect precision functional mapping (PFM) data in eight individual neonates (mean 42.7 weeks postmenstrual age) over 2–5 days (mean 77.9 min of low motion data per subject [framewise displacement &lt;0.1]). Each subject’s dataset was split into two roughly equal halves of data from different days of data collection to measure within-subject reliability and across-subject similarity. Whole-brain patterns of functional connectivity (FC) reached a mean within-subject, across-day reliability of r = 0.78 with 41.9 min of data. Across subject similarity of whole-brain FC was r = 0.62 on average and significantly lower than within-subject similarity (t = 5.9, p &lt; 0.001). Using established methods to identify transitions in FC across the cortical surface, we identified sets of cortical areas for each individual that were subject-specific and highly reliable across split-halves (mean z = 4.4, SD=1.4). The arrangement of cortical areas was thus individually specific across the entire cortical surface, and this individual specificity did not vary as a function of the sensorimotor-association axis. This study establishes the feasibility of neonatal PFM and suggests that cortical area arrangement is individually specific and largely established shortly following birth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49083,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101663"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145913758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The development of dynamic networks supporting attentional flexibility","authors":"Sebastian C. Coleman ,&nbsp;Natalie Rhodes ,&nbsp;Simeon M. Wong ,&nbsp;Karim Mithani ,&nbsp;Nebras M. Warsi ,&nbsp;Hrishikesh Suresh ,&nbsp;Evdokia Anagnostou ,&nbsp;Jennifer Crosbie ,&nbsp;Russell Schachar ,&nbsp;Jason P. Lerch ,&nbsp;Margot J. Taylor ,&nbsp;George M. Ibrahim","doi":"10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Attentional flexibility is a foundational component of human cognition and develops substantially throughout childhood. Although the neural activity supporting attentional flexibility has been well-characterised in adults, its developmental trajectory during childhood and adolescence remains poorly understood. Here, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study brain network dynamics underlying attentional set-shifting. MEG data were collected from 63 participants aged 4 – 19 years, including 30 with a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We applied dynamic network modes (DyNeMo), a multivariate generative modelling approach that infers a dynamic mixture of spectrally resolved “modes” that generate the observed data. We related the resulting mode dynamics to task condition (non-shift, implicit shift, explicit shift), reaction time (RT), accuracy, age and ADHD diagnosis. Greater attention shifting demands were associated with increased modulation of frontal theta and posterior alpha modes. Transient lapses in attention, indexed by slower RTs or incorrect responses, were likewise characterised by heightened modulation of these modes across all task conditions. Developmentally, older children showed higher overall activity in the frontal theta mode, and stronger post-stimulus modulation of both frontal theta and posterior alpha modes. No significant effects of ADHD diagnosis were observed on either behavioural performance or mode dynamics. Together, these findings provide mechanistic insight into large-scale network dynamics that support the maturation of attentional flexibility, and point to network signatures associated with momentary lapses in attention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49083,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101669"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural correlates of joint attention in infants aged 8–24 months: A systematic review","authors":"Vera Mateus ,&nbsp;Ana Carolina Santos ,&nbsp;Ana Ganho Ávila ,&nbsp;Mónica Sobral ,&nbsp;Ana Osório ,&nbsp;Sara Cruz","doi":"10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Joint attention, or the infant’s ability to coordinate their attention with a social partner towards an object, emerges around 9 months of age and becomes more frequent during the second year of life. Previous studies, especially with adults, highlight the involvement of several networks of the social brain in the processing of joint attention stimuli. This work aims to systematically review the literature on the neural correlates of joint attention in infants aged 8–24 months of age. Four databases were searched for empirical studies published in English from inception to July 2024 (updated in May 2025). Sixteen studies were included, using electroencephalography (EEG, <em>n</em> = 11), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS; <em>n</em> = 3), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI; <em>n</em> = 2) to assess brain activation mainly in typically developing infants. EEG studies suggest a pattern of cortical activity in frontal, central and parietal regions of the infants’ brain, alpha-band desynchronization and larger amplitude of the negative central component in response to joint attention stimuli. fNIRS studies found increased activation in the superior temporal sulcus-temporoparietal junction and prefrontal regions of the brain. One fMRI study showed correlations