Behaviour Research and Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Fear extinction using a conditioned stimulus that was temporally proximal to the unconditioned stimulus reduces physiological and subjective return of fear","authors":"Kobi Eales,&nbsp;Ottmar V. Lipp,&nbsp;Joe Anderson,&nbsp;Madeline Jarvis,&nbsp;Luke J. Ney","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104828","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104828","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fear conditioning is often used as a model paradigm to understand memory processes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Ehlers and Clark (2000)cognitive model of PTSD states that a neutral stimulus should be temporally proximal to trauma to become a conditioned stimulus (CS). In two groups of participants, we tested whether presentation of a CS (CSX) simultaneously to a mild electric shock resulted in a stronger fear extinction cue compared to a standard CS+, which precedes the shock. Both groups underwent identical conditioning protocols, except the CSX group viewed the CSX during extinction, whereas the CS + group viewed the CS+ during extinction. We also tested whether salivary cortisol and endogenous cannabinoids were associated with fear conditioning. We found that the CSX group had significantly reduced physiological and subjective return of fear compared to the CS + group. The CSX was rated by all participants as less pleasant and more arousing than the CS+ and also more rapidly re-acquired conditioned responding during re-acquisition. Salivary cortisol and endogenous cannabinoids were both associated with the return of fear. These findings suggest that re-evaluation of the utility of the standard fear conditioning paradigm to understand PTSD symptomology is required and that an increased focus on identifying the most salient cues to extinguish is needed. Our findings also suggest that salivary endogenous cannabinoid measurements may be useful for studying fear conditioning, though this work needs replication in larger and more diverse participant samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104828"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remembering to forget fear: Augmenting exposure with retrieval-induced forgetting","authors":"Olivia M. Losiewicz ,&nbsp;Brett Davis ,&nbsp;Michelle G. Craske","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study investigated use of retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) to strengthen inhibitory memories following exposures for individuals with fear of public speaking. RIF refers to the weakening of memories following recall of related memories.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants (N = 64) with elevated public speaking fear completed 16 public speaking exposures over two visits. Following each speech, participants noted one positive, inhibitory memory (i.e., absence of unconditional stimulus of rejection) and one negative, excitatory memory (i.e., unconditional stimulus of rejection). Participants randomly assigned to the Inhibitory condition rehearsed positive memories following a procedure designed to induce forgetting of negative memories from the same speeches, whereas participants in the Control condition rehearsed a mix of positive and negative memories. After the second visit, participants recalled as many exposure memories as possible. We hypothesized that RIF would occur in both conditions and that Inhibitory condition participants induced to forget negative memories would report a greater decrease in public speaking fear.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In partial support of our hypotheses, we observed evidence of RIF only in the Inhibitory condition. We found no difference in change in public speaking fear between conditions, but participants who demonstrated more RIF reported a greater decrease in public speaking fear.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This is the first study to demonstrate RIF of fear-related memories. Differences in RIF between conditions suggests that fear-related memories may be more susceptible to RIF than inhibitory memories. Strategies that adapt RIF paradigms or other strategies to increase forgetting of fear-related memories should be honed in the future to augment exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104829"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144770594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral experiments vs. verbal interventions in cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"Cem Yilmaz ,&nbsp;Arwin Nemani ,&nbsp;Jan Schittenhelm ,&nbsp;David M. Clark ,&nbsp;Graham Thew ,&nbsp;Ulrich Stangier","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The efficacy of cognitive therapy (CT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD) is well documented, although effect sizes (ES) vary significantly across studies. These variations may be attributable to differences in the active components of the treatments. A key component potentially influencing outcomes is the use of behavioral experiments (BEs), as opposed to purely verbal interventions (VIs) for changing social anxiety related negative beliefs. The present trial compared the effectiveness of CT incorporating behavioral experiments (CT-BE) with that of CT focusing more exclusively on verbal interventions (CT-VI). We hypothesized that CT-BE would lead to greater reductions in social anxiety symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sixty patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions: CT-BE or CT-VI (<em>n</em> = 30 per group). The primary outcome was the severity of social anxiety symptoms, which was assessed via the clinician-administered Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). This measure was also used to compute response. The secondary outcomes included the self-administered Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), clinician-rated and self-rated depression, and clinician-rated skills in emotion regulation regarding social anxiety. Assessments were conducted at baseline, posttreatment and (for clinician-administered measures) 6-months follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No significant differences between treatment groups were found for social anxiety outcomes or any other measure at post-treatment, however, a statistical trend in favor of CT-BE was observed for the primary outcome LSAS (<em>p</em> = .072). Between-group ES for anxiety outcomes at post-treatment were sizeable (<em>d</em> = 0.55 for LSAS, <em>d</em> = 0.41 for SPIN), suggesting a potential advantage of CT-BE over CT-VI. Although both treatments showed high overall effectiveness, as reflected in large within-participant ES for anxiety outcomes and high response probabilities (97.7 % for CT-BE, 74.9 % for CT-VI), within-participant ES for anxiety-related outcomes were particularly high in the CT-BE group (up to <em>d</em> = 2.59) and substantially exceeded those in the CT-VI group (up to <em>d</em> = 1.02). At follow-up, significant group differences emerged for emotion regulation, favoring CT-BE (<em>p</em> &lt; .001, <em>d</em> = 1.19), indicating a large advantage of BEs in fostering long-term improvements in emotion regulation skills.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results indicate that behavioral experiments may be an effective component in cognitive therapy for patients with social anxiety disorder, especially facilitating long term emotional regulation skills, in addition to verbal interventions and other experiential exercises. Future research should expand the use of behavioral experiments to larger trials and clarify which mechanisms are involved in the mediating effects of behavioral experiments on outcomes","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104825"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144756943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A randomized-controlled trial comparing relative effects of mindfulness-based interoceptive exposure focus versus distraction on cold-pressor induced pain","authors":"Corinna Baum,&nbsp;Vanessa Ditter,&nbsp;Janina Wurtz,&nbsp;Maureen Schitter,&nbsp;Anne Martinelli","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104824","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104824","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pain can positively be influenced by the control or direction of attention, e.g. attention diversion from or focusing on pain. The Mindfulness-based Interoceptive Exposure Task (MIET) is an easy to learn and simple to apply interoceptive desensitization method using a sensory focus strategy. This study investigates the distinct effects of sensory-focus and distraction on experimental pain reduction. One hundred and sixty participants (mean age = 24 years, 71 % female) were randomized to a MIET, distraction or passive control condition. Cold pain tolerance, intensity and aversiveness were assessed during task performance and compared to baseline. The MIET and distraction task both improved pain tolerance while reducing pain intensity and aversiveness. Even considering individual pain baselines, both tasks were effective for pain intensity and the MIET for pain tolerance, in particular. Dispositional mindfulness, measured by the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and pain-related fear, measured by the Fear of Pain Questionnaire, served as distinct predictors of the pain-reducing MIET effect. Individuals with lower mindful awareness and nonreactivity on the FFMQ appeared to benefit more from the MIET method, particularly for pain tolerance. Higher fear of pain reduced the effect of the MIET on pain intensity but not on pain tolerance. This study demonstrates the efficacy of attention directing tasks on pain processing and shows distinct advantages of an exposure-based mindfulness task on pain tolerance and intensity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104824"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imagery rescripting for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder not responding to outpatient cognitive behavioral therapy","authors":"Fatma Arslan ,&nbsp;Julie Krans ,&nbsp;Gert-Jan Hendriks ,&nbsp;Lynn Mobach ,&nbsp;Mirjam Kampman","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study tested the effects of Imagery Rescripting (ImRs) on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms in seven individuals who remained symptomatic after at least one earlier exposure and response prevention treatment. ImRs was provided twice per week for three weeks. A single-case experimental design with repeated measures was utilized to test the intervention effectiveness with measurements at baseline, pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 2.5–5.5 weeks and 3-month follow-up. Results revealed a statistically significant overall decrease in OCD symptoms from baseline to 3-month follow-up (p = .001, d = 1.06). At 3-month follow-up three participants exhibited reliable improvements in depression symptoms and three participants showed reliable