{"title":"Introduction.","authors":"Lynn W Enquist, Terence S Dermody, Daniel DiMaio","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vi-08-072621-100001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vi-08-072621-100001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":"8 1","pages":"i-ii"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39471072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recurring Revolutions in Virology.","authors":"Lynn W Enquist, Daniel DiMaio, Terence S Dermody","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vi-08-032921-100002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vi-08-032921-100002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":"8 1","pages":"v-vii"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25567271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conquering the Host: Determinants of Pathogenesis Learned from Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68.","authors":"Yiping Wang, Scott A Tibbetts, Laurie T Krug","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-011921-082615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-011921-082615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gammaherpesviruses are an important class of oncogenic pathogens that are exquisitely evolved to their respective hosts. As such, the human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) do not naturally infect nonhuman primates or rodents. There is a clear need to fully explore mechanisms of gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis, host control, and immune evasion in the host. A gammaherpesvirus pathogen isolated from murid rodents was first reported in 1980; 40 years later, murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68, MuHV-4, γHV68) infection of laboratory mice is a well-established pathogenesis system recognized for its utility in applying state-of-the-art approaches to investigate virus-host interactions ranging from the whole host to the individual cell. Here, we highlight recent advancements in our understanding of the processes by which MHV68 colonizes the host and drives disease. Lessons that inform KSHV and EBV pathogenesis and provide future avenues for novel interventions against infection and virus-associated cancers are emphasized.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":"8 1","pages":"349-371"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9153731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39471074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrating Viral Metagenomics into an Ecological Framework.","authors":"Pacifica Sommers, Anushila Chatterjee, Arvind Varsani, Gareth Trubl","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-010421-053015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-010421-053015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viral metagenomics has expanded our knowledge of the ecology of uncultured viruses, within both environmental (e.g., terrestrial and aquatic) and host-associated (e.g., plants and animals, including humans) contexts. Here, we emphasize the implementation of an ecological framework in viral metagenomic studies to address questions in virology rarely considered ecological, which can change our perception of viruses and how they interact with their surroundings. An ecological framework explicitly considers diverse variants of viruses in populations that make up communities of interacting viruses, with ecosystem-level effects. It provides a structure for the study of the diversity, distributions, dynamics, and interactions of viruses with one another, hosts, and the ecosystem, including interactions with abiotic factors. An ecological framework in viral metagenomics stands poised to broadly expand our knowledge in basic and applied virology. We highlight specific fundamental research needs to capitalize on its potential and advance the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":"8 1","pages":"133-158"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39014986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual Review of VirologyPub Date : 2021-09-29Epub Date: 2021-06-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-072841
Andrew E Hale, Nathaniel J Moorman
{"title":"The Ends Dictate the Means: Promoter Switching in Herpesvirus Gene Expression.","authors":"Andrew E Hale, Nathaniel J Moorman","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-072841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-072841","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herpesvirus gene expression is dynamic and complex, with distinct complements of viral genes expressed at specific times in different infection contexts. These complex patterns of viral gene expression arise in part from the integration of multiple cellular and viral signals that affect the transcription of viral genes. The use of alternative promoters provides an increased level of control, allowing different promoters to direct the transcription of the same gene in response to distinct temporal and contextual cues. While once considered rare, herpesvirus alternative promoter usage was recently found to be far more pervasive and impactful than previously thought. Here we review several examples of promoter switching in herpesviruses and discuss the functional consequences on the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of viral gene expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":"8 1","pages":"201-218"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39233233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual Review of VirologyPub Date : 2021-09-29Epub Date: 2021-07-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-101238
Joshua M Kirsch, Robert S Brzozowski, Dominick Faith, June L Round, Patrick R Secor, Breck A Duerkop
