Behaviour Research and Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Self-guided functional imagery training to reduce anxiety","authors":"Jackie Andrade,&nbsp;Stephanie Hartgen-Walker,&nbsp;Caroline Morgan,&nbsp;Ayan,&nbsp;Idil Aytekin,&nbsp;Khadijah Sekoni,&nbsp;Kardelen Sengul,&nbsp;Jonathan Rhodes","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Many university students experience high anxiety but have limited access to effective interventions. We evaluated a novel digital intervention for anxiety based on functional imagery training (FIT), designed to help individuals identify the impacts of anxiety, set engagement goals, and strengthen motivation for change. Functional Imagery for Keeping Anxiety low (FIKA) uses speak-aloud tasks, journalling, empathic questions, and personalised guided imagery for a person-centred approach. It builds motivation for engagement goals over safety goals through development and practice of vivid and emotionally laden multisensory imagery.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Study 1 used semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis to explore user experiences of FIKA. Study 2 compared anxiety pre- and post-FIKA and waitlist using frequentist and Bayesian approaches, with content analysis of FIKA experiences.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Both studies recruited university students who self-identified as experiencing anxiety, assessed using GAD-7 at baseline and follow-up. In Study 1, participants (N = 12) completed FIKA over a two-week period before returning for interview in Week 3. Study 2 participants (N = 60) were assigned to either FIKA or waitlist, then completed Week 2 assessments and, for waitlist, were offered FIKA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Quantitative and qualitative analyses supported a reduction in anxiety following FIKA, with qualitative responses supporting the hypothesised role of mental imagery and the empathic, person-centred approach.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>FIKA seems a promising digital intervention for anxiety that users found acceptable and helpful. The focus on gently building skills in self-motivation for engagement may encourage students experiencing anxiety to use it early to prevent anxiety becoming a chronic problem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 104962"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of cost on avoidance recovery after fear extinction with response prevention","authors":"Paula Balea ,&nbsp;Diego Alaminos ,&nbsp;Francisco J. López ,&nbsp;Pedro L. Cobos","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eliminating avoidance responses is crucial for the treatment of anxiety disorders. However, previous experimental research indicates that conventional therapies, such as exposure with response prevention, may fail to fully eradicate avoidance when it does not entail a cost. This is evident in studies where individuals, after completing an extinction with response prevention (ERP) phase, are given the opportunity to avoid again. This study investigated the impact of introducing a cost for avoidance on the persistence of avoidance responses after an ERP phase. After fear conditioning, participants underwent an avoidance training phase. Introducing a cost midway through the phase reduced avoidance, suggesting the efficacy of incorporating costs into therapies. Following an ERP phase, the presence or absence of a cost for avoiding was manipulated at test. Extinction with response prevention successfully eliminated costly avoidance responses but was less effective for costless responses. Additionally, intolerance of uncertainty influenced the effect of introducing a cost. These findings suggest that addressing avoidance costs in therapy may help promote more adaptive coping strategies and improve treatment outcomes for anxiety disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 104982"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146127061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Components of cognitive-behavioral interventions to prevent the onset of depression among the high-risk population: a systematic review and component network meta-analysis","authors":"Masatsugu Sakata ,&nbsp;Ethan Sahker ,&nbsp;Yan Luo ,&nbsp;Tomohiro Takayama ,&nbsp;Rie Toyomoto ,&nbsp;Yuki Furukawa ,&nbsp;So Sugita ,&nbsp;Masami Ito ,&nbsp;Masafumi Tada ,&nbsp;Yukiko Honda ,&nbsp;Sanae Kishimoto ,&nbsp;Mathias Harrer ,&nbsp;Claudia Buntrock ,&nbsp;Antonia A. Sprenger ,&nbsp;Clara Miguel ,&nbsp;Pim Cuijpers ,&nbsp;Toshi A. Furukawa","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a promising strategy for preventing onset of depression. This systematic review and component network meta-analysis (cNMA) investigated efficacious and harmful components including various skills and delivery formats of CBT for preventing depression onset among at-risk populations.</div></div><div><h3>Eligibility criteria</h3><div>We selected randomized trials of preventive CBT interventions from a previous systematic review (Cuijpers et al., 2021), and conducted an additional search on PubMed and PsycINFO up to January 2022.