Behaviour Research and Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Trait anxiety-linked bias in expectancy updating: Examining the contributions of negative interrogation bias and negatively biased expectancy updating to elevated negative state affect when approaching potential stressors","authors":"Amelia Reynolds,&nbsp;Colin MacLeod,&nbsp;Ben Grafton","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study examined whether people with high trait anxiety volitionally access proportionately more negative (than positive) information when interrogating available information concerning an approaching potential stressor during a period of expectancy updating. The present study also examined the role this <em>negative interrogation bias</em> plays in shaping trait anxiety-linked negative expectancy bias and elevated negative state affect. Participants low and high in trait anxiety (<em>N</em> = 311) were informed at the outset of the testing session that they may later view a potentially stressful film. Participants then completed a procedure designed to induce initial expectancies concerning the film viewing stressor. Subsequently, participants were provided the opportunity to update their initial expectancies by interrogating negative and positive information concerning the film viewing stressor. The proportion of negative information selected by each participant was taken as a measure of their negative interrogation bias. Measures of expectancies and state affect were taken before and after the induction of initial expectancies, and before and after the subsequent expectancy updating period. The results indicated that, during the expectancy updating period, participants high in trait anxiety displayed greater negative interrogation bias than participants low in trait anxiety. The results also revealed an indirect association between trait anxiety and elevation of negative state affect concurrent to expectancy updating period, which was serially mediated by negative interrogation bias during this period, and by concurrent elevation of negative expectancy bias. Findings are discussed with regards to potential implications for cognitive behavioural interventions for anxiety which seek to drive therapeutic change through the modification of expectancies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104909"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Multi-session online interpretation bias training for anxiety in a community sample” [Behaviour Research and Therapy, 142 (2021), 1–15 / 103864]","authors":"Julie L. Ji ,&nbsp;Sonia Baee ,&nbsp;Diheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Claudia Calicho-Mamani ,&nbsp;M. Joseph Meyers ,&nbsp;Daniel Funk ,&nbsp;Samuel Portnow ,&nbsp;Laura Barnes ,&nbsp;Bethany A. Teachman","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104898","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104898"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taxonomic and thematic generalization of safety behaviors","authors":"Alex H.K. Wong ,&nbsp;Jonas Zaman ,&nbsp;Steven Verheyen","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fear generalization refers to the spread of fear to novel stimuli. Recent evidence suggests that fear generalization is linked with inductive reasoning. In the inductive reasoning literature, inferences are stronger to taxonomically related stimuli that share conceptual features with the target stimulus (e.g., duck and swan), compared to thematically related stimuli that often co-occur with the target stimulus (e.g., duck and pond). Preliminary evidence also shows greater fear generalization to taxonomically related stimuli compared to thematically related stimuli in a fear conditioning framework. The current study aimed to extend this pattern to safety behavior, a behavioral response that minimizes the onset of an expected threat. In a fear and avoidance conditioning framework, participants (N = 74) first acquired stronger safety behaviors to a threat predicting conditioned stimulus (CS+) than to a safety predicting conditioned stimulus (CS-). In a following generalization test, participants showed stronger generalized safety behaviors to novel generalization stimuli (GSs) that were taxonomically related to the CS + compared to those thematically related to the CS+. Low distress tolerance, a risk factor for clinical anxiety, was associated with less differentiated generalized safety behaviors to the GSs. The findings suggest that taxonomic generalization of safety behaviors is stronger than thematic generalization of safety behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104881"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attentional processing of concern-related stimuli in dissociative identity disorder: No evidence for inter-identity differences","authors":"Wencke Donath ,&nbsp;Ernst H.W. Koster ,&nbsp;Rafaële J.C. Huntjens ,&nbsp;Matt Field ,&nbsp;Peter J. de Jong","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clinically derived