between initiating joint attention and the functional connectivity in brain networks: visual, dorsal attention and default mode networks. In contrast, another study found no relation between left posterior superior temporal cortex connectivity and infant social communication. Findings highlight the importance of investigating the neural mechanisms underlying joint attention in infancy, and their contribution as early indicators of typical and atypical development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49083,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101678"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unpredictable maternal signals and developmental profiles of child executive function from infancy to early childhood","authors":"Fiia Takio ,&nbsp;Pilvi Peura ,&nbsp;Akie Yada ,&nbsp;Anniina Karonen ,&nbsp;Pauliina Juntunen ,&nbsp;Eeva Holmberg ,&nbsp;Eeva Eskola ,&nbsp;Elisabeth Nordenswan ,&nbsp;Kirby Deater-Deckard ,&nbsp;Eeva-Leena Kataja ,&nbsp;Asko Tolvanen ,&nbsp;Laura Perasto ,&nbsp;Elina Mainela-Arnold ,&nbsp;Elysia Poggi Davis ,&nbsp;Hasse Karlsson ,&nbsp;Linnea Karlsson ,&nbsp;Saara Nolvi ,&nbsp;Riikka Korja","doi":"10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early executive function (EF) development is crucial for later cognitive and socioemotional outcomes, yet the role of environmental unpredictability, particularly in patterns of maternal sensory signals, remains underexplored. In this longitudinal study, we investigated the associations between unpredictability in maternal sensory signals and children’s early EF profiles from infancy through the preschool years. Using a population-based birth cohort, we observed a small but significant decrease in the unpredictability of maternal sensory signals over time. This suggests that caregiving predictability may increase as children develop. Nonetheless, within-individual unpredictability showed some stability across time. Importantly, lower unpredictability of maternal sensory signals was associated with membership in more favorable EF profiles, characterized by stronger working memory performance at age five. In contrast, children exposed to more unpredictable maternal sensory signals demonstrated poorer early EF development. These findings build on and extend prior work by modeling unpredictability of maternal sensory signals longitudinally beyond toddlerhood and linking it to children's EF development, highlighting the prolonged sensitivity of EFs to caregiving behavior. Our results underscore that unpredictability in caregiving behavior is a unique and critical factor in shaping early cognitive development and self-regulation. The findings align with emerging cross-species research indicating that patterns of sensory signals are vital not only for sensory processing but also for the development of higher-order cognitive functions. Together, these findings highlight the importance of addressing caregiving unpredictability in early interventions aimed at supporting children’s EF development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49083,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101672"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Language exposure predicts infants’ neural processing of others’ actions based on language group","authors":"Yiyi Wang ,&nbsp;Marc Colomer ,&nbsp;Hyesung Grace Hwang ,&nbsp;Enda Tan ,&nbsp;Nathan A. Fox ,&nbsp;Amanda Woodward","doi":"10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>What language a person speaks has been shown to divide even infants' worlds. However, open questions remain about what neural processes are involved in the differentiation of native and foreign speakers in the infant's brain. This study used electroencephalography (EEG) to examine the neural responses related to top-down attention (frontal theta synchronization), action processing (mu desynchronization), and approach-avoidance (frontal alpha asymmetry) of 8- to 12-month-old infants as they observed a native (English) speaker and a foreign (French) speaker perform a goal-directed action (i.e., grasping objects). We further examined whether infants’ language exposure modulated these neural responses. We found that monolingual infants exhibited stronger mu desynchronization when observing a native (versus foreign) speaker perform goal-directed actions. In contrast, non-monolingual (i.e., hearing more than one language) infants did not show a difference in mu desynchronization between native and foreign speakers. No language group and exposure effects were found for frontal theta and frontal alpha symmetry. These results suggest that infants’ emerging differentiation of native and foreign speakers is also manifested in their neural processing of goal-directed actions and that this neural action processing is shaped by early exposure to different languages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49083,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 101645"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145580104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional associations between self-referential processing and depressive symptoms in early adolescents: A two-wave EEG study","authors":"Pan Liu,&nbsp;Jaron X.Y. Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition into adolescence is a critical period that features rapid development of the self and elevated depressive symptoms. Maladaptive self-referential processing is an identified cognitive risk factor that predicts the development of depression; elevated depressive symptoms may also reinforce maladaptive patterns of self-referential processing. However, longitudinal data that speak to the directional associations between these two constructs are limited: extant research has focused on simple behavioral measures of self-referential processing, and no work has examined the directional relationships between the neural substrates of self-referential processing and depressive symptoms. In this study, 115 community-dwelling youths (66 girls; Mean age/SD =11.00/1.16 years) completed an EEG version of the Self-Referent Encoding Task (SRET) and reported their depressive symptoms at baseline and approximately a year later. A larger anterior late positive potential (LPP) elicited by negative self-referential processing at T1 predicted higher depressive symptoms a year later, with baseline symptoms controlled for. Further, depressive symptoms at T1 predicted higher drift rate during negative self-referential processing at T2, with baseline drift rate controlled for. We provided novel evidence concerning the bidirectional relationships between self-referential processing and depressive symptoms in early adolescence, with differential patterns observed in different indices of self-referential processing (neural or behavioral).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49083,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 101658"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145783519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pubertal timing and tempo differentially influence cortical and subcortical maturation in adolescence","authors":"Clare F. McCann ,&nbsp;Theresa W. Cheng ,&nbsp;Kathryn L. Mills ,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Silvers","doi":"10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Puberty is a developmental period marked by an influx of sex steroids, which trigger physical and psychological changes. Furthermore, puberty elicits changes in structural brain development that are distinct from those associated with chronological age. Emerging evidence suggests that interindividual differences in pubertal development, such as timing, whether one reaches puberty milestones before or after peers, and tempo, or whether one progresses through puberty at a slower or faster rate than peers, may also play a significant role in shaping structural brain development. The present study leverages longitudinal data from the <strong>Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development</strong>^{<strong>SM</strong>} <strong>(ABCD Study®)</strong> to disentangle the influences of pubertal timing and tempo from chronological age on cortical and subcortical structural brain development during the adolescent period. Individuals with earlier timing tend to exhibit accelerated normative developmental trajectories compared to later timing peers, while individuals with faster tempos tend to exhibit thicker cortices, more cortical surface area, and greater subcortical volume compared to slower tempo peers. These findings underscore the significance of incorporating pubertal timing and tempo into models of structural brain development during puberty, thereby enhancing our understanding of variations in neurodevelopmental trajectories during adolescence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49083,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 101657"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145769800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributions of neighborhood violent crime and perceived neighborhood safety to cognition and mental health in the adolescent brain cognitive development study","authors":"Patrick M. Lindsley ,&nbsp;Nourhan M. Elsayed ,&nbsp;Deanna M. Barch","doi":"10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>This study investigates how objective neighborhood violence and perceived neighborhood safety (PNS) relate to adolescent mental health, cognitive performance, and brain structure. We examined whether PNS moderated the effects of neighborhood violence, explored neural correlates of PNS, tested longitudinal relationships, and assessed sociodemographic and psychological predictors of PNS.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data from the ABCD Study (n = 11,865) were used to examine associations between PNS, violent crime, and youth outcomes. Measures included youth and caregiver surveys, FBI crime data, NIH Toolbox cognitive tasks, and MRI-based brain volume metrics in stress-related regions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>PNS, but not objective violence, was associated with fewer mental health symptoms and better cognitive performance. PNS was also related to sociodemographic variables and greater right amygdala volume. Longitudinally, baseline PNS predicted later cognitive performance, while baseline mental health and working memory predicted future PNS, indicating bidirectional effects.