Cognition最新文献

Dynamic modulation of confidence based on the metacognitive skills of collaborators

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106151

Felix Hermans , Simon Knogler , Gaia Corlazzoli , Maja Friedemann , Kobe Desender

{"title":"Dynamic modulation of confidence based on the metacognitive skills of collaborators","authors":"Felix Hermans , Simon Knogler , Gaia Corlazzoli , Maja Friedemann , Kobe Desender","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In collaborative decision-making contexts, people typically share their metacognitive experience of confidence to convey the degree of certainty in their decisions. To reach collective decisions, collaborators' individual beliefs can be aggregated and weighted according to their respective confidence, thereby enhancing group accuracy beyond individual capabilities. Previous joint decision-making studies have shown that individuals tend to adopt the same scale for communicating their levels of confidence. However, confidence judgments vary not only in terms of metacognitive bias, that is whether individuals tend to report generally low or high confidence, but also in terms of metacognitive accuracy, or how well the confidence judgments align with choice accuracy. In the first two experiments, where the metacognitive accuracy of the collaborator was manipulated and explicitly communicated to participants, individuals increased their average confidence levels as the metacognitive accuracy of the collaborator decreased, while their own metacognitive accuracy remained unaffected. Trial-wise analyses showed that participants differentially adapted their confidence after a collaborator made a wrong group decision, depending on the metacognitive accuracy of the collaborator. In two follow up studies, we showed that both manipulations (i.e. manipulating objective differences in the metacognitive accuracies of the collaborators and explicitly communicating these differences) were necessary for these effects to emerge. Our findings shed light on how collaborative decision-making contexts can dynamically affect metacognitive processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 106151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Divide (evenly) and conquer (quickly): Spatial exploration behaviors predict navigational learning and differ by sex

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106144

Erica M. Ward , Jean M. Carlson , Elizabeth R. Chrastil

{"title":"Divide (evenly) and conquer (quickly): Spatial exploration behaviors predict navigational learning and differ by sex","authors":"Erica M. Ward , Jean M. Carlson , Elizabeth R. Chrastil","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ability to learn new environments is a foundational human skill, yet we know little about how exploration behaviors shape spatial learning. Here, we investigated the relationships between exploration behaviors and spatial memory in healthy young adults, and further related performance to other measures of individual differences. In the present study, 100 healthy young adults (ages 18–37) freely explored a maze in a virtual desktop environment to learn the locations of 9 objects. Participants then navigated from one object to another without feedback, and their accuracy and path efficiency were determined. Interestingly, participant accuracy ranged from near 0 % to 100 %. Correlations and principal component regression revealed that evenness of exploration (i.e., visiting all locations with a similar frequency) and how quickly all objects were found during exploration were related to performance. Indeed, differences in performance become apparent by the time participants found the 6th object (within the first 50 moves), emphasizing the importance of exploration <em>quality</em> over exploration <em>quantity</em>. Perspective taking ability and video game experience were also related to performance. Critically, we found no correlations between performance on matched pairs of active-passive exploration paths, suggesting that experiencing a “good” exploration path does not lead to better performance; instead, the path is more likely a reflection of the navigator's ability. Sex differences were observed, however, a serial mediation analysis revealed that even exploration had a greater explanatory effect on those sex differences compared to video game experience. Our results indicate that exploration behaviors predict navigational performance and highlight the importance of moment-to-moment behaviors exhibited during exploration and learning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 106144"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of visual attention in opportunity cost neglect and consideration

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106145

Stephanie M. Smith , Stephen A. Spiller , Ian Krajbich

{"title":"The role of visual attention in opportunity cost neglect and consideration","authors":"Stephanie M. Smith , Stephen A. Spiller , Ian Krajbich","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Choices necessitate opportunity costs: choosing one option means foregoing another. Despite their critical role in decision making, people often neglect opportunity costs and are less likely to make purchases when reminded of them. Here, we seek to understand whether and how opportunity-cost neglect can be explained by attention, a relationship that has been proposed but not explicitly tested. Participants made eye-tracked, incentivized purchase decisions in two conditions: one with implicit opportunity costs (e.g., “Buy” vs. “Do Not Buy”) and one with explicit opportunity costs (e.g., “Buy” vs. “Keep Money”). Across two studies (approximately 30,000 choices), we find lower purchase rates when opportunity costs are explicit. More importantly, we show that the relationship between attention and opportunity cost considerations is two-fold. First, the <em>amount</em> of attention to the outside option is greater when opportunity costs are explicit, which partly accounts for the effect of opportunity cost salience on choice. Second, for some framings, the <em>predictive power</em> of attention to opportunity costs is greater when opportunity costs are explicit. Using the attentional drift-diffusion model, we model the effect of opportunity cost salience on choice via attention. These findings help explain why people are more likely to purchase when explicit opportunity cost reminders are absent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 106145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Observed reaching speed signals stimulus value and informs foraging

