Behaviour Research and Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Patient outcomes and session dose in a randomized controlled trial of the Transdiagnostic Intervention for Sleep and Circadian Dysfunction: Influential factors and methodological considerations","authors":"Anne E. Milner ,&nbsp;Laurel D. Sarfan ,&nbsp;Marlen Diaz ,&nbsp;Rafael Esteva Hache ,&nbsp;Estephania Ovalle Patino ,&nbsp;Allison G. Harvey","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the implementation of evidence-based psychological treatments (EBPTs) into clinical practice may involve variations that are not always systematically investigated. This study aimed to investigate the impact of such variations in the context of an effectiveness-implementation hybrid trial - specifically, the relationship between trial outcomes and number of treatment sessions, dropout, and differences in assessment timing.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Adults (<em>N =</em> 539) with sleep and circadian problems were randomized to the Transdiagnostic Intervention for Sleep and Circadian Dysfunction (TSC; Adapted or Standard version) or usual care followed by delayed treatment (UC-DT).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants who completed the recommended number of TSC sessions showed larger effect sizes and more significant improvements relative to UC-DT, when compared to participants who received a partial session dose. Notably, a substantial number of participants who dropped out of treatment showed a meaningful clinical change by mid-treatment (20%), though this number did not differ significantly from the number of patients who received the full dose of treatment. Larger treatment effects were observed when assessments were completed within 3 months of their planned date. Kaplan-Meier Survival Analyses indicated that the dose to optimize the primary outcome of sleep disturbance at post-treatment was eight sessions for Standard TSC and six sessions for Adapted TSC.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study underscores the impact of methodological variations on treatment outcomes in the implementation of TSC into clinical practice. Furthermore, our findings establish specific session thresholds for Standard and Adapted TSC to optimize clinical outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 104987"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147285869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No distorted prediction error processing in depression? Pupillary responses to expected vs. unexpected emotional information in clinically depressed and healthy individuals","authors":"Alexandra M. Spaeth ,&nbsp;Stephan Koenig ,&nbsp;Jonas Everaert ,&nbsp;Julia A. Glombiewski ,&nbsp;Tobias Kube","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Depression has been associated with a reduced ability to update negative beliefs, possibly driven by difficulties integrating new positive information. Recent theoretical accounts propose that attenuated neural responses to unexpected positive information, i.e., positive prediction errors, may underlie this biased belief updating. We examined the revision of established negative vs. positive interpretations in response to novel negative vs. positive information and the associated pupillary responses in clinically depressed individuals (<em>n</em> = 41) and healthy controls (<em>n</em> = 43). Results confirmed a negative interpretation bias in the clinical subsample, but no deficits in updating negative interpretations in the face of positive information. Similarly, no blunted pupillary responses to unexpected positive outcomes were observed in individuals with depression. Exploratory analyses provided preliminary evidence that medicated participants were more likely to revise their interpretations after positive information than unmedicated participants. Additionally, there was a possible tendency toward an increased pupillary response to unexpected compared to expected positive information across both subsamples, while negative outcomes appeared to elicit stronger pupil dilations regardless of the level of surprise. We discuss the results in terms of a trade-off between using ecologically valid, disorder-relevant stimuli and the resulting complexity and susceptibility to confounding variables in psychophysiological measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 104985"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the acceptability and effectiveness of a brief intervention targeting interpersonal risk factors in an active-duty military sample","authors":"Danielle M. Morabito ,&nbsp;Nicholas P. Allan ,&nbsp;Nicole A. Short ,&nbsp;Eric Wesner ,&nbsp;Norman B. Schmidt","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Despite increasing prevention efforts, military populations are consistently at increased risk of suicide compared to their civilian counterparts. The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide provides a framework that may help explain increased suicide risk in the military through two key risk factors: perceived burdensomeness (PB) and thwarted belongingness (TB). Thus, the current study aimed to examine the acceptability and effectiveness of Building Stronger Allies (BSA), a 50-min web-based intervention with eight weeks of text-message based prompts for continued engagement, specifically tailored to target PB and TB among active-duty military personnel.