theoretical models of dissociative identity disorder (DID) suggest that these individuals experience shifts in cognitive functioning between identity states. While prior research has found no objective inter-identity differences in memory, the present study investigated whether such differences are evident in a related cognitive domain: attentional processing. It was hypothesized that individuals with DID would exhibit differences in their attentional bias (AB) toward concern-related stimuli. They were compared to individuals with PTSD who experienced interpersonal childhood trauma, simulators enacting different identity states, and non-clinical adults. Based on cognitive models in anxiety, individuals with PTSD were expected to show a vigilance-avoidance AB pattern for concern-related stimuli. Non-clinical comparisons were expected to show a weaker AB effect than the clinical groups. Participants (<em>n</em> = 95) completed a visual spatial dot-probe task with both short (200 ms) and long (1250 ms) exposure conditions, displaying angry (i.e., concern-related stimuli) and happy facial expressions (i.e., control stimuli). In addition, participants completed post-task measures of state anxiety and state dissociation. The results did not reveal significant AB differences between identity states in individuals with DID, although differences were observed between identity states in the simulator group. Moreover, no significant AB differences were found between individuals with DID, PTSD, and non-clinical groups. State anxiety and state dissociation scores were not significantly related to AB scores. Findings provided no support for shifts in attentional processing between identity states in DID. Furthermore, we found no evidence for a hypervigilant-avoidant AB pattern for concern-related stimuli in PTSD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104918"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145524547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Joy beyond fear: Positive emotions after exposure in patients with anxiety disorders and their link to threat expectancy and treatment outcome","authors":"Thomas Borchert ,&nbsp;Ingmar Heinig ,&nbsp;Volker Arolt ,&nbsp;Christina Bartnick ,&nbsp;Udo Dannlowski ,&nbsp;Jürgen Deckert ,&nbsp;Katharina Domschke ,&nbsp;Thomas Fydrich ,&nbsp;Stephan Goerigk ,&nbsp;Alfons O. Hamm ,&nbsp;Maike Hollandt ,&nbsp;Jürgen Hoyer ,&nbsp;Tilo Kircher ,&nbsp;Katja Koelkebeck ,&nbsp;Ulrike Lueken ,&nbsp;Jürgen Margraf ,&nbsp;Peter Neudeck ,&nbsp;Paul Pauli ,&nbsp;Jan Richter ,&nbsp;Winfried Rief ,&nbsp;Andre Pittig","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure-based CBT is effective in treating anxiety disorders, but individual responses vary substantially, underlining the need to identify and boost mechanisms underlying exposure. In this study, the role of positive emotions occurring after exposure was examined. In an analysis of 8416 exposure records of 648 anxiety patients undergoing exposure therapy, the degree of positive emotions hope and joy occurring after exposure exercises, their predictors, and their role regarding treatment success were investigated. Positive emotions after exposure were medium to high and increased slightly across repeated exposure exercises. They were associated with exposure-related learning indicators (i.e., expectancy violation and change as well as the prediction-error learning rate) and were mainly predicted by adjusted threat expectancy assessed after completing exposure, controlling for baseline depressive symptoms and affect. Higher positive emotions independently predicted better treatment outcome beyond learning indicators, and partially mediated the association between learning indicators and treatment outcome. These findings indicate that positive emotions are partly associated with successful learning during exposure but seem to have a unique contribution to overall treatment success, underlining the need to strengthen positive emotions via different possible means.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104880"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing maladaptive trauma-related cognitions and emotional activation during trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy: Thematic content and relationships with posttraumatic stress symptoms","authors":"Marianne Skogbrott Birkeland ,&nbsp;Silje Mørup Ormhaug ,&nbsp;Adele M. Hayes ,&nbsp;Tine K. Jensen","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Changing maladaptive trauma-related cognitions may be crucial in trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy (TF-CBT). We identified common maladaptive cognitions during TF-CBT's trauma narration and processing phase and examined their relationship with trauma type and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). We also assessed whether maladaptive trauma-related cognitions (overgeneralization, assimilation), more balanced and functional cognitions (accommodation), and negative emotions during this phase of TF-CBT were associated with PTSS.