improvements in quality of life. The findings highlight that ImRs has potential as an effective treatment for patients with persistent OCD symptoms after exposure and response prevention treatment. Further research is needed to determine the optimal application of IMRS in OCD treatment, including the appropriate number of sessions and the selection of the target memory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104823"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of the body in altered facial emotion perception in autism and social anxiety","authors":"Julia Folz ,&nbsp;Kristina Nikić ,&nbsp;Milica Nikolić ,&nbsp;Vivien Janowicz ,&nbsp;Katja Koelkebeck ,&nbsp;Mariska E. Kret","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alterations in the perception of facial emotional expression and their physiological resonance, as well as in accurately sensing bodily states (i.e., interoception) have been reported in both autism and social anxiety. In the current study, we aimed to examine the association between physiological responses, their sensation, and facial emotion perception in individuals on the autism spectrum (N = 40), individuals with social anxiety (N = 27) and neurotypical controls (N = 40). Participants first viewed videos of spontaneous facial expressions (anger, happiness, sadness, fear and neutral) while facial muscle responses (corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major), indicating facial mimicry, and skin conductance, indicating emotional arousal, were recorded. In a separate task, the same expressions were judged regarding their emotion category, the confidence in the accuracy of this judgment, and the intensity of the observed emotional experience. Compared to controls, individuals with social anxiety showed a stronger link between physiological arousal and the perceived intensity of sadness. Individuals on the autism spectrum showed a relatively weaker link between the mimicry of anger and the intensity at which this expression was perceived. Differences in self-reported interoceptive accuracy also played a role in the latter link, suggesting alterations in integrating embodied emotions in autism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104819"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotion rigidity in adolescents prospectively predicts future depressive symptoms assessed via self-report and clinical interview","authors":"Hadar Fisher ,&nbsp;Kristina Pidvirny ,&nbsp;Nigel M. Jaffe ,&nbsp;Anna O. Tierney ,&nbsp;Diego A. Pizzagalli ,&nbsp;Christian A. Webb","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adolescence is a critical developmental period marked by an elevated risk for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Identifying predictive risk factors is crucial for the development and timely delivery of preventative interventions. One potential risk factor is maladaptive and rigid emotion dynamics, which findings suggest is linked with depressive symptoms. Accordingly, to identify individuals at risk, the current study investigated whether emotional rigidity is a prospective predictor of depressive symptoms in adolescence using both self-reported and clinician-rated depression assessments. Adolescents (n = 117, aged 12–18) completed self-reported and clinician-rated measures of depressive symptoms at baseline and every 6 months for two years. Additionally, they received one month of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys at baseline, reporting their emotions four times a day (n = 10,196). Multilevel vector autoregressive (mlVAR) models estimated temporal and contemporaneous density (operationalization of emotion rigidity) of subject-specific networks. Higher temporal and contemporaneous network density, as well as an aggregate density score, predicted greater future depressive symptoms controlling for baseline symptoms, as measured by either participants' self-report or clinician reports. Density emerged as a stronger predictor of future depression than any specific emotion inertia (i.e., predictability of one emotion state). Additionally, and supporting incremental predictive validity, temporal and aggregated density scores predicted future clinician-rated depression, and the aggregated score predicted self-reported depression, over and above mean levels of negative and positive affect. Collectively, these findings may have significant clinical implications for early identification and targeted preventative interventions among youth at risk of future depression by virtue of relatively rigid emotion dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104818"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obsessional cognitive styles in scrupulosity and contamination OCD","authors":"Jedidiah Siev ,&nbsp;Alyssa H. Berman ,&nbsp;Jessica Rasmussen ,&nbsp;Sabine Wilhelm","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scrupulosity is an understudied and challenging form of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) characterized by core obsessional fears that focus on religious or moral themes. Previous research demonstrates that obsessional cognitive styles differ across OCD symptom dimensions; however, scrupulosity does not fit neatly within such dimensions. The goal of the present investigation was to compare obsessional cognitive styles among individuals with primary scrupulosity (<em>n</em> = 29), those with primary contamination OCD (<em>n</em> = 20), and healthy controls (<em>n</em> = 19). 