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>At-risk active-duty soldiers (N = 58) were recruited from an Army base in the southeast. Participant demographics were representative of the active-duty population (male = 72 %; <em>M</em>_<em>age</em> = 26.00, <em>SD</em> = 6.24). Participants were randomized to the BSA or an active health education control intervention and completed assessments at pre-, post-intervention, 1-month, and 3-month.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants rated both interventions as highly acceptable. Significant improvement was demonstrated across time in both conditions for TB, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation. However, for PB only individuals in the BSA condition endorsed significant improvement across time (<em>B</em> = −1.750, <em>p</em> = .001). These findings must be considered in light of limitations including small sample size and attrition of 50 % at 3-month.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The current study suggests that BSA is a promising intervention that should be further tested among larger samples of active-duty military personnel, including those not already receiving treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 104980"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146120646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating multimodal behavioral therapy into temporomandibular disorders management: A randomized attention-controlled trial using DC/TMD axis II outcomes","authors":"Sunil Kumar Vaddamanu ,&nbsp;Abdulkhaliq Ali F Alshadidi ,&nbsp;Lujain Ibrahim N Aldosari ,&nbsp;Imran Khalid ,&nbsp;Rayan Ibrahim H Binduhayyim ,&nbsp;Shahi Jahan Shah ,&nbsp;Bayapa reddy Narapureddy","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104964","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) involve physical symptoms like pain and jaw dysfunction, and psychosocial factors including anxiety and depression, evaluated using Axis II of the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). This study assessed a structured, multicomponent behavioral therapy program—integrating pain neuroscience education, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), relaxation techniques, and electromyographic biofeedback—as an adjunct to standard TMD care.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In a randomized controlled trial, 120 TMD patients (ages 18–65) diagnosed via DC/TMD were assigned either to an 8-week behavioral therapy program (n = 60) or standard care with analgesics and physical therapy (n = 60). Outcomes measured at baseline, post-treatment (8 weeks), and 6-month follow-up included pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale, VAS; primary), jaw function (maximum mouth opening, MMO, and Jaw Functional Limitation Scale-20, JFLS-20), pain-related disability and characteristic pain intensity (Graded Chronic Pain Scale, GCPS), psychological distress (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 [GAD-7] and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]), and pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale, PCS). Intervention reporting follows the TIDieR guideline.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Behavioral therapy participants showed greater reductions in pain intensity (VAS mean difference 1.8 points at 8 weeks [Cohen's d = 1.2] and 2.5 points at 6 months [Cohen's d = 1.4]), improved jaw function (MMO mean difference 6.6 mm at 8 weeks and 7.3 mm at 6 months; Cohen's d ≈ 0.92–1.12), and reduced anxiety (GAD-7) and depression (PHQ-9) (Cohen's d ≈ 0.62–0.65). Improvements were sustained at 6 months across all outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Behavioral therapy may enhance outcomes in TMD management when added to standard care, supporting further exploration of multidisciplinary approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 104964"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146067724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a mechanistic understanding of LGBTQ-affirmative cognitive-behavioral therapy: Testing treatment mediators in a randomized controlled trial with young gay and bisexual men","authors":"Julian Burger ,&nbsp;Katie Wang ,&nbsp;Nathan L. Hollinsaid ,&nbsp;Steven A. Safren ,&nbsp;John E. Pachankis","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Young gay and bisexual men (YGBM) face elevated risk for co-occurring mental (e.g., depression, anxiety), behavioral (e.g., substance use), and sexual (e.g., HIV-transmission-risk behavior) health challenges compared to their heterosexual peers. LGBTQ-affirmative cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) targets psychosocial pathways through which minority stress is hypothesized to contribute to these disparities. We evaluated whether LGBTQ-affirmative CBT operates through these candidate mechanisms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed trial data from 254 HIV-negative YGBM (ages 18–35; 67.2 % racial/ethnic minority) with mental, behavioral, and/or sexual health concerns randomly assigned to receive LGBTQ-affirmative CBT or one of two control conditions: LGBTQ-affirmative community counseling or HIV testing and counseling. Using baseline and 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow-up assessments, trajectories of identity-specific (i.e., sexual orientation-related acceptance concerns, concealment motivation, and internalized stigma) and general (i.e., assertiveness, emotion regulation difficulties, rumination, self-esteem, and social support) mechanisms were examined. Additionally, latent change score structural equation models tested whether these mechanisms mediated the relative impact of LGBTQ-affirmative CBT (vs. control) on depression, anxiety, substance use, HIV-transmission-risk behavior, or their co-occurrence.