Behaviour Research and Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Are biased and inflexible updating of interpretations broad or narrow transdiagnostic risk markers for psychopathology? A Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) lens","authors":"Lisa M.W. Vos ,&nbsp;Paul Lodder ,&nbsp;Michael V. Bronstein ,&nbsp;Reuma Gadassi-Polack ,&nbsp;Tom Smeets ,&nbsp;Jutta Joormann ,&nbsp;Jonas Everaert","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous research has linked biased and inflexible interpretations of ambiguous information to various forms of psychopathology. However, existing studies typically investigate these interpretation processes within individual diagnostic categories, overlooking the significant symptom overlap and comorbidity among mental health conditions. Consequently, the extent to which biased and inflexible interpretations represent broad transdiagnostic or more narrowly specific risk factors remains unclear. To address this gap, this study investigated transdiagnostic associations between biased and inflexible interpretation processes and dimensions of psychopathology using the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). HiTOP is a data-driven framework designed to integrate psychopathology symptoms across traditional diagnostic boundaries. A crowdsourced community sample of adults (<em>N</em> = 383) completed a HiTOP self-report battery and the emotional Bias Against Disconfirmatory Evidence task. This task measures negative and positive interpretation biases, as well as inflexible negative interpretations in social contexts. Bi-factor latent regression modeling was employed to examine associations between interpretation processes and both the general <em>p</em>-factor of psychopathology (an overarching dimension representing shared variance across disorders) and five HiTOP spectra (internalizing, thought disorder, disinhibited externalizing, antagonistic externalizing, detachment). The <em>p</em>-factor showed significant associations with negative interpretation bias and negative interpretation inflexibility. Reduced positive interpretation bias was uniquely associated with the detachment spectrum, which is characterized by emotional detachment, social disinterest, and avoidance of social relationships. These findings suggest that negatively biased and inflexible interpretations may represent general transdiagnostic risk markers for psychopathology, while reduced positive interpretation bias could be a more specific risk factor for detachment-related conditions. Future research should explore the mechanisms through which inflexible interpretation processes contribute to generalized and spectrum-specific psychopathological risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104845"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144919686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of self-harm functions among clinic-referred youth: Associations with treatment outcomes","authors":"Christina Carrier ,&nbsp;Monique Herbert ,&nbsp;David Cottrell ,&nbsp;Alexandra Wright-Hughes ,&nbsp;Madison Aitken","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Theories of self-harm (self-injurious behaviour that may or may not include suicidal intent) include behavioural components such as escape, coping, and reinforcement through emotion regulation. By better understanding the functions (i.e., reasons or anticipated consequences) of self-harm, we may be able to improve treatment outcomes. This is a secondary analysis of data from the Self-Harm Intervention: Family Therapy trial. We used latent class analysis to identify patterns of self-harm functions (e.g., interpersonal, intrapersonal) in adolescents who presented to services due to self-harm. Participants (<em>N</em> = 832, 11–17 years; 89 % female) completed a structured interview to provide information on the presence and functions of self-harm as well as a questionnaire on suicidal ideation. Five latent classes were identified: 1) self-harming to stop feelings of anger and communicate desperation to others (“Anger/Desperation”); 2) self-harming to relieve negative feelings, particularly anxiety, and to receive help (“Anxious/Distressed”); 3) both intrapersonal and interpersonal functions with a desire to receive help (“Mixed Inter-Intrapersonal; ”); 4) intrapersonal functions without an interest in seeking help (“Intrapersonal/Internalizing”); and 5) a low probability of intrapersonal and interpersonal functions (“Few Self-Harm Functions”). The Intrapersonal/Internalizing class had significantly higher suicidal ideation at 12-month post-treatment follow-up than the Few Self-Harm Functions class. Both the Anxious/Distressed and Intrapersonal/Internalizing classes were significantly more likely to have engaged in self-harm between baseline and 12-month post-treatment follow-up than the Few Self-Harm Functions class. The results highlight the need to identify effective treatment approaches to intervene on self-harm behaviour based on its functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104843"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active positive searching versus passive negative avoidance: A comparative investigation of large-scale offline attention bias modification training in nonclinical adolescents","authors":"Huizi Yao ,&nbsp;Siyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Lili Shen ,&nbsp;Ke Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaolan Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Attentional