Cognition最新文献

{"title":"Why do Americans foresee a grim future for their country? The influences of country well-being, national identity, and news coverage","authors":"Nazike Mert,&nbsp;Qi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present research examines the factors that contribute to a negative bias in how Americans imagine the future of their country. Specifically, we tested the effects of perceived country well-being, national identity (Study 1), and news coverage (Study 2) on Americans' collective future thinking. Study 1 was situated in a cross-cultural context, in which US and Chinese participants listed within 1 min as many exciting or worrying events as they could that might happen in their country's future and reported perceived country well-being and national identity. In Study 2, US participants read positive, negative, or neutral news events happening in their country and then imagined what might happen in their country's near and distant futures. Americans imagined more negative relative to positive events and rated positive events less positively and negative events more negatively than did Chinese, with the cultural differences explained by the lower perceived country well-being among Americans. US participants exposed to negative news showed greater negative bias in their collective future thoughts than those exposed to neutral or positive news, and the effect was explained by the lower perceived country well-being in the negative news condition. These findings underscore the complexity of collective future perceptions and the significance of psychological and societal factors in shaping how people foresee their country's future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 106052"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Face to face: The eyes as an anchor in multimodal communication","authors":"Desiderio Cano Porras,&nbsp;Max M. Louwerse","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Making eye contact with our conversational partners is what is most common in multimodal communication. Yet, little is known about this behavior. Prior studies have reported different findings on what we look at in the narrator's face. Some studies show eye gaze is usually focused on our conversational partner's eyes, other studies have shown evidence for eye gaze primarily on the narrator's mouth, and yet others find evidence for fixations on the narrator's nose bridge perhaps as a transition for eye gaze between the eyes and mouth. The current study aimed to shed light on these different findings by investigating eye gaze on a narrator's face in a fixed cognitive task. Experiment 1 monitored participants' eye gaze when looking at videos of a male and female human narrator. Experiment 2 used a virtual human, allowing manipulation of different parts of the narrator's face to validate the findings in Experiment 1. Gaze behavior on the human faces (Experiment 1) and the virtual human face (Experiment 2) of the narrator was similar, with the narrator's eyes attracting most fixations seemingly serving as an anchor for communication, particularly at the start and the end of a conversation. The mouth, in turn, served as a communicative cue when eye contact has been established. When lip movements were impaired in the virtual human, the eyes immediately took over as the anchor again. These findings can be explained by the theoretical framework of action ladders in multimodal language use. They shed light on cognitive and social psychological aspects of human-human multimodal communication, both in human and embodied conversational agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 106047"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142899519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moral-dilemma judgments by individuals and groups: Are many heads really more utilitarian than one?","authors":"Marta Rokosz ,&nbsp;Michał Białek ,&nbsp;Michał M. Stefańczyk ,&nbsp;Bertram Gawronski","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Moral dilemmas often involve a conflict between action-options that maximize outcomes for the greater good (<em>utilitarianism</em>) and inaction-options that conform to moral norms (<em>deontology</em>). Previous research suggests that, compared to individuals, groups show stronger support for outcome-maximizing actions that violate moral norms. The current study used a computational modeling approach to investigate whether this difference is driven by (1) stronger sensitivity to consequences, (2) weaker sensitivity to moral norms, or (3) weaker action aversion in moral-dilemma judgments made by groups. The results suggest that groups show a stronger sensitivity to consequences than individuals. Groups and individuals did not differ in terms of their sensitivity to moral norms and their general action aversion. The findings challenge the idea that groups are less action averse and less concerned about violating moral norms than individuals and instead suggest that group decisions are more strongly guided by outcomes for the greater good.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 106053"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142899520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beat gestures and prosodic prominence interactively influence language comprehension","authors":"Ambra Ferrari ,&nbsp;Peter Hagoort","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Face-to-face communication is not only about ‘what’ is said but also ‘how’ it is said, both in speech and bodily signals. Beat gestures are rhythmic hand movements that typically accompany prosodic prominence in conversation. Yet, it is still unclear how beat gestures influence language comprehension. On the one hand, beat gestures may share the same functional role of focus markers as prosodic prominence. Accordingly, they would drive attention towards the concurrent speech and highlight its content. On the other hand, beat gestures may trigger inferences of high speaker confidence, generate the expectation that the sentence content is correct and thereby elicit the commitment to the truth of the statement. This study directly disentangled the two hypotheses by evaluating additive and interactive effects of prosodic prominence and beat gestures on language comprehension. Participants watched videos of a speaker uttering sentences and judged whether each sentence was true or false. Sentences sometimes contained a world knowledge violation that may go unnoticed (‘semantic illusion’). Combining beat gestures with prosodic prominence led to a higher degree of semantic illusion, making more world knowledge violations go unnoticed during language comprehension. These results challenge current theories proposing that beat gestures are visual focus