</div></div><div><h3>Methods of synthesis</h3><div>The primary outcome was incidence of diagnosed depression. Both intervention-level NMA and cNMA estimated the preventive effect of intervention arms and components.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We identified 44 prevention trials (N = 9519). The intervention-level NMA demonstrated the preventive effects of CBT over no intervention (OR=0.52, 95 %CI: 0.39 to 0.69). There was some evidence from cNMA showing that problem-solving and behavioral activation may be beneficial in preventing depression. These two components combined in the unguided self-help or the group format showed an odds ratio of 0.25 (95 %CI: 0.08 to 0.81 ) and 0.31 (95 %CI: 0.15 to 0.64), respectively. We developed a web application estimating the relative and absolute effects of various combinations of components (<span><span>https://yan-luo.shinyapps.io/cNMA_depression/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our results support the preventive effect of CBT on depression onset. In particular, efficacious depression prevention interventions can include problem-solving and behavioral activation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 104960"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146019073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reappraising negative situations after a night of sleep deprivation","authors":"Rebecca L. Campbell ,&nbsp;Linda Thompson ,&nbsp;Parker Williams ,&nbsp;Arash Assar ,&nbsp;L. Riley Gournay-Berman ,&nbsp;Anna Marie Nguyen ,&nbsp;Nishka Gupta ,&nbsp;Ivan Vargas ,&nbsp;Ellen W. Leen-Feldner","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The goal of the present study was to determine the effect of acute sleep deprivation on the ability to reappraise negative situations using a repeated-measures design.</div><div>Seventy-six undergraduate students completed self-report measures of reappraisal use and the Script-Based Reappraisal Test (SBRT; Zeier et al., 2020) before and after randomization to a night of at-home sleep deprivation or 8 h of sleep opportunity. The Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) indexed changes in valence and arousal, with more negative valence and higher arousal indicating greater difficulty reappraising the anger-inducing scripts. Participant descriptions of reappraisals were coded to assess reappraisal fluency.</div><div>Sleep-deprived participants struggled to reappraise as indicated by significantly more negative valence (<em>F</em>(1, 74) = 11.23, <em>p</em> = 0.001, <em>η</em>^<em>2</em><em>G</em> = 0.05) and lower arousal (<em>F</em>(1, 74) = 18.93, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001, <em>η</em>^<em>2</em><em>G</em> = 0.05) compared to baseline and controls. Pairwise contrasts indicated more negative valence post-manipulation for sleep-deprived participants compared to both baseline (<em>t</em>(148) = 4.19, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and controls (<em>t</em>(148) = 4.27, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and lower arousal post-manipulation compared to baseline (<em>t</em>(148) = 3.80, <em>p</em> = 0.001) and controls (<em>t</em>(148) = 3.43, <em>p</em> = 0.004). Sleep deprivation did not significantly impact self-reported use of reappraisal or fluency.</div><div>Sleep deprivation negatively impacts reappraisal, reducing its effectiveness in regulating valence. However, contrary to predictions for arousal, sleep-deprived participants showed reduced rather than elevated arousal following reappraisal, suggesting a dissociation between valence and arousal regulation after sleep loss. Findings indicate that sleep deprivation disrupts cognitive emotion regulation, a key mechanism underlying mental health disorders, highlighting the importance of incorporating sleep into prevention and treatment efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 104958"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning from experience: Depressive bias and updating beliefs about common life events","authors":"Joseph Maffly-Kipp ,&nbsp;Daniel R. Strunk ,&nbsp;Robert J. Zhou ,&nbsp;Jay C. Fournier","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study we investigated the veracity of depressive cognitions and how they are updated over time in response to real-world environmental feedback. Participants (<em>N</em> = 372) with high and low depressive symptoms repeatedly predicted the likelihood of, and then reported on the occurrence of, common positive and negative life events occurring in the next month across three monthly intervals. Depressive symptoms were associated with predicting and experiencing fewer desirable outcomes. Depressive symptoms were also related to greater pessimistic bias, but only for positive events, and to decreased accuracy, but only for negative events. Unexpectedly, participants with elevated depressive symptoms were more likely to update their predictions in accord with feedback from the environment, particularly for positive events and when updating toward greater optimism. However, they also demonstrated a stronger oscillation pattern, being more likely to reverse their optimistic updates at the next timepoint. Participants high in depressive symptoms were less likely to reverse