bias (AB), characterized by a disproportionate allocation of attention toward threat-related stimuli, constitutes a well-established cognitive mechanism underlying anxiety disorders. As a targeted intervention, attentional bias modification (ABM) has garnered substantial empirical support for its efficacy in attenuating AB and ameliorating anxiety symptomatology. This study evaluated and compared the effectiveness of three major ABM training paradigms in reducing attentional bias manifestations: dot-probe task-based ABM (DPT-ABM), emotional spatial cueing task-based ABM (ESCT-ABM), and visual search task-based ABM (VST-ABM). Using the attention to negative inventory (ANI) scale, we screened 202 non-clinical adolescents exhibiting elevated levels of negative attentional bias (NAB) and randomly assigned them to either an active modification group (DPT-ABM, ESCT-ABM, or VST-ABM) or a matched control group (DPT-C, ESCT-C, or VST-C). Participants underwent eight offline training sessions across a four-week period. Attentional bias scores (ABS), learning anxiety, and sense of agency (SoA) were assessed at pre-test and post-test intervals. Additionally, a three-month follow-up evaluation was conducted to examine long-term changes in ABS. The results showed that VST-ABM led to significant and sustained reductions in ABS compared to its control group, while other paradigms did not produce such effects. This study provides new evidence that active search training for positive emotional stimuli in VST-ABM is more effective than passive avoidance training of negative stimuli in reducing negative attentional bias and improving emotional well-being in non-clinical adolescents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104844"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of losing control over threat on the acquisition, extinction, and renewal of conditioned fear","authors":"Michalina Dudziak ,&nbsp;Mathijs Franssen ,&nbsp;Bram Vervliet ,&nbsp;Tom Beckers","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Uncontrollable situations are often experienced as more challenging than those within our control. Recently, it has been proposed that threat (un)controllability also affects fear learning processes. Most studies compare two variants of threat control – lacking versus having control. However, the impact of a sudden <em>loss</em> of control remains understudied. The current study investigated the impact of loss of control over threat on conditioned fear. We randomly assigned 80 participants to a Continuous Control (CC) or a Loss of Control (LC) group and administered a threat (un)controllability task integrated into a fear conditioning procedure. Participants were presented with two pictures, one consistently paired with an electrical stimulus (US). Participants from the CC group could learn to terminate the US with a mouse click. Participants in the LC group could terminate the stimulus initially but then lost this possibility. During the extinction and renewal phases, the pictures were repeatedly presented without the US. A new background context was introduced in the renewal phase. US-expectancy ratings, skin-conductance responses, fear ratings, and control predictions were collected throughout the procedure. The LC group displayed higher cue-elicited fear and lower expected control than the CC group in acquisition. Loss of control during acquisition had little effects on extinction and renewal of conditioned fear responses, apart from a remarkable and sustained reduction in expected control throughout extinction in the LC group. These findings suggest that losing control over threat may have limited acute effects on fear learning but lingering effects on people's anticipated control over future situations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104842"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biased and inflexible interpretations of social situations predict depressive symptoms and relational outcomes in parent-adolescent dyads","authors":"Reuma Gadassi-Polack ,&nbsp;Reut Zabag ,&nbsp;Michael V. Bronstein ,&nbsp;Jutta Joormann ,&nbsp;Jonas Everaert","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adolescence is a critical period for social-emotional development, characterized by increased risk for psychopathology and disruptive changes in the parent-adolescent relationship. Biased and inflexible interpretations of social situations have been linked to psychopathology and adaptive social functioning, but these associations are rarely studied in adolescence. To address this gap, the present study examined whether interpretation bias and cognitive inflexibility are associated between parents and adolescents, and whether these factors relate to depressive symptoms and relational perceptions. A sample of 112 parents and adolescents recruited online from the general population completed at baseline the Bias Against Disconfirmatory Evidence task and measures of perceived partner responsiveness and insensitivity, followed by a 28-day diary. Parents' and adolescents' negative biases were moderately and positively correlated, but not their positive bias or inflexibility. Negative bias and inflexibility in both negative and positive interpretations predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms. Regarding relational perceptions, an interesting picture emerged: positive bias was related to perceived responsiveness, negative bias was related to perceived insensitivity, and inflexibility was associated