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Adolescents exposed to multiple types of traumas (N = 87, mean age = 15.8 years, 78.3 % girls) received TF-CBT. The Change and Growth Experiences (CHANGE) coding system measured maladaptive trauma-related cognitions, accommodated beliefs, and negative emotions during the trauma narration and processing phase. We then categorized the maladaptive cognitions from the CHANGE coding according to predefined topics. Mixed-effects analyses were used to assess relationships between maladaptive cognitions, accommodation, in-session negative emotion, and PTSS.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Maladaptive trauma-related cognitions primarily concerned trust, esteem, and guilt. Sexual violence was associated with trust, esteem, intimacy, and guilt cognitions. Trust and esteem-related cognitions significantly predicted higher levels of PTSS at posttreatment. Higher levels of maladaptive cognitions and negative in-session emotion also predicted higher posttreatment PTSS. Low in-session negative emotion appeared to amplify the negative impact of maladaptive cognitions on PTSS at posttreatment. Accommodation showed no association with PTSS.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Maladaptive trauma-related cognitions, particularly related to trust and esteem, were common and associated with higher levels of PTSS at posttreatment. Low emotional engagement during trauma processing may potentiate the negative effects of maladaptive cognitions on PTSS. Results suggest both emotional processing and cognitive change are important treatment pathways for youth with PTSS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104910"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145574837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The unique impacts of attentional control and experiential avoidance on PTSD symptomatology: Moderation of nonlinear effects","authors":"Lucas Marinack,&nbsp;Alexandria F. Sowers,&nbsp;Robert A. Kaya,&nbsp;Alicia R. Bachtel,&nbsp;Jenna L. Mohr,&nbsp;Joshua D. Clapp","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Whereas attentional control has been proposed as a broad-based protective factor for PTSD, data suggest that elevated control may be paradoxically associated with increased symptoms, particularly in the presence of other risk factors. The current study examined the unique and interactive effects of attentional shifting (i.e., the transfer of attention across stimuli) and attentional focusing (i.e., the maintenance of attention on relevant targets) with experiential avoidance on posttrauma symptom clusters, accounting for potential nonlinearities in the influence of shifting and focusing dimensions. Shifting models in survivors of heterogeneous trauma (<em>N</em> = 252; 75 % female; 85.7 % White/Non-Hispanic) identified shifting as a moderator of the linear effect of experiential avoidance on CAPS-5 arousal-reactivity (β = −.16, <em>p</em> = .008), with experiential avoidance holding positive associations with arousal-reactivity through shifting scores reaching 2/3<em>SD</em> above the mean. Focusing models, by contrast, identified experiential avoidance as a moderator of the quadratic effect (x²) of focusing on CAPS-5 intrusions (β = .13, <em>p</em> = .010). Data failed to support effects of focusing at low levels of experiential avoidance (-1<em>SD</em>). A curvilinear effect of focusing emerged at average experiential avoidance, however, suggesting reductions in traumatic intrusions with increased focusing to mean values in the sample. At high experiential avoidance (+1<em>SD</em>), intrusions decreased with increases in focusing through average levels, but rebounded in response to focusing capabilities extending beyond the sample mean. Results are consistent with previous research suggesting nonlinearities in the effects of attentional control on posttrauma functioning and point to the importance of specific attentional processes in understanding avenues of risk and resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104908"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145497201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positive emotion up-regulation in the wake of a cognitively demanding task: An event-related potential study","authors":"Tara Driskill ,&nbsp;Brandon K. Watanabe ,&nbsp;Annmarie MacNamara","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although positive emotion up-regulation via reappraisal increases electrocortical and subjective response to pictures, little is known about how situational factors may moderate its success. For instance, emotion regulation must at times be performed shortly after a cognitively demanding event. Here, we set out to determine whether positive emotion up-regulation would be compromised if performed after a difficult math task (hard math; <em>n</em> = 39) versus after an easy math task (easy math; <em>n</em> = 39). After randomly