Biodegradation最新文献

{"title":"Sustainable activated carbon derived from Cyanthillium cinereum biomass for efficient adsorption of methylene blue and eosin yellow","authors":"K. Shakitha,&nbsp;V. N. Meena Devi","doi":"10.1007/s10532-026-10362-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10532-026-10362-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biomass-derived activated carbon is widely recognized as an eco-friendly and sustainable adsorbent for wastewater treatment. In this study, activated carbon was synthesized from the aerial parts of <i>Cyanthillium cinereum</i> through phosphoric acid activation followed by controlled carbonization. The prepared CC–AC was characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, BET, and zeta-potential analyses, confirming its amorphous structure, oxygen-containing surface functionalities, well-developed porous characteristics, and pH-dependent surface charge behavior. The adsorption performance of CC–AC was evaluated for the removal of Methylene Blue and Eosin Yellow under different conditions such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentration. The results showed high removal efficiencies of 90% for Methylene Blue and 83% for Eosin Yellow. Adsorption kinetics were best described mathematically by the pseudo-second-order model, while intraparticle-diffusion and Boyd analyses indicated the involvement of multiple mass-transfer steps. Equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir model, indicating predominant Langmuir-type equilibrium behavior. The findings demonstrate that <i>Cyanthillium cinereum</i>-derived activated carbon is a cost-effective and sustainable adsorbent for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":486,"journal":{"name":"Biodegradation","volume":"37 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the Fenton pretreatment on enhanced biological phosphorus removal: emphasizing variations in microbial community and metabolism","authors":"Yuting Wang,&nbsp;Jinmei Wen,&nbsp;Shuyao Wang,&nbsp;Xi Zhu,&nbsp;Jing Wu,&nbsp;Jing Shi","doi":"10.1007/s10532-026-10361-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10532-026-10361-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process is widely used to remove inorganic phosphorus from wastewater. Phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) play a central role in this process. However, for wastewater containing organic phosphorus, a pretreatment oxidation step is necessary to convert organic phosphorus into inorganic forms before EBPR. In this study, a combined system consisting of a Schorl/H₂O₂ oxidation unit and an EBPR reactor was established to treat fosfomycin, an organophosphorus antibiotic. After the addition of the Schorl/H₂O₂ oxidation influent, the phosphorus accumulation in the EBPR system decreased significantly from 98.12 to 11.08 mg/L. High-throughput sequencing was employed to investigate the microbial community and functional genes in the EBPR system. The significant inhibition of phosphorus removal was mainly attributed to a shift in the dominant microbial species. Specifically, the abundance of the inorganic phosphate remover <i>Casimicrobium_huifangae</i> dropped from 13.6 to 2.3%. In contrast, the abundance of the organophosphorus degrader <i>Acidovorax_sp._KKS102</i> increased from 0.8 to 14.3%. Correspondingly, the abundance of key functional genes (<i>PPK2, yjcG, PhaC</i>) involved in phosphate accumulation and phosphorus release decreased. Metabolic pathway analysis further indicated that the Schorl/H₂O₂ oxidation effluent markedly enhanced the abundance of peroxisomes, which help mitigate oxidative stress. It also enriched pathways related to phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism. This study provides novel insights into the integrated application of advanced oxidation and EBPR for organic phosphorus removal and offers technical guidance for future process design.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":486,"journal":{"name":"Biodegradation","volume":"37 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot-scale thermophilic co-digestion of poultry slaughterhouse waste and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste: process stability and kinetic assessment","authors":"Lamia Kadir,&nbsp;Meryem Saber,&nbsp;Insaf Tou,&nbsp;Aissa Khelifi,&nbsp;Noureddine Yassaa","doi":"10.1007/s10532-026-10357-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10532-026-10357-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Poultry slaughterhouse residues, rich in organic matter (proteins and fats), represent an excellent substrate for biogas production through anaerobic digestion. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and stability of thermophilic mono-digestion of poultry slaughterhouse waste (PSW) and its co-digestion with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), and to assess methane production kinetics under pilot-scale conditions. Experiments were performed in a 50 L pilot-scale digester operated at 55 °C for 41 days. Mono-digestion of PSW was conducted at a substrate-to-inoculum (S/I₁) ratio of 1:2 (VS basis), whereas co-digestion of PSW and OFMSW was performed at a substrate-to-inoculum (S/I₂) ratio of 1:3 (VS basis). The mono-digestion of PSW produced 1443 NL kg⁻¹ VS of biogas and 916 NL CH₄ kg⁻¹ VS of biomethane. Co-digestion of PSW and OFMSW generated 1134 NL kg⁻¹ VS of biogas and 649 NL CH₄ kg⁻¹ VS of biomethane, corresponding to an approximately 25% higher methane yield than OFMSW mono-digestion. This improvement was attributed to the synergistic effect between both substrates, which enhanced substrate biodegradability while maintaining stable thermophilic digestion. Four kinetic models were evaluated, with the Logistic model providing the best fit for PSW (R² &gt; 0.99), the modified Gompertz model for OFMSW (R² &gt; 0.97), and the Richards model for PSW/OFMSW co-digestion (R² &gt; 0.92). Overall, pilot-scale thermophilic co-digestion of PSW and OFMSW proved to be a sustainable strategy for enhancing methane recovery while ensuring stable process performance, and kinetic modeling provided valuable insight into substrate biodegradation behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":486,"journal":{"name":"Biodegradation","volume":"37 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced toluene biodegradation by novel bioactive coatings applied in continuous flow bioreactors","authors":"Javier González-Martín,&nbsp;Raquel Lebrero,&nbsp;Raúl Muñoz","doi":"10.1007/s10532-026-10351-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10532-026-10351-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are common air pollutants from industrial sources. The hydrophobic nature of some of these VOCs limits their removal by conventional biotechnologies. This study evaluates the application of bioactive coatings, a novel biotechnology based on nanoporous polymer matrices embedding active microorganisms, to improve the bioavailability of hydrophobic VOCs in gas-phase bioreactors. Bioactive coatings supported on jute rope and dishcloth strips were tested in a bioreactor for the continuous treatment of toluene and then compared with a conventional biofilm-based system. Jute rope failed to ensure an effective nutrient transport due to the lack of capillarity, while dishcloth strips successfully supported the bioactive coating, significantly enhancing bioreactor’s performance. The bioactive coating bioreactor packed with dishcloth strips outperformed the conventional reactor during the first 45 days, achieving steady-state toluene removals of 77% compared to 67%, with peak efficiency at 89%. Toluene biodegradation in both systems was highly dependent on nitrogen availability. From day 45, the conventional bioreactor improved, reaching steady-state removals over 87%. Furthermore, the addition of silicone oil to the bioactive coating-based bioreactor on day 70 increased toluene removal by a factor of 1.23. These findings demonstrate the potential of bioactive coatings and capillary supports to enhance VOC removal in bioreactors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":486,"journal":{"name":"Biodegradation","volume":"37 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial threats to aviation fuels: susceptibility and biostability studies","authors":"Evgeny A. Sharin,&nbsp;Valeriy A. Karpov,&nbsp;Tatiana A. Semenova,&nbsp;Oxana A. Matveeva,&nbsp;Vadym G. Krylov,&nbsp;Uliana A. Makhova,&nbsp;Andrei V. Ilin,&nbsp;Nikita A. Klimov,&nbsp;Marina M. Lobashova,&nbsp;Vladimir M. Kapustin,&nbsp;Mikhail A. Ershov","doi":"10.1007/s10532-026-10340-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10532-026-10340-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biodegradation of aviation fuels remains a critical factor during storage and operation, affecting both the composition and performance properties of kerosene fractions. This study aims to establish the relationship between the component composition of modern jet fuels and their biostability. In addition, the effect of typical additives was evaluated. Four industrially used kerosene fractions differing in refining depth were investigated—straight-run, hydrodemercaptanized, hydrotreated, and hydrocracked—along with their mixtures containing antioxidant (Agidol-1) and lubricity additive (Unicor J). Biological tests were conducted under standardized conditions (IP 385/ASTM D6974; GOST 9.023) using <i>Amorphotheca resinae</i> as the test organism; changes in group hydrocarbon composition were analyzed by GC × GC–MS. It was found that susceptibility to biodegradation decreases with increasing refining depth, while microbial activity consistently resulted in a reduction in paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons and a relative increase in aromatics; simultaneously, sulfur content decreases. Paradoxically, the most pronounced increases in acidity and existent gum content were observed in the hydrotreated and hydrocracked fractions. Agidol-1 exhibited biostatic (antimicrobial) activity, but was accompanied by a marked drop in aqueous phase pH (≈ 4), suggesting increased corrosion risk associated with the aqueous phase. Unicor J produced a slight positive effect, likely due to its surface-active properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":486,"journal":{"name":"Biodegradation","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148757635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biosurfactant–nonionic mixed micelles enhance heavy crude oil bioremediation: interfacial synergy