with both perceived responsiveness and insensitivity. Extending beyond their established role in psychopathology, our results demonstrate that interpretation biases and inflexibility may influence the maintenance of close relationships through their effects on how parents and adolescents perceive each other's responsiveness and insensitivity in daily interactions. These findings suggest that therapeutic interventions should assess biased and inflexible interpretations in both parents and adolescents and address them when present to improve depressive symptoms and relationship quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104840"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-task interventions reduce vividness and unpleasantness in both old and new memories","authors":"Kevin van Schie","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A core element of EMDR therapy is that a patient recalls a traumatic memory while concurrently making horizontal eye movements. Experimental studies show that performing such tasks simultaneously (i.e., Recall + Dual-Task) reduces the memory's vividness and unpleasantness. Memory age may act as a boundary condition on this effect as older memories have been more consolidated and strengthened over time compared to more recently formed memories, making older memories less susceptible to change. To investigate this, participants (<em>N</em> = 195) in Experiment 1 recalled an old or a new negative autobiographical memory and were randomly assigned to a Recall + Dual-Task intervention or a Recall Only intervention. Before, during, and after the intervention the memory was rated on vividness and unpleasantness. In Experiment 2 (<em>N =</em> 356) a follow-up rating was added one day later to test for delayed effects of memory age on intervention effectiveness. Collectively, the two experiments show that Recall + Dual-Task immediately reduces memory vividness and unpleasantness compared to Recall Only. For unpleasantness this differential effect remained one day later. However, none of the effects were moderated by memory age. Thus, these findings suggest that memory age is not a boundary condition for dual-task effectiveness and that dual-task interventions (as used in EMDR) could be similarly effective for reducing the intensity of emotional memories of different ages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104839"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of mental imagery in worry: Insights from aphantasia","authors":"C.J. Dance ,&nbsp;F. Meeten ,&nbsp;J. Simner","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Worry is characterised by thinking about prospective negative future outcomes, and is a key cognitive feature of anxiety. The influential Cognitive Avoidance Model suggests that worry involves visual imagery (mental pictures in the mind's eye) of negative potential outcomes, followed by the attempt to <em>avoid</em> such imagery due to its potentially aversive nature (e.g., by worrying in words instead). Here, we examine the role of imagery in worry by testing people with and without <em>aphantasia</em> – a profound weakness or absence of visual imagery. We show that although aphantasics (n = 59) are no different than imagers (n = 92) in their self-reported levels of day-to-day worry and anxiety, they possess a number of protective qualities: they are less likely to catastrophise in a catastrophising interview, and self-report being less threatened by their worries (in concern or cost), and less likely to cognitively avoid worrisome thoughts. Additionally, when their imagery deficit extends to all senses (dysikonesia), aphantasics are also better able to stop-worrying on command in a stop-worry task. Additionally, we examined the phenomenology of worry. We show that aphantasics report being less likely to worry via verbal-linguistic thought, nor visual imagery, or imagery of any kind (e.g., tactile, taste, smell, etc). Instead, aphantasics experience their worries as somatic symptoms, and abstract conceptual thought. Together, our findings demonstrate that while imagery is not <em>required</em> for worry, imagery plays an influential role, and lacking imagery provides a level of protection against certain worry traits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104838"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repetitive negative thinking in daily life predicts psychopathology: Further validation of an ecological momentary assessment paradigm","authors":"Celina L. Müller ,&nbsp;Tabea Rosenkranz ,&nbsp;Anika Schiller ,&nbsp;Keisuke Takano ,&nbsp;Edward R. Watkins ,&nbsp;Andreas Mühlberger ,&nbsp;Julia Funk ,&nbsp;Thomas Ehring","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) is an important transdiagnostic process involved in the development and maintenance of psychopathology. In a previous study, we developed an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) paradigm to assess RNT in daily life. This study aimed to replicate and extend earlier findings on the reliability and validity of the EMA paradigm, including the prediction of future mental health. In exploratory analyses, the predictive utility of dynamic patterns of RNT, such as stress-reactive RNT, variability, inertia, and instability of EMA-based RNT was investigated.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>220 students filled out questionnaires (trait RNT, mental health-related measures) and completed the EMA-based RNT assessment five times daily for ten days on smartphones at the start of their semester. At the end of the semester, students filled out the same questionnaires during a high stress period.