their predictions about negative events. This pattern of findings supports a depressive bias hypothesis (i.e., pessimistic bias increases as depressive symptoms increase) and provides new information about the stability of expectations about common positive and negative life events. Understanding the temporal dynamics of belief updating may help refine cognitive models of depression and inform interventions that target fragile expectations about positive experiences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 104959"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From innovation to implementation: Artificial intelligence in cognitive behaviour therapy training and supervision","authors":"Roz Shafran ,&nbsp;Laura Bond ,&nbsp;Per Carlbring ,&nbsp;Zachary D. Cohen ,&nbsp;Torrey A. Creed ,&nbsp;Emily Davey ,&nbsp;Sarah J. Egan ,&nbsp;Daniel Freeman ,&nbsp;Steven D. Hollon ,&nbsp;Nicholas C. Jacobson ,&nbsp;Catherine Johnson ,&nbsp;Debra Kaysen ,&nbsp;Deborah L. McGuinness ,&nbsp;Vikram Patel ,&nbsp;Julia R. Pozuelo ,&nbsp;Henrique Santos ,&nbsp;Daisy R. Singla ,&nbsp;Shannon Wiltsey Stirman ,&nbsp;Daniel J. Taylor ,&nbsp;Tracey D. Wade","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial intelligence (AI) can transform mental health care globally by improving the efficiency, consistency, effectiveness and accessibility of training and supervision in evidence-based psychotherapies, including cognitive and behavioral therapies. This paper describes the potential role of AI in the training and supervision of clinicians and the associated gains, challenges and risks. AI could revolutionize the process of training and supervision by simulating patients in assessment and therapy sessions, providing real-time personalized fidelity feedback, and helping trainees to develop cultural sensitivity. Key challenges remain, however, including the identification and curation of high-quality datasets and algorithms, ethical considerations, implementation in low-resource settings and lack of rigorous research. The paper concludes by outlining guidelines for the future development, evaluation, and implementation of AI in CBT training and supervision, with the goal of maximizing its potential benefits while mitigating associated risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 104945"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thought suppression worsens mood and obsessions but improves them subsequently: First evidence of a contrast avoidance effect for the maintenance of thought suppression","authors":"Valerie S. Swisher,&nbsp;Michelle G. Newman","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The cognitive behavioral model for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggests that suppression of unwanted thoughts (TS) is negatively reinforced by temporarily preventing obsessions and reducing distress. It further suggests that ceasing TS subsequently creates a rebound effect leading to increased obsessions/distress. However, the contrast avoidance model (CAM) suggests that TS concurrently increases and then sustains obsessions/negative affect, thus increasing the likelihood of negative and positive reinforcement (positive contrast) and avoiding a negative contrast later. We tested these theories using intensive ecological momentary assessment.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Forty-nine individuals diagnosed with OCD received seven prompts/day for seven days examining current obsessions, TS, negative and positive mood.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In line with CAM, higher TS was associated with higher concurrent negative mood and obsessions. Also, higher TS was associated with decreased obsessions and negative mood and increased positive mood 2 h later. Lower TS was associated with lower negative mood and obsessions concurrently and increased negative mood 2 h later. Thus, TS may have been negatively and positively reinforced—through subsequent (as opposed to concurrent) reduced negative mood and increased positive mood—and not engaging in prior TS was punished, such that it was associated with a subsequent uptick in negative mood.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Taken together, the present study showed the first evidence for a contrast avoidance effect (i.e., avoidance of sharp increases in negative emotion and decreases in positive emotion) for the maintenance of TS in OCD. Results suggest that targeting contrast avoidance may help reduce maladaptive cognitive strategies such as TS in OCD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 104961"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146019264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretation bias in emotional disorders: a selective review","authors":"Colette R. Hirsch ,&nbsp;Andrew Mathews","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ambiguity and uncertainty are evident in much of our day-to-day lives. We will discuss how, driven by clinical insights, researchers in the field of cognition and emotion developed methods to assess how individuals process ambiguous information that can be interpreted in positive or negative ways. People with emotional disorders, and those with high levels