and multilevel microbial responses","authors":"Yang Wang,&nbsp;Ziyue Shang,&nbsp;Fei Wu,&nbsp;Yuhua Su,&nbsp;Liangzhen Du,&nbsp;Hailiang Yin,&nbsp;Qiyou Liu","doi":"10.1007/s10532-026-10354-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10532-026-10354-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To address the water–oil–cell interfacial mass-transfer barrier limiting microbial degradation of heavy crude oil, this study evaluated a biosurfactant–nonionic mixed-micelle strategy that integrates interfacial performance with microbial compatibility. Four binary surfactant systems were screened using the petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading consortium B10. Among them, the rhamnolipid/Triton X-100 formulation, designated RT, showed the best overall balance of mixed-micelle synergy, crude-oil solubilization, microbial growth compatibility, and apparent hydrocarbon attenuation. After 7 d, RT achieved an apparent attenuation efficiency of 60.0%, compared with 21.9% in the surfactant-free B10 control, with the largest increases observed for the C16–C22 and C23–C32 fractions. RT treatment was accompanied by increased protein-like extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) content, changes in FTIR and fluorescence characteristics, a more negative zeta potential, and greater apparent cell-surface hydrophobicity. Metatranscriptomic analysis further revealed higher transcript abundance of genes associated with motility and chemotaxis, membrane transport, fatty acid metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Together, these multidimensional observations support a proposed mechanism model in which mixed-micelle interfacial regulation is associated with EPS compositional responses, cell-surface property changes, and consortium-level transcriptional adjustments, rather than solubilization alone.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":486,"journal":{"name":"Biodegradation","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional dynamics and interactions within the bacterial community responsible for biodegradable plastic degradation during aerobic composting","authors":"Soo Yeon Lee,&nbsp;Subin Hwang,&nbsp;Ian Cho,&nbsp;Hyoyoung Lee,&nbsp;Jihun Lee,&nbsp;Doyoung Koo,&nbsp;Jae-Woo Kim,&nbsp;Kyung-Suk Cho","doi":"10.1007/s10532-026-10359-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10532-026-10359-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Though biodegradable plastics have been widely developed as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics, their degradation behavior and microbial interactions in composting environments remain insufficiently understood. In this study, the degradation characteristics of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), and polybutylene succinate (PBS), and the interactions between bacterial communities and functional genes, were evaluated in a 41-day aerobic composting system using anaerobically digested sewage sludge as substrate. Composting parameters were similarly affected by all biodegradable plastics, and the final compost reached a Solvita compost maturity index of 8.0 with no detectable pathogenic bacteria and a CO₂ index of 7.83, indicating stable composting. After 41 days of composting, microcracks and microbial attachment were observed on all biodegradable plastic surfaces, with PHB and PBAT showing the most pronounced structural damage and biofilm formation, whereas microbial attachment to PLA was limited. Although biodegradable plastic addition did not greatly alter the overall bacterial community structure, it selectively promoted specific bacterial genera (<i>Symbiobacterium</i>, <i>Paenibacillus</i>, and <i>Psychrobacillus</i>). PICRUSt2-based functional gene prediction revealed that PHB degradation-related genes exhibited the highest predicted abundance, whereas PLA- and PBS-related genes showed low abundance, indicating differences in functional degradation potential among plastic types. Positive correlations among esterase- and hydrolase-related genes under biodegradable plastic-amended conditions suggest that coordinated microbial functional responses to biodegradable plastic addition. Network analysis further indicated that biodegradable plastic addition influenced interactions between specific bacterial genera and degradation-related functional genes. Overall, this study provides insights into bacterial functional adaptation during biodegradable plastic degradation under aerobic composting conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":486,"journal":{"name":"Biodegradation","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10532-026-10359-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological and synthetic biology strategies for polystyrene degradation: mechanisms, microbial advances, and circular economy perspectives","authors":"Mehar Nazir,&nbsp;Asma Rehman,&nbsp;Ahmad H. Ibrahim,&nbsp;Sawsan S. Al-Rawi,&nbsp;Manahil Akmal,&nbsp;Ghazala Iram,&nbsp;Faiza Manzoor,&nbsp;Sadia Aziz,&nbsp;Muhammad Shehroz Zafar,&nbsp;Muhammad Adnan Iqbal","doi":"10.1007/s10532-026-10356-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10532-026-10356-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polystyrene (PS), a petroleum-based synthetic polymer which is