Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science最新文献

{"title":"Experimental study on particle spreading and settling dynamics in horizontal particle plumes for deep-sea mining applications","authors":"Chenqi Jiang,&nbsp;Lei Liu,&nbsp;Shizhou Li,&nbsp;Dongao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.joes.2026.01.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joes.2026.01.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep-sea mining extracts valuable metal elements from the seabed to advance industrial development; however, it generates particle plumes from tailings discharge, posing significant environmental challenges. This study focuses on the horizontally discharged particle plumes and conducts experimental investigations on particle dynamics. The optical measurement techniques are utilized to capture detailed flow and particle characteristics. The mechanisms of plume evolution and particle behaviors, including particle spreading, separation, and settling, are revealed. The plume bends downward under negative buoyancy, causing particles to accumulate at the lower edge before separation. The initial separation point is influenced by initial velocity and particle concentration, with higher velocities and lower concentrations delaying detachment. Particle spreading, characterized by longitudinal and transversal distances, increases with higher initial velocity and decreases with elevated concentration. At the plume boundary, particles exhibit complex modes of trajectories driven by entrainment vortices, either re-entering the plume or descending into the settling zone. Particles follow vertical, zig-zag, or inclined trajectories in the settling zone, with higher concentrations forming organized clouds and accelerating settling velocities through vortex interactions. These findings provide critical insights into plume evolution and particle dynamics, contributing to the environmentally sustainable design for tailings discharge in deep-sea mining.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48514,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 1215-1227"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148806850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative risk assessment of navigation lock operations using an HFACS-informed fuzzy Bayesian network","authors":"Chengwei Zhang,&nbsp;Hao Hu,&nbsp;Peng Liao,&nbsp;Jie Xue,&nbsp;Hui Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.joes.2026.04.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joes.2026.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Navigation locks are components of waterway transportation, operating under complex conditions where disruptions can lead to severe safety and economic consequences. However, the assessment of navigation lock operational risk is challenged by diverse and interdependent risk factors and data uncertainty. This study develops a quantitative risk assessment framework for navigation lock operations based on a fuzzy Bayesian network (FBN). First, a structured risk factor system comprising 29 factors was identified from five dimensions: environmental, infrastructural, vessel-related, human, and organizational. To represent the hierarchical propagation of human and organizational influences, the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework was introduced into the Bayesian network modeling process. Next, parameters were quantified through expert elicitation integrated with fuzzy set theory, and conditional probability tables were derived using the Leaky Noisy-OR gate model to address data scarcity and uncertainty. Finally, forward inference, backward diagnosis, and sensitivity analysis were conducted to examine the risk level and influence of key factors under different conditions. The results indicate that, under normal operating conditions, the baseline operational risk level is relatively low (8.29%), with environmental and infrastructural factors forming background risks. In contrast, backward diagnosis and sensitivity analysis show that unsafe acts, preconditions for unsafe acts, and related human-organizational factors play a more prominent role in accident evolution, highlighting their catalytic role in risk escalation. The proposed framework provides an interpretable approach for quantitative risk analysis of navigation lock operations under uncertainty, and offers support for scenario-specific risk prioritization and targeted safety management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48514,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 1365-1378"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148806856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the use of relevant models and analyses for the structural mast design of America’s Cup racing yachts (AC75)","authors":"P.-Y. Méchin,&nbsp;F. Savine,&nbsp;V. Keryvin","doi":"10.1016/j.joes.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joes.