{"title":"The Emergence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Edward C. Holmes","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-013037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-013037","url":null,"abstract":"The origin of SARS-CoV-2 has evoked heated debate and strong accusations, yet seemingly little resolution. I review the scientific evidence on the origin of SARS-CoV-2 and its subsequent spread through the human population. The available data clearly point to a natural zoonotic emergence within, or closely linked to, the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan. There is no direct evidence linking the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 to laboratory work conducted at the Wuhan Institute of Virology. The subsequent global spread of SARS-CoV-2 was characterized by a gradual adaptation to humans, with dual increases in transmissibility and virulence until the emergence of the Omicron variant. Of note has been the frequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to other animals, marking it as a strongly host generalist virus. Unless lessons from the origin of SARS-CoV-2 are learned, it is inevitable that more zoonotic events leading to more epidemics and pandemics will plague human populations.","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140624896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abigail S. Kane, Madeleine Godfrey, Magali Noval Rivas, Moshe Arditi, Alessio Fasano, Lael M. Yonker
{"title":"The Spectrum of Postacute Sequelae of COVID-19 in Children: From MIS-C to Long COVID","authors":"Abigail S. Kane, Madeleine Godfrey, Magali Noval Rivas, Moshe Arditi, Alessio Fasano, Lael M. Yonker","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-011839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-011839","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on children continue to evolve following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although life-threatening multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has become rare, long-standing symptoms stemming from persistent immune activation beyond the resolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection contribute to major health sequelae and continue to pose an economic burden. Shared pathophysiologic mechanisms place MIS-C and long COVID within a vast spectrum of postinfectious conditions characterized by intestinal dysbiosis, increased gut permeability, and varying degrees of immune dysregulation. Insights obtained from MIS-C will help shape our understanding of the more indolent and prevalent postacute sequelae of COVID and ultimately guide efforts to improve diagnosis and management of postinfectious complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children.","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140625013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Mammalian Cell's Guide on How to Process a Bacteriophage.","authors":"Leo Kan, Jeremy J Barr","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-111322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-111322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteriophages are enigmatic entities that defy definition. Classically, they are specialist viruses that exclusively parasitize bacterial hosts. Yet this definition becomes limiting when we consider their ubiquity in the body coupled with their vast capacity to directly interact with the mammalian host. While phages certainly do not infect nor replicate within mammalian cells, they do interact with and gain unfettered access to the eukaryotic cell structure. With the growing appreciation for the human virome, coupled with our increased application of phages to patients within clinical settings, the potential impact of phage-mammalian interactions is progressively recognized. In this review, we provide a detailed mechanistic overview of how phages interact with the mammalian cell surface, the processes through which said phages are internalized by the cell, and the intracellular processing and fate of the phages. We then summarize the current state-of-the-field with respect to phage-mammalian interactions and their associations with health and disease states.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41161280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influenza: Searching for Pandemic Origins.","authors":"Robert G Webster","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-125223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-125223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From a farming family of 13 children in New Zealand, I graduated with a Master of Science degree in microbiology from the University of Otago (Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand). I established the first veterinary virology laboratory at Wallaceville Animal Research Station. I subsequently completed my PhD degree at Australian National University (Canberra, Australia) and a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Michigan). While in New South Wales, Australia, a walk on a beach littered with dead mutton birds (shearwaters) with Dr. Graeme Laver led to the surveillance of influenza in seabirds on the Great Barrier Reef Islands and my lifelong search for the origin of pandemic influenza viruses. Subsequent studies established that (<i>a</i>) aquatic birds are a natural reservoir of influenza A viruses, (<i>b</i>) these viruses replicate primarily in cells lining the intestinal tract, (<i>c</i>) reassortment in nature can lead to novel pandemic influenza viruses, and (<i>d</i>) live bird markets are one place where transmission of influenza virus from animals to humans occurs.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41154632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction.","authors":"Terence S Dermody, Julie K Pfeiffer","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vi-10-071323-100001","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-vi-10-071323-100001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41159248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual Review of VirologyPub Date : 2023-09-29Epub Date: 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-115447
Valerie Le Sage, Anice C Lowen, Seema S Lakdawala