extensively used in packaging, insulation, and consumer goods, has emerged as a major environmental pollutant. This report provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in biological and synthetic biology strategies for novel PS-degrading microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi isolated from unique ecosystems such as insect gut microbiomes and extreme environments. Insects like <i>mealworms</i> and <i>superworms</i> have demonstrated the ability to ingest and degrade PS through symbiotic microbial activity, while fungi such as <i>Aspergillus tubingensis</i> and marine-derived fungi contribute enzymatically to polymer breakdown. Advances in enzymology involving oxidative enzymes like laccases and peroxidases have improved our understanding of PS degradation at the molecular level, supported by innovations in enzyme engineering and immobilization. The paper also examines the biodegradation abilities of bacteria, fungi, and microbes associated with insects and critically analyzes the methods used for degradation assessments, differentiating between genuine biodegradation and mineralization versus surface oxidation, fragmentation, and reduction in polymer weight. Moreover, the advancements in synthetic biology, which include metabolic engineering and engineered microbial consortia, and the biological upcycling of PS intermediates to valuable products, are also covered in light of the circular economy approach.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":486,"journal":{"name":"Biodegradation","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humification kinetics and heavy-metal stabilization performance in a two-stage integrated composting technology","authors":"Sagar Aditya,&nbsp;Rohit Kumar,&nbsp;Ajay Kalamdhad","doi":"10.1007/s10532-026-10353-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10532-026-10353-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The management of water hyacinth through conventional composting is constrained by prolonged processing times despite its potential for effective humification and heavy metal stabilization. This study addresses this limitation by exploring an integrated Rotary Drum Composting (RDC) and Vermicomposting (VC) approach to accelerate humification and enhance metal immobilization, offering a more efficient pathway for aquatic biomass valorisation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis demonstrate that RDC + VC technology drives a synergistic and accelerated conversion of key organic precursors into humic compounds. The simultaneous addition of <i>Eisenia</i> produced the highest rate of organic matter decomposition (44.33%) and the highest nitrogen content (124%), likely due to increased microbial activity and earthworm-driven mineralization. Additionally, <i>Eisenia</i> was greatly helped in its conversion from fulvic acid (FA) to humic acid (HA). HA content rose by 210% and HA/FA ratio by 76.57% in comparison to the RDC. The rates of HA and DP formation were 4 g/Kg and 0.18 g/Kg/d, respectively, whereas the kinetic constants of HA and DP synthesis were 0.08 d⁻¹ and 0.06 d⁻¹. Notably, the bioavailable fractions of Cu decreased by 38.71% after 27 days of composting period. The 27th day compost has a 63.01% lower Zn leaching potential. This study offers fresh perspectives on improving the humic material content of the final compost and accelerating humification during composting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":486,"journal":{"name":"Biodegradation","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148719784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic degradation of sulfamethoxazole by Enterococcus wangshanyuanii F4 and black soldier fly larvae","authors":"Jingya Yu,&nbsp;Qiang Xiong,&nbsp;Xinfu Li","doi":"10.1007/s10532-026-10350-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10532-026-10350-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study demonstrates that inoculation with the <i>Enterococcus wangshanyuanii</i> strain F4 in a germ-free black soldier fly larval (BSFL) system enhances sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation, larval growth, and substrate conversion. Following inoculation with strain F4, the net SMX degradation rate reached 37.08%, and the net substrate consumption rate reached 46.12%, both representing significant improvements compared to the control group. Metagenomic analysis revealed that strain F4 modulated the BSFL gut microbial community structure and enriched functional genes associated with organic pollutant degradation. Accordingly, the activities of key degradation enzymes in the larval gut, including catechol-1,2-dioxygenase (C12O), catechol-2,3-dioxygenase (C23O), and peroxidase (POD), were significantly elevated following inoculation. Taken together, these findings suggest a synergistic effect between <i>Enterococcus wangshanyuanii</i> F4 and the host during the degradation process, which significantly enhances the removal of SMX by black soldier fly larvae. This provides a theoretical basis for the use of symbiotic microbial augmentation strategies in antibiotic bioremediation.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":486,"journal":{"name":"Biodegradation","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}