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thanks to their excellent mechanical performance characteristics, continuous carbon fibre composite materials are widely used in the construction of racing yacht masts. For the past 30–40 years, masts have been designed using methods that were mostly developed through trial and error. As part of this process, beam models are used to define the mast tube, balancing efficiency and computation time. As sail shape design is driven by mast bend, it is essential that these methods produce increasingly accurate results. Due to the development of hydrofoils, significant variation in sail shape is anticipated, given the increased boat speeds and wind ranges. In the case of America’s Cup 75-foot boats, mast bend controls sail shape, meaning greater accuracy is required when creating finite element models (geometry, mesh, loads, analysis, etc.). This study aims to establish a methodology for quantifying the impact of model selection and its parameters on design safety margins. Key design parameters are analysed to determine the most suitable methodology for accurately designing a highly bent mast tube. The study shows that conventional design methods, which use beam models for mast structural design only, are not fit for designing high-performance yachts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48514,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 1072-1094"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148806848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation study of SAR imaging of multi-source internal wave wakes in underwater vehicle","authors":"Zhechao Yang,&nbsp;Junjie Liu,&nbsp;Yunxiang You,&nbsp;PanPan Han","doi":"10.1016/j.joes.2025.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joes.2025.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrodynamic wake signatures generated by underwater vehicles are critical targets in ocean-based anti-submarine detection. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), with its all-weather, all-day, and high-resolution capabilities, shows significant potential in the detection of internal wave wakes. This study develops a comprehensive SAR imaging simulation model by integrating multi-source internal wave wake theories, the wave action conservation equation, and a modulated facet scattering model. Focusing on three typical types of internal wave wakes—Lee waves, forced internal waves, and collapsed internal waves—induced by underwater vehicles in stratified oceans, the model systematically simulates the full process from wave field generation and current-wave modulation to electromagnetic scattering and SAR imaging. After comprehensive validation across internal wave fields, surface wake fields, modulated wind-wave spectra, and scattering coefficients, the model was further employed to investigate the modulation effects of various parameters, including vehicle speed, depth, radar frequency band, and incidence angle, on the wake characteristics in SAR images. Results indicate that under typical stratification conditions in the South China Sea, Lee waves dominate the wake pattern at low speeds, while at higher speeds, the contribution from wake-induced internal waves becomes more pronounced, leading to clearly distinguishable wake signatures in SAR imagery at peak Lee wave speed and beyond. Furthermore, <span>l</span>-band and cross-polarized radar configurations are more favorable for wake detection, and the relative motion between radar platform and submarine also influences the observed wake features. This research provides theoretical foundation and simulation tools for remote sensing detection of underwater targets via internal wave wakes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48514,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 1025-1042"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148806845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combat game strategy for unmanned surface vessels based on modified deep reinforcement learning","authors":"Puzhe Zhang,&nbsp;Ruiyan Gong,&nbsp;Jinhui Jiang,&nbsp;Hanzhe Wang,&nbsp;Yiting Wang,&nbsp;Lei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.joes.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joes.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unmanned Surface Vessel (USV) are transitioning from auxiliary roles to primary combat platforms, emerging as a pivotal element in advancing the technological capabilities of maritime unmanned combat systems. Artificial intelligence technologies, such as reinforcement learning (RL), to equip USV with autonomous combat decision-making capabilities is an important research direction. To address the issue of sparse rewards in reinforcement learning, this paper proposes an improved Proximal Policy Optimization algorithm based on situational field (SF-PPO) for training USV combat strategies. Firstly, a combat game environment involving two USV is constructed, with decision-making models for both sides developed using RL-based and rule-based approaches, respectively. Subsequently, a situational field model for USV combat is designed based on the operational mechanics of USVs, and the reward function of PPO is improved using the situational field model. Finally, the SF-PPO model for USV is trained in randomized combat scenarios. Meanwhile, a series of multi-scenario tests involving dual-USVs combat game are designed to evaluate the model’s performance. The results demonstrate that the proposed SF-PPO model exhibits superior generalization capabilities and convergence efficiency. It achieves lower loss rates compared to other decision-making models and is capable of executing complex tactical decisions across various scenarios, showcasing a higher level of artificial intelligence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48514,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 1043-1056"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148806846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigations into the hydrodynamic response of a floating aquaculture cage in waves and current","authors":"Tianhu Cheng,&nbsp;Yunji Zhu,&nbsp;Yuwang Xu,&nbsp;Shixiao Fu,&nbsp;Yunqiang Peng,&nbsp;Zhentao Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.joes.2026.01.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joes.2026.01.