{"title":"Block the Spread: Barriers to Transmission of Influenza Viruses.","authors":"Valerie Le Sage, Anice C Lowen, Seema S Lakdawala","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-115447","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-115447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory viruses, such as influenza viruses, cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide through seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics. Influenza viruses transmit through multiple modes including contact (either direct or through a contaminated surface) and inhalation of expelled aerosols. Successful human to human transmission requires an infected donor who expels virus into the environment, a susceptible recipient, and persistence of the expelled virus within the environment. The relative efficiency of each mode can be altered by viral features, environmental parameters, donor and recipient host characteristics, and viral persistence. Interventions to mitigate transmission of influenza viruses can target any of these factors. In this review, we discuss many aspects of influenza virus transmission, including the systems to study it, as well as the impact of natural barriers and various nonpharmaceutical and pharmaceutical interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9994063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual Review of VirologyPub Date : 2023-09-29Epub Date: 2023-05-30DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-122847
Ziv Spiegelman, Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
{"title":"Breaking Boundaries: The Perpetual Interplay Between Tobamoviruses and Plant Immunity.","authors":"Ziv Spiegelman, Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-122847","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-122847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant viruses of the genus <i>Tobamovirus</i> cause significant economic losses in various crops. The emergence of new tobamoviruses such as the tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) poses a major threat to global agriculture. Upon infection, plants mount a complex immune response to restrict virus replication and spread, involving a multilayered defense system that includes defense hormones, RNA silencing, and immune receptors. To counter these defenses, tobamoviruses have evolved various strategies to evade or suppress the different immune pathways. Understanding the interactions between tobamoviruses and the plant immune pathways is crucial for the development of effective control measures and genetic resistance to these viruses. In this review, we discuss past and current knowledge of the intricate relationship between tobamoviruses and host immunity. We use this knowledge to understand the emergence of ToBRFV and discuss potential approaches for the development of new resistance strategies to cope with emerging tobamoviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9548523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual Review of VirologyPub Date : 2023-09-29Epub Date: 2023-06-02DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-012423-110530
Agnès Oromí-Bosch, Jyot D Antani, Paul E Turner
{"title":"Developing Phage Therapy That Overcomes the Evolution of Bacterial Resistance.","authors":"Agnès Oromí-Bosch, Jyot D Antani, Paul E Turner","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-012423-110530","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-virology-012423-110530","url":null,"abstract":"The global rise of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens and the waning efficacy of antibiotics urge consideration of alternative antimicrobial strategies. Phage therapy is a classic approach where bacteriophages (bacteria-specific viruses) are used against bacterial infections, with many recent successes in personalized medicine treatment of intractable infections. However, a perpetual challenge for developing generalized phage therapy is the expectation that viruses will exert selection for target bacteria to deploy defenses against virus attack, causing evolution of phage resistance during patient treatment. Here we review the two main complementary strategies for mitigating bacterial resistance in phage therapy: minimizing the ability for bacterial populations to evolve phage resistance and driving (steering) evolution of phage-resistant bacteria toward clinically favorable outcomes. We discuss future research directions that might further address the phage-resistance problem, to foster widespread development and deployment of therapeutic phage strategies that outsmart evolved bacterial resistance in clinical settings. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 10 is September 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9937234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Judith M White, Amanda E Ward, Laura Odongo, Lukas K Tamm
{"title":"Viral Membrane Fusion: A Dance Between Proteins and Lipids.","authors":"Judith M White, Amanda E Ward, Laura Odongo, Lukas K Tamm","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-093413","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-093413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are at least 21 families of enveloped viruses that infect mammals, and many contain members of high concern for global human health. All enveloped viruses have a dedicated fusion protein or fusion complex that enacts the critical genome-releasing membrane fusion event that is essential before viral replication within the host cell interior can begin. Because all enveloped viruses enter cells by fusion, it behooves us to know how viral fusion proteins function. Viral fusion proteins are also major targets of neutralizing antibodies, and hence they serve as key vaccine immunogens. Here we review current concepts about viral membrane fusion proteins focusing on how they are triggered, structural intermediates between pre- and postfusion forms, and their interplay with the lipid bilayers they engage. We also discuss cellular and therapeutic interventions that thwart virus-cell membrane fusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10866366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41153695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julie K Pfeiffer, Lynn W Enquist, Daniel DiMaio, Terence S Dermody
{"title":"Anticipating the Next Ten Years of the <i>Annual Review of Virology</i>.","authors":"Julie K Pfeiffer, Lynn W Enquist, Daniel DiMaio, Terence S Dermody","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vi-10-062723-101111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vi-10-062723-101111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41173096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}