of anxiety or depression, tend to process ambiguity in more negative ways than others with low levels of anxiety or depression, who tend to generate positive interpretations of ambiguity. We will also discuss how methods to assess interpretation bias have been adapted to modify interpretation bias, and reveal its causal role in maintaining emotional problems. We then consider how interpretation can influence and be influenced by other biases such as in memory and imagery. Finally, we will discuss how interpretation bias can be targeted in psychological interventions to reduce anxiety and depression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 104948"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Instructed increase in fear activation during exposure exercises does not enhance treatment effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder and agoraphobia","authors":"Jan Richter ,&nbsp;Alfons O. Hamm ,&nbsp;Thomas Lang ,&nbsp;Alexander L. Gerlach ,&nbsp;Christiane A. Melzig ,&nbsp;Anne Helms ,&nbsp;Kezia-Lara Droste ,&nbsp;Stephan Goerigk ,&nbsp;Benjamin Straube ,&nbsp;Tilo Kircher ,&nbsp;Winfried Rief ,&nbsp;Ulrike Lueken ,&nbsp;Georg W. Alpers ,&nbsp;Sylvia Helbig-Lang","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The efficacy of exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy (eCBT) for panic disorder and agoraphobia (PD/AG) is well established, but the mechanisms of action are still under debate. Here we investigated whether increased fear activation (by provoking additional bodily symptoms using interoceptive challenges) during exposure to agoraphobic situations would improve therapy outcome. Individuals diagnosed with PD/AG (N = 124) were randomized to one of the two variants of eCBT, with (exposure plus fear activation; E + FA) and without (exposure alone; E) guided evocation of unpleasant body symptoms (using additional interoceptive exposure exercises) and/or threat cognitions (expectations of potential threats that might occur during exposure). Primary outcome measures were assessed at baseline, post treatment, and at four-month follow-up. Reported fear and perceived likelihood of expected threat were assessed as moderators prior to, during, and after exposure sessions using ecological momentary assessment. Post treatment, E + FA was inferior to E in two of four primary outcome measures. At the follow-up assessment, both treatment variants were equally effective in all outcomes. In conclusion, increasing fear activation by explicitly activating the response units of the fear network did not result in better treatment outcome, questioning popular recommendations to maximize patient fear during eCBT - at least for patients with PD/AG.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 104946"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perturbations in observational threat learning predict anxiety symptoms in war-exposed adolescents: A longitudinal study","authors":"Johnatan Fishman ,&nbsp;Oded Cohen ,&nbsp;Rany Abend ,&nbsp;Jan Haaker ,&nbsp;Tomer Shechner","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104934","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104934","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure to war and terrorism presents a significant, global mental health challenge. Such adverse events give rise to extreme stress, resulting in widely varying psychological outcomes, from minimal impact to severe anxiety and related symptoms. Adolescence, a developmental period marked by an increased prevalence of anxiety disorders, may render individuals particularly vulnerable to the psychological consequences of war. Identifying biomarkers predicting risk is critically important for early detection and intervention efforts. Considerable research examines the role of variation in firsthand (direct) threat learning processes in the emergence of enduring anxiety symptoms, highlighting potential learning-related biomarkers. However, observational (vicarious) threat learning, whereby individuals learn about potential dangers by observing others’ responses, has received limited attention. This longitudinal study examined whether observational threat acquisition and its generalization predicted subsequent anxiety symptom severity in 65 adolescents approximately one year later during exposure to acute war-related stress. At baseline, we assessed observational learning of safety and threat associations and their subsequent generalization, using psychophysiology and cognitive indices, alongside generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms. Approximately one year later, six weeks into the Israel-Hamas war (2023), GAD symptoms were reassessed. Results showed difficulty in adapting threat responses across contexts with varying threat levels, and cue overgeneralization, as measured in the laboratory, predicted elevated GAD symptoms during the war. These findings suggest difficulties in the adaptation and generalization of observational threat learning may increase vulnerability to anxiety during times of acute stress, highlighting its potential as an early risk marker.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 104934"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}