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Across the LGBTQ-affirmative CBT and control conditions, participants showed improvements in all mediators and clinical outcomes. While no formal mediation effects were detected, improvements in sexual orientation-related acceptance concerns were associated with improvements in problematic substance use across conditions, suggesting that this process may represent one promising target irrespective of treatment condition.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Identifying treatment mechanisms may help to maximize the efficacy of LGBTQ-affirmative CBT. While no definitive mediators emerged in this study, the consistent improvement across all candidate processes underscores their potential importance. Our findings highlight several challenges in establishing mechanisms of LGBTQ-affirmative CBT, including statistical power, active comparators, and measurement. We provide recommendations for advancing mechanistic tests in future work.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 104966"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146120657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking barriers: Addressing hostile attribution bias and aggression among future correctional officers","authors":"Alexandre Pascual ,&nbsp;Morgane Elanasri Joncour ,&nbsp;Thomas Salanova ,&nbsp;Yvan Steinkevich ,&nbsp;Baptiste Subra","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Hostile Attribution Bias (HAB), the tendency to interpret ambiguous social cues as hostile, has been linked to aggression This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I) intervention in reducing HAB and reactive aggression among future correctional officers.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A total of 209 trainee correctional officers were assigned to groups equivalent in terms of HAB scores and then allocated to either a CBM-I intervention condition or a control condition. HAB was assessed at three time points (before training, post-intervention, and after a prison internship), and reactive aggression was assessed at the final point.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Results showed a significant reduction in HAB immediately after the intervention, especially toward inmates, with effects partially sustained after field experience. The intervention also led to lower reactive aggression, an effect mediated by reduced HAB.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>s: These findings support the use of brief CMB-I interventions to reduce HAB and reactive aggression in high-stakes professional settings. More broadly, these findings highlight the potential of cognitive interventions to improve interpersonal dynamics and mitigate aggression in various professional and social contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 104963"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future thinking and psychopathology: A review of dysfunction, intervention, and a roadmap for future research","authors":"D.J. Hallford","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Imagining experiences that might occur in our personal future, i.e., future thinking, is a fundamental ability in healthy psychological functioning. Research over the last few decades indicates that a range of different psychopathologies are related to impairments and biases in future thinking. This includes changes in the content, valence, phenomenological characteristics, and the affective responses that arise from this process. This paper provides a narrative review and description of current evidence of dysfunction in future thinking in psychopathology, and interventions that focus on future thinking among people experiencing psychopathology. Lastly, it provides a range of suggestions for future research to further our understanding of when and how future thinking dysfunction occurs, how it perpetuates psychopathology, and how we can leverage future thinking to improve people's mental health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 104965"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146114493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repetitive negative thinking during pregnancy: The role of biased information seeking and negative prenatal expectations","authors":"Mahdi Mazidi ,&nbsp;Elaina Davies ,&nbsp;Ben Grafton ,&nbsp;Michelle L. Moulds ,&nbsp;Jill M. Newby ,&nbsp;Colin MacLeod","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT) during pregnancy is a key risk factor for psychopathology in the perinatal period. However, the cognitive mechanisms underlying prenatal RNT remain poorly understood. Recent research has suggested that a tendency to volitionally seek negative rather than positive information (i.e., biased information seeking) may contribute to the formation of more negative prenatal expectations, which in turn predict elevated prenatal RNT. The current study aimed (i) to replicate the findings of a previous study