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The reliability and validity of a process-related RNT scale for use in EMA was confirmed as it showed high reliability within and between persons. Furthermore, EMA-based RNT significantly predicted symptoms of depression and anxiety after three months over and above baseline symptoms and trait RNT. Of the dynamic RNT parameters, RNT instability and variability significantly predicted psychopathology over and above mean EMA-based RNT.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Findings support the reliability and validity of the process-related measure of RNT in daily life, but not the hybrid measure. In addition, our results suggest that dynamic patterns of EMA-based RNT enhance the prediction of psychopathology beyond mean EMA-based RNT. Generalizability of findings is limited as a homogenous student sample was tested.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104830"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A culturally adapted internet-delivered mindfulness intervention with counsellor guidance for reducing distress among Indonesian university students: A randomised waitlist-controlled trial","authors":"Ratih Arruum Listiyandini ,&nbsp;Annisa Andriani ,&nbsp;Nyda Afsari ,&nbsp;Elya Marfu'atun ,&nbsp;Nurul Hafizah ,&nbsp;Achmad Sholeh ,&nbsp;Rizky Bina Nirbayaningtyas ,&nbsp;Michelle L. Moulds ,&nbsp;Alison E.J. Mahoney ,&nbsp;Jill M. Newby","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Psychological distress is prevalent among university students worldwide, including in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) such as Indonesia. Internet-delivered mindfulness interventions have been found to reduce distress. However, studies that evaluate the effectiveness of internet-delivered mindfulness interventions in LMICs are very limited. This randomised wait-list controlled trial assessed the effectiveness of a culturally adapted internet-based mindfulness intervention with lay counsellor guidance for reducing distress among university students in Indonesia. Indonesian university students experiencing elevated distress (<em>N</em> = 156) were randomly allocated to a 4-lesson internet-based mindfulness program with counsellor guidance (<em>n</em> = 77) or wait-list control (WLC) group (<em>n</em> = 79) during 4 weeks of intervention. Both groups completed self-report measures assessing psychological distress (DASS-21 and K-10), mindfulness (FFMQ), and well-being (IWBS) at baseline (T0), post-treatment (T1-week 5 after randomization), and 1-month follow-up (T2-week 9 after randomization). Intention-to-treat linear mixed models showed that participants on the internet-based mindfulness program guided by lay counsellors showed greater improvements at post-treatment and 1-month follow-up in psychological distress and mindfulness (between-group Hedges’ <em>g</em>s = 0.48–1.18) compared to the WLC group. Moderate between group effect sizes for wellbeing were found at 1-month follow-up (<em>g</em> = 0.47). This study showed that a culturally adapted internet-based mindfulness intervention with counsellor guidance is efficacious in reducing the psychological distress of Indonesian university students. Future research should evaluate the longer-term outcomes and its cost-effectiveness in Indonesia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104827"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144779988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ten generic competences to improve outcomes of cognitive behaviour therapy: Evidence, postulated processes, and clinical implications","authors":"Tracey D. Wade ,&nbsp;Glenn Waller","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the 18 years since higher-order, generic competences (metacompetences) were first identified to guide the implementation of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) across anxiety and depression, much evidence has accrued supporting these generic competences and identifying others. We describe 10 generic competences that can support therapists to deliver the strongest possible outcomes in CBT across different forms of psychopathology. In each case, the robustness of the evidence-base is reviewed, the theoretical processes that link the generic competence with improved outcome for the patient are considered, and practical suggestions are offered to the therapist. The ten generic competences include: balance firmness and empathy to ensure an effective working alliance; manage therapist discomfort to use effective techniques; push for early behavioural change; focus on (and respond to) session-by-session progress in therapy; require your patient (and service) to invest in an intensive start to therapy; complex presentations should initially be met with routine therapy, changing only where guided by evidence; deliver therapy competently rather than with rigid adherence; encourage the patient to argue for behavioural change; homework completion is critical for therapy to be effective; and positive outcomes require therapists who are well-trained and well-supervised. We provide recommendations for clinical practice and future research, recognising that this list will change and grow as new evidence accumulates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104826"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}