markers. To the contrary, they suggest that beat gestures automatically trigger inferences of high speaker confidence and thereby elicit the commitment to the truth of the statement, in line with Grice’s cooperative principle in conversation. More broadly, our findings also highlight the influence of metacognition on language comprehension in face-to-face communication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 106049"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142899518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The power of sound: Exploring the auditory influence on visual search efficiency","authors":"Mengying Yuan ,&nbsp;Min Gao ,&nbsp;Xinzhong Cui ,&nbsp;Xin Yue ,&nbsp;Jing Xia ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a dynamic visual search environment, a synchronous and meaningless auditory signal (pip) that corresponds with a change in a visual target promotes the efficiency of visual search (pop out), which is known as the pip-and-pop effect. We conducted three experiments to investigate the mechanism of the pip-and-pop effect. Using the eye movement technique, we manipulated the interval rhythm (Exp. 1) and interval duration time (Exp. 2) of dynamic color changes in visual stimuli in the dynamic visual search paradigm to ensure that there was a significant pip-and-pop effect. In Exp. 3, we modulated the appearance of the sound by employing a visual-only condition, an auditory target condition (synchronized sounds), an auditory oddball condition (a high-frequency sound in a series of low-frequency sounds), an omitted oddball condition (an omitted sound in a series of sounds) and an auditory non-oddball condition (the last of the four sounds). We aim to clarify the role of audiovisual cross-modal information in the pip-and-pop effect by comparing different conditions. The search time results showed that a significant pip-and-pop effect was found for the auditory target, auditory oddball and auditory non-oddball conditions. The eye movement results revealed an increase in the fixation duration and a decrease in the number of fixations for the auditory target and auditory oddball conditions. Our findings suggest that the pip-and-pop effect is indeed a cross-modal effect. Furthermore, the interaction between auditory and visual information is necessary for the pip-and-pop effect, whereas auditory oddball stimuli attract attention and therefore moderate this effect. Our study provides a solution for the pip-and-pop effect mechanism in a dynamic visual search paradigm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 106045"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142899521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metacognition facilitates theory of mind through optimal weighting of trait inferences","authors":"Emily L. Long ,&nbsp;Caroline Catmur ,&nbsp;Stephen M. Fleming ,&nbsp;Geoffrey Bird","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ability to represent and infer accurately others' mental states, known as Theory of Mind (ToM), has been theorised to be associated with metacognitive ability. Here, we considered the role of metacognition in mental state inference through the lens of a recent theoretical approach to explaining ToM, the ‘Mind-space’ framework. The Mind-space framework posits that trait inference, representation of the qualities of the mind giving rise to the mental state, is important in forming accurate mental state inferences. We tested a potential role for metacognition in facilitating optimal weighting of trait inferences, as well as several theoretical predictions regarding factors associated with the accuracy of trait inference and confidence in those trait inferences. Participants completed a judgement-of-confidence task in the trait inference domain alongside the Interview Task, a recently-developed task for assessing the accuracy of trait and mental state inferences. A simple relationship in which increased metacognitive sensitivity is associated with increased accuracy of mental states inferences was not found. However, when predicting trial-level performance, confidence in trait inference was shown to modulate the effect of trait inference accuracy on mental state inference accuracy. This effect was greater in magnitude with lower metacognitive sensitivity, i.e., when confidence is more likely to be misplaced. Furthermore, participants' trait inference ability was associated with the accuracy of their understanding of the average mind. In addition, the accuracy of specific trait inferences was predicted by the participant's similarity to the target, but this similarity benefit was reduced in participants whose self-perception was inaccurate. Reported confidence in a given trait inference was also predicted by participant-target similarity, such that participants showed greater overconfidence in judgements made about similar targets. This overconfidence effect was larger when self-perception was more erroneous. Results support several theoretical claims made by the Mind-space theory, and further elucidate the processes underlying accurate mental state inference.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 106042"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective priming from pre-imagining inputs before binocular rivalry presentations does not predict individual differences in the subjective intensity of imagined experiences","authors":"Loren N. Bouyer ,&nbsp;Dietrich S. Schwarzkopf ,&nbsp;Blake W. Saurels ,&nbsp;Derek H. Arnold","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most people can imagine images that they experience within their mind's eye. However, there are marked individual differences, with some people reporting that they are unable to visualise (aphantasics), and others who report having imagined experiences that are as realistic as seeing (hyper-phantasics). The vividness of imagery is most often measured via subjective self-report. Chang and Pearson (2018), however, have suggested that a binocular rivalry (BR) protocol can be used as an <em>objective</em> measure. They found that pre-imagining a moving input could enhance performance on an <em>objective</em> probe detection task when probes are embedded in imagery consistent inputs, as opposed to imagery inconsistent inputs. To date, nobody has assessed if this type of <em>objective</em> imagery priming can be used to predict the vividness of different people's visualisations. Here, we report that imagery priming of <em>objective</em> sensitivity to probes within static BR inputs <em>does not</em> correlate with the ratings people use to describe the vividness of their visualisations (a between participants effect). However, <em>objective</em> priming of sensitivity to probes embedded in BR inputs was greater on