Agricultural & Environmental Letters最新文献

{"title":"Seasonal leachate organic carbon and total nitrogen in an organic integrated crop–livestock rotation system","authors":"Binaya Baral,&nbsp;Sudip Poudel,&nbsp;Anuj Chiluwal,&nbsp;Shawn Lucas","doi":"10.1002/ael2.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <p>Integrated crop–livestock systems (ICLS) can reduce nutrient losses relative to annual cropping, yet seasonal dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen in organic systems remain poorly understood. We evaluated non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC), total nitrogen (TN), and C:N ratios during the sixth and seventh years of a certified organic ICLS in Kentucky. Subsurface soil water samples were collected at 1-meter depth across seven treatments, including three rotational goat-grazed pasture phases, two cropped phases, ungrazed perennial pasture (PP), and a continuous corn–soybean system (CNP). NPOC showed strong seasonality, with low spring concentrations and pronounced autumn increases, indicating dominant hydrologic control over DOC exports. In contrast, TN varied with season and management, with elevated concentrations during crop-to-pasture transitions and in CNP. Mature grazed pasture phases and PP generally maintained lower TN and higher C:N ratios, indicating enhanced nitrogen retention. Rotational transitions represent critical periods of nitrogen leaching risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Core Ideas</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Soil water non–purgeable organic carbon was driven mainly by sampling season.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Total nitrogen varied more with rotation phase and management.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Early pasture estlablishment increased nitrogen leaching risk.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Continuous corn–soybean cropping had greater nitrogen leaching risk.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Mature pasture phases improved nitrogen retention in organic integrated crop–livestock systems.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48502,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Environmental Letters","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ael2.70095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cotton fiber quality responses to tillage, irrigation, and plant density","authors":"Ammar B. Bhandari,&nbsp;Saseendran Anapalli,&nbsp;Krishna N. Reddy","doi":"10.1002/ael2.70099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.70099","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding how management practices interact with environmental conditions is critical for stabilizing cotton yield and fiber quality. A 2‑year field study (2024–2025) assessed the effects of tillage (conventional tillage [CT]; no‑till [NT]), irrigation regime (all‑row irrigation [ARI]; skip‑row irrigation [SRI]), and planting density (7, 10, and 13 plants m⁻²) on cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) yield and fiber quality. Year had the strongest influence on fiber quality, with 2025 producing fibers that were significantly longer (+2%), stronger (+3%), more uniform (+1%), but with poorer color grade (+12%) compared to 2024. Irrigation affected micronaire and color, as SRI reduced micronaire by 5%. NT increased seed cotton yield by 19%. Plant density influenced fiber quality through interactions; for example, plant density had an irrigation × plant density interaction for color grade. Overall, despite strong seasonal effects, context‑dependent interactions among tillage, irrigation, and planting density indicated that management could contribute to fiber quality variation across years.</p>","PeriodicalId":48502,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Environmental Letters","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ael2.70099","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil organic carbon increased after 3 years in organic grain systems differing in tillage and organic inputs","authors":"Ravi Teja K. R. Neelipally,&nbsp;Arjun Chhetri,&nbsp;Debasish Saha,&nbsp;Wilson Ouma,&nbsp;Bonnie H. Ownley,&nbsp;Sindhu Jagadamma","doi":"10.1002/ael2.70098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.70098","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organic grain systems can enhance soil organic carbon (SOC), but tillage may limit SOC gain, particularly in humid subtropical regions. We measured active and total SOC pools to 60 cm after 3 years in four organic grain systems differing in tillage and fertility. SOC stocks increased 30.3%–38.6% from baseline across depths, yet total SOC did not differ among cropping systems despite contrasting C inputs (9.4–22.2 Mg ha⁻¹). At 0–5 cm, active C pools were the highest in the Ecologically Conscious System (ECS) characterized by reduced tillage, extended cover cropping, and C inputs of 18.5 Mg ha⁻¹. Compared with the intensively tilled Maximum Yield System receiving 22.2 Mg C ha⁻¹, ECS had 10.8%, 24.9%, and 28.5% higher permanganate-oxidizable C, water-extractable C, and microbial biomass C, respectively. These findings suggest that adjusting tillage and fertility strategies can promote early active C gains that may support long-term SOC accumulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48502,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Environmental Letters","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ael2.70098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Red, white, and green? Applying agricultural technologies to treat algal blooms","authors":"Chad J. Penn,&nbsp;Mark R. Williams,&nbsp;Austin White","doi":"10.1002/ael2.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Summer often brings harmful algal blooms to ponds, lakes, and even the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool. These blooms are caused by warm, shallow water with high levels of nutrients, especially phosphorus (P). Researchers from the USDA Agricultural Research Service developed phosphorus removal structures, called P-Traps, to filter phosphorus from water before it fuels algae growth. Originally designed for agricultural drainage, this technology could also help clean urban ponds. Unlike current treatments that kill algae but leave nutrients behind, P-Traps remove the phosphorus that causes blooms. Using the P-Trap software, researchers evaluated scenarios using different filter materials and treatment times. They found that filtering a 4.5-million-gallon pond over 1 month offers a good balance between cost and performance. This case study shows that P-Trap technology is flexible and could be used in many settings to reduce phosphorus pollution, improve water quality, and prevent future algal blooms.