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the spatial limitations of nearshore aquaculture, the industry is rapidly expanding toward deeper and more distant waters, which has imposed stricter requirements on the wave resistance performance and stability characteristics of aquaculture structures. In recent years, various innovative floating cages entailing the combination of rigid frames with flexible nets have been developed to adapt to complex open-ocean environments. In this study, a 1:32-scale physical model test was conducted to systematically investigate the hydrodynamic responses of a novel floating aquaculture cage under both operational and extreme sea conditions. The experimental program included decay tests in still water, current load tests, white noise wave tests, irregular wave tests, and combined wave and current tests. Comparative analyses were performed between the bare floating structure (without nets) and the complete cage (with nets). The experimental results revealed that the net system increased the damping in roll and pitch by 51% and 36%, respectively, and demonstrated that the net played a dual role: notably, under wave-only conditions, the nets introduced viscous damping that effectively suppressed motion responses near the natural frequencies and reduced the mooring line tension. However, under wave and current conditions, the nets significantly increased the overall drag force, thereby it led to a 20.5% increase in the mean surge motion and a 28% increase in the maximum mooring line tension. This study provides data support for design optimization and safety evaluation of deep-sea aquaculture cages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48514,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 1241-1254"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148806855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of a surrogate model for trimaran maneuvering based on artificial neural networks","authors":"Xiangrui Zhang,&nbsp;Linzhou Tang,&nbsp;Yunchi Zhang,&nbsp;Ke Yang,&nbsp;Fan Jiang,&nbsp;Xin Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.joes.2025.12.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joes.2025.12.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The maneuverability performance of trimaran vessels is crucial for their design optimization, yet traditional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based prediction methods face bottlenecks in terms of computational complexity and long calculation times. To meet the urgent demand for automation and intelligent design, this study introduces artificial neural networks (ANN) into the field of trimaran maneuverability modeling for the first time, aiming to develop an intelligent surrogate model that combines both high accuracy and efficiency. This study generates a simulation dataset covering multiple hull configurations and operating conditions using the Source and Quasi-Continuous Vortex Lattice Method (SQCM). Based on this dataset, an ANN surrogate model is established, with the hull configuration and operating condition parameters as inputs and key maneuverability parameters as outputs. The model demonstrates good prediction accuracy for the key maneuverability coefficients on the test set, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. Validation using self-propulsion test data shows that the model’s average percentage error is less than 8%, indicating strong prediction accuracy and reliability. Moreover, the model reduces the maneuverability prediction time from several hours with traditional methods to just seconds, significantly improving computational efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48514,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 1137-1154"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148807114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A method for predicting the hydrodynamic characteristics of trawl codends based on machine learning models","authors":"Hao Tang,&nbsp;Bruno Thierry-Nyatchouba Nsangue,&nbsp;Liuxiong Xu,&nbsp;Fuxiang Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.joes.2026.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joes.2026.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately estimating the hydrodynamic behavior of a trawl codend is crucial for optimizing fishing gear selectivity, minimizing non-target fish captures, and protecting biodiversity in sustainable fisheries. This study evaluates and predicts the influence of key design parameters (mesh size, twine thickness, twine material, mesh orientation, knot type, codend length, liner, and mesh number), as well as current speed, on both drag force and fluttering displacement of the codend. Five machine learning models, namely the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network, Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and Gradient-boosted generalized additive model (GBGAM), were employed and rigorously validated using K-fold cross-validation to establish a comprehensive, data-driven framework for codend performance optimization. The results indicate that the mesh size, twine thickness, and codend configuration exert a strong influence on codend drag and dynamic motion, with T90 codends exhibiting lower fluttering and higher drag than T0 codends, suggesting that replacing T0 with T90 may improve size selectivity by stabilizing codend behavior. Furthermore, the drag force oscillations are directly linked to codend dynamic motion, driven predominantly by low-frequency structural dynamics and modulated by design factors and current speed. Regarding the predictive performance, GBGAM (<em>R</em>² = 0.996, <em>MAE</em> = 0.8, and <em>RMSE</em> = 1.18), GPR (<em>R</em>² = 0.995, <em>MAE</em> = 0.73, and <em>RMSE</em> = 0.91), and MLP (<em>R</em>² = 0.989, <em>MAE</em> = 0.96, and <em>RMSE</em> = 1.21) outperform the other models in predicting drag force. For codend displacement, GBGAM (<em>R</em>² = 0.9345, <em>MAE</em> = 0.35, and <em>RMSE</em> = 0.50) and GPR (<em>R</em>² = 0.841, <em>MAE</em> = 0.45, and <em>RMSE</em> = 0.60) exhibit robust predictive capability. Selecting the most important features for trawl codend performance reduces computational time while improving model accuracy. Both GBGAM and GPR exhibit strong stability and generalization capacity, as indicated by their consistent hydrodynamic force and codend displacement predictions during 10-fold cross-validation. The proposed machine learning framework thus provides a powerful alternative to traditional physical modeling methods, enabling precise simulation of trawl performance and yielding actionable insights for the advancement of intelligent trawl nets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48514,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 1155-1178"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148806851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A probabilistic collision–energy framework for predicting polymetallic nodule degradation in deep–sea mining risers","authors":"Rui Guo,&nbsp;Haining Lu,&nbsp;Hao Zheng,&nbsp;Xiaojun Zhuo,&nbsp;Maolin Li,&nbsp;Liwen Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.joes.2026.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joes.2026.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Particle degradation during long–distance hydraulic lifting can reduce nodule recovery, increase blockage risk, and generate fine particles that affect downstream handling and discharge control in deep–sea mining systems. However, direct prediction over kilometer–scale riser distances remains difficult. Resolved computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method (CFD–DEM) simulations are limited to short pipe sections, while empirical models provide limited insight into collision–energy mechanisms. This study develops a probabilistic collision–energy framework to predict nodule degradation in deep–sea mining risers. The model combines particle–wall impact accessibility, concentration–dependent shielding, impact–velocity probability distribution, fatigue–controlled fragmentation, and abrasion–induced surface loss in a unified formulation. Abrasion and fragmentation are treated as distinct mass–transfer pathways, linking fines generation and daughter–fragment redistribution to collision–energy exposure. Key collision statistics are assessed using CFD–DEM data, and the full model is evaluated against long–distance experimental particle–size distribution (PSD) data. Results show that particle–particle contacts are more frequent than particle–wall impacts but have lower wall–equivalent destructive energy, mainly contributing to cumulative abrasion and fine generation. Wall impacts are more relevant to fatigue damage and primary fragmentation. Pipe enlargement suppresses wall–impact fragmentation, whereas increasing solid concentration shifts degradation toward particle–particle abrasion. The resulting regime map distinguishes abrasion–dominated and fragmentation–prone conditions, providing a practical basis for degradation–risk assessment in deep–sea hydraulic lifting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48514,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 1400-1418"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148806929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamic interactions and wave slamming characteristics of a semi-submersible platform navigating in regular waves","authors":"Rui Qin,&nbsp;Haining Lu,&nbsp;Zhongqin Lin,&nbsp;Longfei Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.joes.2026.01.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joes.2026.01.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In strongly nonlinear wave environments, green water and localized wave slamming loads are critical factors affecting the seakeeping safety of semi-submersible platforms. This study systematically investigates the influence of combined variations in forward speed, wavelength, and wave steepness on the nonlinear motion responses and hydrodynamic loads of a semi-submersible platform navigating in regular waves. The results reveal that phase coupling between heave and pitch motions plays a critical role in modulating local wave elevations and amplifying impact loads. Constructive interference between incident waves and platform-induced motions further amplifies wave crests, increasing the risk of green water events. Interaction between twin-hull interference waves and deck overtopping creates localized wave run-up zones, where impact severity depends on the platform motion and wave characteristics. Slam load distributions exhibit significant spatial variability, with deck and brace regions experiencing peak pressures due to converging wave crests and near-field interference. These findings provide actionable guidance for platform operation and design, including speed adjustment to mitigate localized impacts, identification of critical structural zones for reinforcement, and improved risk assessment for deck operations under extreme sea states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48514,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 1255-1270"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148807111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}