68 participants were administered a diagnostic interview and measure of symptom severity, and completed self-report measures of symptoms and cognitions. Individuals with scrupulosity endorsed stronger beliefs about the importance and control of thoughts and moral thought-action fusion than did individuals with contamination OCD and healthy controls. Similarly, scrupulous individuals endorsed stronger responsibility beliefs. This, despite that the OCD groups did not differ in OCD severity. Both OCD groups reported greater intolerance of uncertainty than did healthy controls, but did not differ from each other. The results of dimensional analyses indicated that symptoms of scrupulosity were strongly associated with beliefs about the importance and control of thoughts, moral thought-action fusion, responsibility, and intolerance of uncertainty. In contrast, washing symptoms were not associated with beliefs about thoughts, and moderately associated with beliefs about responsibility and intolerance of uncertainty. More extreme obsessional thinking may be part of the reason why scrupulosity can be particularly challenging to treat. Increasing focus on cognitive targets may enhance treatment efficacy for scrupulous individuals, although this remains to be examined.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104821"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal associations between adolescents’ psychological inflexibility and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a super typhoon: Examining the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation","authors":"Yifan Li ,&nbsp;Yingying Ye ,&nbsp;Zhengyi Liu ,&nbsp;Zijian He ,&nbsp;Jiali Huang ,&nbsp;Xiao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the temporal associations between psychological inflexibility, adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation (CER), and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in adolescents after a super typhoon. We surveyed adolescents 3 (November 2019, T1), 15 (November 2020, T2), and 27 (November 2021, T3) months after the super typhoon Lekima. Cross-lagged panel analysis was conducted among 1342 adolescents (Age: <em>M</em> = 14.14, <em>SD</em> = 1.60; 54.9 % girls) who participated in at least two out of three measurements. We further tested the mediation effects of CER in the relationship between psychological inflexibility and PTSS. Our main results indicated that psychological inflexibility at T1 directly influenced PTSS at T2, maladaptive CER at T2 mediated the association between PTSS at T1 and psychological inflexibility at T3. In addition, CER and PTSS shared bidirectional association from T1 to T2, whereas PTSS at T2 unidirectionally influenced maladaptive CER at T3. Psychological inflexibility at T2 was related with adaptive CER at T3. The results indicated that psychological inflexibility directly exacerbated PTSS in the short time after trauma, whereas PTSS indirectly exacerbated future psychological inflexibility in the longer time after trauma. For intervention designs, the broad focus on psychological inflexibility, adaptive and maladaptive CER, and PTSS shortly after trauma should be gradually narrowed to reducing maladaptive CER and PTSS in the longer time after trauma.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104820"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in feared outcome expectancy and relief during exposure for public speaking anxiety","authors":"Nora M. Barnes-Horowitz ,&nbsp;Tomislav D. Zbozinek ,&nbsp;Michelle G. Craske","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104817","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Learning by updating expectancies for aversive events is a proposed mechanism of exposure therapy. Reward processes and positive emotions, such as relief, may be closely tied to this learning process, though this has not been explicitly studied in an exposure therapy setting. Participants were UCLA college students who completed two sessions of exposure to public speaking (16 exposures total) and three public speaking anxiety assessments (baseline, post-assessment, one-week follow-up). Additionally, participants completed rehearsal exercises after exposures and were randomized to one of two rehearsal conditions: positive rehearsal designed to enhance reward processes and positive emotions (n = 42), or neutral rehearsal (n = 42). Self-reported expectancy for the feared outcome (e.g., social rejection) and relief that the expected feared outcome did not occur were measured across exposures using both observed and computational modeling indices. Public speaking anxiety decreased from baseline to follow-up, with no differences between groups. Observed expectancy ratings decreased across exposures at a faster rate for the neutral than the positive rehearsal group, with no group differences in computational modeling of learning rate. Observed relief ratings significantly decreased across exposures for the positive group only, with no group differences in computational modeling of relief rate. Faster expectancy-based learning rate and higher expectancy-based intercept at the first exposure of two exposure sessions predicted lower public speaking anxiety at follow-up. Higher intercept of relief at the first exposure of two exposure sessions, but not relief rate, also predicted lower public speaking anxiety at follow-up. Findings support learning via expectancy updating as an important process in exposure therapy and highlight a need for further study of relief during exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 104817"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}