trials when participants reported that their pre-imagined experience had been more vivid than average (a within participants effect). Overall, our data suggest that while imagery can prime objective sensitivity to probes during BR, there is currently no strong evidence that this effect can be used as a reliable objective method to predict the subjective vividness of different people's visualisations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 106048"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142865770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating prenatal language exposure in computational models: An exploration study","authors":"María Andrea Cruz Blandón ,&nbsp;Nayeli Gonzalez-Gomez ,&nbsp;Marvin Lavechin ,&nbsp;Okko Räsänen","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Researchers have hypothesized that infant language learning starts from the third trimester of pregnancy. This is supported by studies with fetuses and newborns showing discrimination/preference for their native language. Jointly with empirical research, initial computational modeling studies have investigated whether learning language patterns from speech input benefits from auditory prenatal language exposure (PLE), showing some advantages for prior adaptation to speech-like patterns. However, these modeling studies have not modeled prenatal speech input in an ecologically representative manner regarding quality or quantity. This study describes an ecologically representative framework for modeling PLE for full-term and preterm infants. The approach is based on empirical estimates of the amount of prenatal speech input together with a model of speech signal attenuation from the external air to the fetus’ auditory system. Using this framework, we conduct language learning simulations with computational models that learn from acoustic speech input in an unsupervised manner. We compare the effects of PLE to standard learning from only postnatal input on various early language phenomena. The results show how incorporating PLE can affect models’ learning outcomes, including differences between full-term and preterm conditions. Moreover, PLE duration might influence model behavior, depending on the linguistic capability being tested. While the inclusion of PLE did not improve the compatibility of the tested models with empirical infant data, our study highlights the relevance of PLE as a factor in modeling studies. Moreover, it provides a basic framework for modeling the prenatal period in future computational studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 106044"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142865771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generics and Quantified Generalizations: Asymmetry Effects and Strategic Communicators","authors":"Kevin Reuter ,&nbsp;Eleonore Neufeld ,&nbsp;Guillermo Del Pinal","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generic statements (‘Tigers have stripes’) are pervasive and developmentally early-emerging modes of generalization with a distinctive linguistic profile. Previous experimental work suggests that generics display a unique asymmetry between the prevalence levels required to accept them and the prevalence levels typically implied by their use. This asymmetry effect is thought to have serious social consequences: if speakers use socially problematic generics based on prevalence levels that are systematically lower than what is typically inferred by their recipients, then using generics will likely exacerbate social stereotypes and biases. This paper presents evidence against the popular hypothesis that this asymmetry effect is unique to generics. Correcting for various shortcomings of previous studies, we found a generalized asymmetry effect across generics and various kinds of explicitly quantified statements (‘most’, ‘some’, ‘typically’, ‘usually’). In addition, to better understand the conditions under which generalized asymmetry effects may exacerbate biases, we examine whether speakers choose generalizing sentences based simply on their acceptance conditions, or are systematically sensitive to the implications likely drawn by their typical recipients. In support of the latter view, we found that, in neutral or cooperative scenarios, speakers reliably choose generalizing sentences whose implied prevalence levels closely match the actual ones. In non-cooperative scenarios, many speakers exploit asymmetry effects to further their own goals by choosing generalizing sentences that are strictly true but likely to mislead their recipients. These results refine our understanding of the source of asymmetry effects and the conditions under which they may introduce biased beliefs into social networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 106004"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142848006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of goal constructs in conceptual acquisition","authors":"Seth Chin-Parker,&nbsp;Eric Brown,&nbsp;Eric Gerlach","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Within a given situation, an individual's goal motivates and structures how they interact with their surroundings. The goal also organizes the available information and specifies the role of a given item or attribute in terms of how it relates to the other aspects of the situation. We propose these ideas should inform the study of concept acquisition. There is abundant evidence that the goal orients an individual to goal-relevant attributes of items during concept acquisition. A more speculative claim is that the goal structures the conceptual knowledge acquired. We introduce a new paradigm for examining goal-directed concept acquisition (Experiment 1) and then assess how both attention to an attribute and its goal-relevance affect its centrality within the acquired concept (Experiment 2). Participants were given items to use as they completed a specified task. In both experiments, we found evidence that task goals oriented participants to goal-relevant attributes of the items. Category-based ratings for items during a transfer task, as well as how the participants sorted the items into groups, indicated that the goal-relevant attributes were more central within the acquired concepts. In Experiment 2, we found that the goal-relevance of the attribute, beyond attentional allocation to the attribute during the task, affected the organization of attribute information within the acquired concept. These results support the thesis that information captured within the conceptual knowledge is structured with respect to the goal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 106039"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142830404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}