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Perceived safety, rather than objective crime, was linked to adolescent mental health, cognition, and brain structure. PNS was influenced by sociodemographic and psychological factors, and mental health predicted declines in safety perception. These findings emphasize the developmental importance of subjective environmental experiences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49083,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 101660"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision functional neuroimaging reveals individually specific auditory responses in infants","authors":"Julia Moser ,&nbsp;Alyssa K. Labonte ,&nbsp;Thomas J. Madison ,&nbsp;Lana Hantzsch ,&nbsp;Han H.N. Pham ,&nbsp;Kimberly B. Weldon ,&nbsp;M. Catalina Camacho ,&nbsp;Rebecca F. Schwarzlose ,&nbsp;Sanju Koirala ,&nbsp;Jacob T. Lundquist ,&nbsp;Sooyeon Sung ,&nbsp;Cristian Morales Carrasco ,&nbsp;Robert J.M. Hermosillo ,&nbsp;Steven M. Nelson ,&nbsp;Jed T. Elison ,&nbsp;Damien A. Fair ,&nbsp;Chad M. Sylvester","doi":"10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adaptively responding to salient stimuli in the environment is a fundamental feature of cognitive development in early life, which is enabled by the developing brain. Understanding individual variability in how the brain supports this fundamental process is essential for uncovering neurodevelopmental trajectories and potential neurodevelopmental risks. In the present study, we used a precision functional imaging approach to probe activation in response to salient auditory stimuli and its relation to brain functional networks in individual infants. A minimum of 60 min of fMRI BOLD data with an auditory oddball paradigm were collected in ten infants with a mean postmenstrual age of 48 weeks. Results demonstrate the feasibility of conducting a precision functional imaging study to investigate individual specific responses to salient stimuli in infants. While responses to the auditory oddball were consistent across individuals in auditory processing areas, responses across the rest of the brain differed across individuals in their magnitude and time to peak. Individual specific response patterns appeared to be relatively stable and differed from other participant’s response patterns, despite fluctuations across runs. Commonalities and differences between individuals demonstrated in this sample contribute to our understanding of how the developing brain instantiates processing of salient stimuli. In this context, individual specific response patterns could be a promising target for biomarkers of normative brain and cognitive development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49083,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 101644"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preterm birth, socioeconomic status, and white matter development across childhood","authors":"Katie Mckinnon ,&nbsp;Manuel Blesa Cábez ,&nbsp;Melissa Thye ,&nbsp;Selina Abel ,&nbsp;Rebekah Smikle ,&nbsp;Jean Skelton ,&nbsp;Lorena Jiménez-Sánchez ,&nbsp;Kadi Vaher ,&nbsp;Gemma Sullivan ,&nbsp;Amy Corrigan ,&nbsp;Gayle Barclay ,&nbsp;Charlotte Jardine ,&nbsp;Iona Hamilton ,&nbsp;Donna McIntyre ,&nbsp;Yu Wei Chua ,&nbsp;Ray Amir ,&nbsp;Alan J. Quigley ,&nbsp;Cheryl Battersby ,&nbsp;Athanasios Tsanas ,&nbsp;G. David Batty ,&nbsp;James P. Boardman","doi":"10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Preterm birth and socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with brain development in early life, but the contribution of each over time is uncertain. We examined the effects of gestational age (GA) and SES on white matter microstructure in the neonatal period and at five years.</div><div>Participants included preterm and term children. Diffusion MRI was collected at term-equivalent age (n = 153 preterm, n = 90 term [127/243 female]) and from a subset at five years (n = 26 preterm, n = 32 term [22/58 female]). We assessed linear associations of GA, SES (Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation [SIMD] and maternal education), and GA×SES interactions on fractional anisotropy (FA) using tract-based spatial statistics. We compared the proportion of voxels with significant associations between timepoints.</div><div>In preterm neonates, higher GA and higher maternal education, but not SIMD, were associated with higher FA (<em>p</em> corrected for family-wise error rate, <em>p</em>_{<em>FWER</em>} &lt; 0.05). GA-FA associations depended on maternal education and SIMD (β =|0.001–0.005|, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). At five years, the strength and direction of GA-FA associations depended on SIMD (β =|0.013–0.028|, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), but not maternal education. In term infants, lower SES was associated with higher FA at the neonatal timepoint only (<em>p</em>_{<em>FWER</em>} &lt; 0.05).</div><div>Preterm birth and SES both shape brain development at birth and continue to do so at five years. The SES measure most strongly associated with FA in preterm infants switches from a family-level (i.e. maternal education) to neighborhood-level (i.e. SIMD) measure between birth and five years, which suggests strategies to mitigate adverse effects of social inequalities on development may require adaptation as children grow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49083,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 101643"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145529190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}