assigning participants to groups, we assessed reappraisal's effectiveness using the late positive potential (LPP) as a measure of picture salience and picture ratings. Results showed that positive emotion up-regulation via reappraisal was unaffected by math difficulty. Nonetheless, participants who had just completed a hard math task showed smaller LPPs overall, compared to those who had completed the easy math task. In contrast to prior work, across both math groups, reappraisal was only effective for neutral and not positive pictures. Therefore, recent prior cognitive demand does not appear to compromise reappraisal of neutral pictures, yet it remains possible that any recent demanding task (i.e., either high or low load) may compromise up-regulation for stimuli that are closer to ceiling – i.e., positive stimuli. Results are discussed in the context of a situation-specific approach to emotion regulation and the utility of positive emotion up-regulation in everyday life. Findings also suggest possible a mechanism underlying blunted response to stimuli, as has been observed in some forms of internalizing psychopathology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104920"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145551636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pavlovian bias instigates suboptimal choices in humans","authors":"Luigi A.E. Degni ,&nbsp;Claudio Danti ,&nbsp;Gianluca Finotti ,&nbsp;Francesca Starita ,&nbsp;Giuseppe di Pellegrino ,&nbsp;Sara Garofalo","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Value-based decisions are often biased by Pavlovian cues in the environment, but it remains unclear how such biases affect optimal decision-making in humans. To address this, we used a novel variant of the Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) paradigm. Participants first learned to prefer a richer option (70 % reward probability) over a poorer one (30 %) in order to maximize rewards. A baiting rule was implemented, whereby each option's reward probability increased the longer it was not selected, rendering reward matching (i.e., aligning choice proportions with reward probabilities) a close approximation of the optimal strategy. Pavlovian cues predictive of either option were then introduced during decision-making. Results showed that Pavlovian bias disrupted optimal behavior, impairing reward maximization under both nominal extinction and rewarded conditions. This effect was replicated in an independent sample. In a third experiment, weakening the cue-outcome association during Pavlovian learning reduced the bias, suggesting a causal role of cue predictiveness. Together, these findings demonstrate that Pavlovian cues can produce maladaptive choice patterns, with implications for understanding and potentially mitigating behaviors linked to impulsivity and addiction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104906"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145402313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Context-dependent memory in social anxiety: Effects of social and non-social information","authors":"Liav Sommerfeld ,&nbsp;Tom Zalmenson ,&nbsp;Amit Lazarov ,&nbsp;Yair Bar-Haim","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social anxiety is characterized by persistent fear of social situations and has been associated with information processing biases, including aberrant memory for social information. Although social situations are rich in contextual cues, little is known about context-dependent memory processes in social anxiety. Here, context-dependent memory was studied in participants with high vs. low social anxiety. We tested whether contextual congruency between encoding and retrieval influences memory for social (faces) versus non-social (houses) stimuli. Participants (N = 231; high social anxiety n = 118, low social anxiety n = 113) completed a recognition memory task of either faces or houses presented against colored backgrounds. During a recognition test, old stimuli were presented with either encoding-congruent or incongruent background colors, along with new stimuli. Participants were asked to make old/new judgments. Memory performance was measured using sensitivity (d') scores. A significant three-way interaction between group, task, and congruency indicated that individuals with high social anxiety showed enhanced context-dependent memory specifically for faces, but not for houses. No such effect was observed in individuals with low social anxiety. These findings indicate that individuals with high social anxiety demonstrate an enhanced and specific context-dependent memory effect for social stimuli. This domain-specific memory enhancement suggests that memory biases in social anxiety manifest, at least in part, through differential processing of contextual information.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104901"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145364437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}