</p>","PeriodicalId":48502,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Environmental Letters","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ael2.70096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting effects of multifactorial carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus amendments on soil microbial carbon-use efficiency and biomass turnover in a subtropical grassland and forest soil","authors":"Christoph Rosinger,&nbsp;Hans Sandén,&nbsp;Johannes Rousk","doi":"10.1002/ael2.70097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.70097","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil microbial carbon-use efficiency (CUE) and biomass turnover have been identified as important drivers of biogeochemical processes; however, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the factors driving them. Here, we tested how multifactorial carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) amendments affect microbial CUE and biomass turnover in a subtropical grassland and forest soil. In the grassland soil, we observed significant (50%) decreases in microbial CUE with C, CP, and CNP addition and increased microbial CUE with N addition (+20%). On the other hand, microbial biomass turnover sharply increased in all treatments receiving C and decreased with P and NP addition. In the forest soil, resource amendment had no effect on microbial CUE, whereas microbial biomass turnover was lower under P and NP additions than under C-amended soils. Combined nutrient additions frequently produced responses that could not be predicted from single-resource amendments, revealing strong interactions among nutrient effects. Our findings highlight the importance of considering nutrient interactions when predicting microbial controls on soil C and nutrient cycling under changing resource regimes and land-use.</p>","PeriodicalId":48502,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Environmental Letters","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ael2.70097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward an urban soil health index: Emerging indicators for exposure, function, and resilience","authors":"Anna A. Paltseva,&nbsp;Shams Rahman Rahmani","doi":"10.1002/ael2.70094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Urban soils are among the most dynamic and human-impacted soil systems, yet most soil health frameworks remain rooted in agricultural assumptions, capturing fertility and structure while missing urban-specific concerns: contaminant exposure, extreme heterogeneity, thermal stress, and degraded ecosystem services. This commentary proposes an expanded framework organized around three domains, exposure risk, ecosystem function, and physical resilience, and argues for broader adoption of six emerging indicator categories: heavy metal bioaccessibility, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance, microplastics, soil thermal properties, ecosystem services, and antibiotic resistance genes. Each indicator should be normalized to a 0–1 scale and integrated into a composite urban soil health index calibrated to land use and management goals. Linking these urban-specific metrics with established frameworks improves cross-disciplinary continuity while acknowledging that cities require additional measures. A more complete indicator system can sharpen remediation priorities, guide urban planning, support food safety, and strengthen resilience in increasingly dense and climate-stressed cities.</p>","PeriodicalId":48502,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Environmental Letters","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ael2.70094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148849134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining agricultural science and economic knowledge to create behavioral change: A conceptual framework","authors":"Joshua M. Duke,&nbsp;Joshua M. McGrath","doi":"10.1002/ael2.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This commentary develops a conceptual framework showing how economic research complements agriscience to influence farmer behavior and improve social outcomes. The first model—the workhorse profitability model—has economists estimate the on-farm costs and benefits of new agriscientific practices. Economic results often imply adoption processes that are more complex than agriscience alone suggests; for example, the most beneficial technologies may also be high cost and less profitable in the near term. The second model—the policy-problem model—examines how agriscience links on-farm practices to off-farm social problems and how economists design policies to align private incentives with public outcomes. This model also explains why recent economic research frequently identifies shortcomings in existing incentive-based policies and highlights policy innovations that expand the role of market-based solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48502,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Environmental Letters","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ael2.70093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148848598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thank you to Reviewers","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ael2.70082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.70082","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Maintaining the editorial standards of a scientific journal is the primary task of the journal editors. Their task is made much easier with the help of colleagues who are invited to review manuscripts. Through their critical comments and helpful suggestions, these volunteer reviewers have done much to maintain and further the quality of research reported in &lt;i&gt;Agricultural Letters &amp; Environmental Letters&lt;/i&gt;. The members of the &lt;i&gt;Agricultural Letters &amp; Environmental Letters&lt;/i&gt; Editorial Board express their appreciation to the following individuals who reviewed manuscripts in 2025. Many of the reviewers listed below reviewed more than one manuscript. We extend our apologies and thanks to those reviewers whose names have been inadvertently omitted from this list.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acharya, Pramod&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ackroyd, Victoria J.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Adnan Kakakhel, Mian&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ahmed, Hesham A.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Baltensperger, David&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Baulch, Helen&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bhandari, Ammar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bhatti, Sandeep&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Boddepalli, Venkata Naresh&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bryanin, Semyon&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Buda, Anthony&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Burke, Joseph&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bybee-Finley, K. Ann&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Caram Fernandez Villanueva, Nicolas&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Carlisle, Liz&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Carter, Arron&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cates, Anna&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chatterjee, Amitava&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chim, Bee Khim&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Christian, Paul&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cohen, Allen&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Culman, Steve&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Da Ros Carvalho, Henrique&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dai, Wei&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Danquah, Eric Owusu&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;de Camargo Santos, Aline&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;DeWitt, Noah&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dhanda, Sachin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ducey, Tom&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Emmett, Bryan&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Feyereisen, Gary&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Firth, Lexi&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Flaten, Don&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Foster, Mathew&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Franzluebbers, Alan&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gagnon, Bernard&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ghosh, Rakesh