that demonstrated associations between expectations about parenthood, biased information seeking about parenthood-related information, and RNT, and (ii) examine the generality of the observed effects beyond parenthood by investigating whether biased information seeking and negative expectations show similar associations with prenatal RNT across the other two main domains of prenatal RNT, i.e., pregnancy and childbirth. A total of 126 first-time expecting mothers were recruited online and completed a task that assessed biased information seeking, along with questionnaires measuring prenatal RNT and expectations. Replicating previous findings, biased information seeking predicted stronger negative expectations, which in turn predicted higher prenatal RNT. These effects were consistent across the domains of pregnancy, childbirth, and parenthood, supporting the generality of the findings across these domains. These findings have important implications for expectation-focused interventions and cognitive bias modification procedures aimed at reducing prenatal RNT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 104981"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146114504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"App-based cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomized-controlled comparison of guided and unguided app-based treatment versus waitlist","authors":"Jan Schittenhelm ,&nbsp;Ronja von Rechenberg ,&nbsp;Laura Schäfer ,&nbsp;Linda Weber ,&nbsp;Johanna Schüller ,&nbsp;Ulrich Stangier ,&nbsp;Juergen Hoyer","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy has demonstrated encouraging outcomes for patients diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, the impact of additional therapist-guidance remains debatable. The present study evaluates the effectiveness of the cognitive therapy app “Mindable: Social Phobia” comparing a therapist-guided (vCT) and unguided self-help app (iCT) against a waitlist control group (WLC).</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We assigned 164 patients diagnosed with SAD randomly to one of the three groups, treatment lasting 12 weeks with 8 manualized video-conference delivered sessions in vCT. Assessments took place pre-treatment, midtreatment, posttreatment and follow-up 6 months after treatment (follow-up). The primary outcome was clinician-rated symptom severity (Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; LSAS), secondary outcomes included symptoms of depression and interpersonal pleasure.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Drop-out rates were 9.3 % in WLC, 42.6 % in iCT and 15 % in vCT (<em>χ</em>² = 19.5, <em>p</em> &lt; .01). Both treatments reached significant stronger reduction of LSAS scores compared to WLC in all analyses <em>(d</em> [iCT vs. WLC] = −1.01, <em>d</em> [vCT vs. WLC] = −1.1). Using multiple imputation analyses, no significant difference was found in the LSAS between the two treatment groups (<em>t</em> = −0.22, <em>p</em> = .830, <em>d</em> = 0.04). Patterns of results were similar for secondary outcomes. At follow-up, both treatment groups maintained treatment gains.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Overall, the app demonstrates promising results, with patients clearly benefiting from the intervention. The add-on effects of the therapist-guidance favor provision of blended care as it prevents drop-out.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 104983"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of relief in persistent avoidance of learnt fear","authors":"Alex H.K. Wong ,&nbsp;Matthias J. Wieser ,&nbsp;Marta Andreatta","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2026.104976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Avoiding an imminent threat evokes a feeling of relief, a pleasant feeling that is believed to positively reinforce behavioral avoidance. Preliminary evidence suggests that a strong level of relief is associated with persistent behavioral avoidance, even when there is no realistic threat. The present study examined whether this association extends to avoidance of learnt fear, a behavioral response that avoids a threat-predicting signal. Using a sensory preconditioning procedure, two neutral preconditioning stimuli (PSs) were first paired with two neutral to-be conditioned stimuli (CSs). One CS (CS+) was then paired with an aversive outcome, whereas another CS (CS-) was paired with the absence of the aversive outcome (i.e., safety). In test, participants showed stronger avoidance of learnt fear to the threat-related PS that was associated with the CS+ compared to the safety-related PS that was associated with the CS-. Participants showed higher subjective relief ratings to the threat-related PS than the safety-related PS, presumably due to the omission of the CS+ and the aversive outcome. Of note, participants who reported higher relief ratings also showed more persistent avoidance of learnt fear. Exploratory analyses showed that anxiety severity and intolerance of uncertainty were associated with persistent avoidance of learnt fear, however, these risk factors were not associated with relief. In sum, stronger relief ratings are associated with persistent avoidance of learnt fear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 104976"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146133392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}