{"title":"Bacteriophage-Bacteria Interactions in the Gut: From Invertebrates to Mammals.","authors":"Joshua M Kirsch, Robert S Brzozowski, Dominick Faith, June L Round, Patrick R Secor, Breck A Duerkop","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-101238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-101238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteria and their viruses (bacteriophages or phages) interact antagonistically and beneficially in polymicrobial communities such as the guts of animals. These interactions are multifaceted and are influenced by environmental conditions. In this review, we discuss phage-bacteria interactions as they relate to the complex environment of the gut. Within the mammalian and invertebrate guts, phages and bacteria engage in diverse interactions including genetic coexistence through lysogeny, and phages directly modulate microbiota composition and the immune system with consequences that are becoming recognized as potential drivers of health and disease. With greater depth of understanding of phage-bacteria interactions in the gut and the outcomes, future phage therapies become possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":"8 1","pages":"95-113"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8484061/pdf/nihms-1727966.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39179051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual Review of VirologyPub Date : 2021-09-29Epub Date: 2021-06-03DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-092720
Rebecca L Ursin, Sabra L Klein
{"title":"Sex Differences in Respiratory Viral Pathogenesis and Treatments.","authors":"Rebecca L Ursin, Sabra L Klein","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-092720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-092720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biological sex affects the outcome of diverse respiratory viral infections. The pathogenesis of respiratory infections caused by viruses ranging from respiratory syncytial virus to influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 differs between the sexes across the life course. Generally, males are more susceptible to severe outcomes from respiratory viral infections at younger and older ages. During reproductive years (i.e., after puberty and prior to menopause), females are often at greater risk than males for severe outcomes. Pregnancy and biological sex affect the pathogenesis of respiratory viral infections. In addition to sex differences in the pathogenesis of disease, there are consistent sex differences in responses to treatments, with females often developing greater immune responses but experiencing more adverse reactions than males. Animal models provide mechanistic insights into the causes of sex differences in respiratory virus pathogenesis and treatment outcomes, where available.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":"8 1","pages":"393-414"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39072969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual Review of VirologyPub Date : 2021-09-29Epub Date: 2021-07-09DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-080047
David B Kushner, Andrew Pekosz
{"title":"Virology in the Classroom: Current Approaches and Challenges to Undergraduate- and Graduate-Level Virology Education.","authors":"David B Kushner, Andrew Pekosz","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-080047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-080047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pervasive effects of the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic are but one reason for educators to refocus their efforts on virology teaching. Additionally, it is critical to understand how viruses function and to elucidate the relationship between virus and host. An understanding of current virology education may improve pedagogical approaches for educating our students and trainees. Faculty who teach undergraduate microbiology indicate that approximately 10% of the course content features viruses; stand-alone virology courses are infrequently offered to undergraduates. Fortunately, virology taught to undergraduates includes foundational material; several approaches for delivery of lecture- and lab-based content exist. At the graduate education level, there is growing appreciation that an emphasis on logic, reasoning, inference, and statistics must be reintroduced into the curriculum to create a generation of scientists who have a greater capacity for creativity and innovation. Educators also need to remove barriers to student success, at all levels of education.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":"8 1","pages":"537-558"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39168526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Parrish, Eun-Chung Park, R. Dutch, Adam Zlotnik
{"title":"In Memoriam: Mavis Agbandje-McKenna (1963-2021).","authors":"C. Parrish, Eun-Chung Park, R. Dutch, Adam Zlotnik","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vi-08-051221-100111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vi-08-051221-100111","url":null,"abstract":"On March 3, 2021, we lost an honored member of the virology community, Mavis Agbandje-McKenna, to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mavis was a leading light in the fields of viral structure, functions, and gene therapy. She was also a treasured friend and collaborator to scientists around the world and an impactful mentor to a multitude of trainees.","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47708005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In Memoriam: Michael M. Goodin (1967-2020).","authors":"R. Dutch, A. Whitfield","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vi-08-121820-100011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vi-08-121820-100011","url":null,"abstract":"Michael M. Goodin, a distinguished plant virologist who was a Professor of Plant Pathology at the University of Kentucky, passed away on December 12, 2020, in Lexington, Kentucky, at the age of 53. Michael was born in Jamaica. He was an undergraduate at Brock University in Canada, where he received degrees in both Biology and Chemistry in 1989. He then moved to Pennsylvania State University, where he trained with C. P. Romaine and received MS and PhD degrees in Plant Pathology. He was a postdoctoral fellow with Andy Jackson at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1996 to 2002 and then joined the faculty in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of Kentucky in 2002. His strong research record, outstanding work as an educator, and dedication to university, professional scientific, and community service led to his advancement to Professor in 2017. Michael was known throughout the virology community as a passionate scientist who believed in the power of research and education to change the world, as well as a kind, engaged, energetic, and highly interactive colleague. He will be profoundly missed.","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48376229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}