Kumar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Goettl, Brady&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gonzalez, Yaslin Gonzalez&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Grusak, Mike&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Guo, Mingxin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gurau, Sanjita&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Haden, Ryan&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hamberg, Ryan&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;He, Yangbo&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;He, Zhongqi&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Heitman, Josh&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Helmers, Matt&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hodson, Amanda&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Holland, Jim&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hou, Zhenan&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Huddell, Alexandra&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hummes, Ana&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jakku, Emma&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jha, Gaurav&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jimenez, Leticia&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Joshi, Deepak&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Karcher, Doug&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Katuwal, Sheela&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kharel, Tulsi&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kimbeng, Collins&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kladivko, Eileen&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kouame, Jeremie&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kronberg, Scott&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Law, Quincy&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lewandowski, Ann&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Leytem, April&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lin, Xiaomao&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lindsey, Laura&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Liu, Jhih-Yun&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Locke, Anna&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Macrae, Merrin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Margenot, Andrew&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mata, Ingrids&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;McSweeney, Kevin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Miller, Perry&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Moghaddam, Jalal Javadi&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Moore, Matt&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mubvumba, Partson&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;O'Brien, Peter&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ojo, E. RoTimi&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Omara, Peter&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Osterholz, William&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pannell, David&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Parsons, Chris&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Peters, Thomas&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Peterson, Cara&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Peterson, Steven&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pires, Carlos&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Powar, Ranjit&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prasad, Rishi&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Provin, Tony&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rakkar, Manbir&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Raman, Rahul&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Read, Quentin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reed, Vaughn&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Richardson, Justin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Richmond, Doug&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rogers, Christopher&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Roussey, Catherine&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ruark, Matthew&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ruis, Sabri","PeriodicalId":48502,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Environmental Letters","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ael2.70082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guidelines for handling living biostimulant products for seed treatment","authors":"Kevin D. Santiago-Morales,&nbsp;Jinny Yang,&nbsp;Marlana DeClaire,&nbsp;João Ferreira Reale Pereira,&nbsp;Maninder Pal Singh,&nbsp;Sarah L. Lebeis","doi":"10.1002/ael2.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Commercial biostimulant products are gaining momentum among growers as a novel way to promote crop health and yield while reducing pesticide and chemical fertilizer application. Although preparation instructions vary across manufacturers and products, most biostimulant products that contain living organisms lack detailed handling guidelines to maintain their stability prior to application. Any accidental contamination during product preparation could therefore lead to decreased product effectiveness. In this proof-of-principle study, we tested how this contamination affects microbial composition over time. In the short-term, we demonstrate that products kept at room temperature are more reliable when applied within a day of preparation. While refrigerator storage provides the most product stability across years, we recommend ordering new products each year. Our findings show that storage practices directly affect living biostimulant product composition and therefore quality. These results provide growers and distributors with practical recommendations on handling biostimulant products to maximize their effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":48502,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Environmental Letters","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ael2.70092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanization and downside income risk: Evidence from three Terai districts in Nepal","authors":"Krishna Sharma","doi":"10.1002/ael2.70087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mechanization service markets allow smallholders to rent machinery, but their association with farm outcomes may vary by scale. Household data from three districts in Nepal's Terai are used to examine associations between mechanization, profitability, and downside income risk. Mechanization share is not significantly associated with net farm income per hectare among the smallest farms but is positively associated with profitability among intermediate-scale farms. Higher mechanization share is also associated with a lower probability of negative net farm income. These results suggest that service-based mechanization is associated with farm-level economic outcomes across farm sizes, including exposure to downside risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":48502,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Environmental Letters","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ael2.70087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148617370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}