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106148

Luke McEllin , Arianna Curioni , Günther Knoblich , Natalie Sebanz

{"title":"Observed reaching speed signals stimulus value and informs foraging","authors":"Luke McEllin , Arianna Curioni , Günther Knoblich , Natalie Sebanz","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimal foraging requires agents to strike a balance between potential costs and rewards of interacting with stimuli in the environment. Research on human and animal foraging shows that the value an agent assigns to a stimulus is correlated with the speed of their reaching movement towards that stimulus (Shadmehr et al., 2019). Humans and other animals learn about the value of stimuli in their environment by observing others acting (Pyke, 1984; Boyd, Richerson & Henrich, 2011). Considering that humans are able to derive specific mental states such as intentions, emotions or confidence from specific movement parameters (Becchio et al., 2012), we aimed to investigate whether observers can use an actor's movement speed to: 1) infer the value of a foraging stimulus; and 2) use such cues to inform their own foraging behavior. The current study first replicated the effect of stimulus value on reaching movements in a novel foraging task (Exp. 1, <em>N</em> = 34). In three further experiments, we demonstrate that, depending on the speed by which an actor reaches for stimuli, observers infer the value of these stimuli (Exp. 2, <em>N</em> = 54), express foraging preferences (Exp. 3, <em>N</em> = 54), and invest time and effort to forage (Exp. 4, <em>N</em> = 105). This demonstrates that observers optimize their own explore-exploit decisions by inferring the value of a stimulus from the manner by which an actor approaches it, highlighting the fundamental role that action understanding plays in successful foraging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 106148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The specificity of sequential statistical learning: Statistical learning accumulates predictive information from unstructured input but is dissociable from (declarative) memory for words

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106130

Ansgar D. Endress , Maureen de Seyssel

{"title":"The specificity of sequential statistical learning: Statistical learning accumulates predictive information from unstructured input but is dissociable from (declarative) memory for words","authors":"Ansgar D. Endress , Maureen de Seyssel","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Learning statistical regularities from the environment is ubiquitous across domains and species. It might support the earliest stages of language acquisition, especially identifying and learning words from fluent speech (i.e., word-segmentation). But how do the statistical learning mechanisms involved in word-segmentation interact with the memory mechanisms needed to remember words — and with the learning situations where words need to be learned? Through computational modeling, we first show that earlier results purportedly supporting memory-based theories of statistical learning can be reproduced by memory-less Hebbian learning mechanisms. We then show that, in a memory recall task after exposure to continuous, statistically structured speech sequences, participants track the statistical structure of the speech sequences and are thus sensitive to probable syllable transitions. However, they hardly remember any items at all, with 82% producing no high-probability items. Among the 30% of participants producing (correct) high- or (incorrect) low-probability items, half produced high-probability items and half low-probability items — even while preferring high-probability items in a recognition test. Only discrete familiarization sequences with isolated words yield memories of actual items. Turning to how specific learning situations affect statistical learning, we show that it predominantly operates in continuous speech sequences like those used in earlier experiments, but not in discrete chunk sequences likely more characteristic of early language acquisition. Taken together, these results suggest that statistical learning might be specialized to accumulate distributional information, but that it is dissociable from the (declarative) memory mechanisms needed to acquire words and does not allow learners to identify probable word boundaries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 106130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Common and distinct neural substrates of rule- and similarity-based category learning 基于规则和相似性的类别学习的共同和不同神经基质

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106143

Jianhua Li (李建花) , Sophia W. Deng (邓玮)

{"title":"Common and distinct neural substrates of rule- and similarity-based category learning","authors":"Jianhua Li (李建花) , Sophia W. Deng (邓玮)","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Categorization is a fundamental ability in human cognition that enables generalization and promotes decision-making. A categorization problem can be solved by employing a rule-based or a similarity-based strategy. The current study aims to elucidate the brain mechanism for category learning by investigating whether the use of the two strategies is supported by common or distinct neural substrates. We conducted three experiments using stimuli with a rule-plus-similarity category structure and applying an EEG-fNIRS fusion methodology. In Experiment 1, participants were explicitly instructed to use either a rule-based (single feature) or a similarity-based strategy, while in Experiment 3, they were instructed to use a rule-based (multi-feature) or a similarity-based strategy. In contrast, in Experiment 2, participants were required to self-discover categorization strategies. After learning, categorization was tested. The results of the three experiments were largely consistent, revealing distinct decision-making processes associated with each strategy. The results revealed that hypothesis testing and semantic processing, as reflected by the larger P300 and N400 components and increased activation in Wernicke's area, were critical for rule-based category learning, suggesting the role of an explicit system. In contrast, complex visual processing and the integration of multiple features, as indicated by a larger P1 component and the heightened activation in the frontopolar cortex, were critical for similarity-based category learning, suggesting the role of an implicit system. These distinct cognitive processes challenge single-system accounts suggesting a unified neural mechanism for both forms of category learning. Instead, our findings are consistent with the COVIS theory, which implies an explicit system for rule-based category learning and an implicit system for similarity-based category learning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 106143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Semantic extension in a novel communication system is facilitated by salient shared associations 突出的共享关联促进新型通信系统中的语义扩展

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106129

Kenny Smith , Josephine Bowerman , Andrew D.M. Smith

{"title":"Semantic extension in a novel communication system is facilitated by salient shared associations","authors":"Kenny Smith , Josephine Bowerman , Andrew D.M. Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Creative processes of semantic extension play a key role in language change, grammaticalisation, and (by hypothesis) the early origins and evolution of language. In this paper we report two dyadic interaction experiments studying the semantic extension of novel labels in controlled circumstances. We find that participants can use salient and shared associations in their perceptual environment (between colours and shapes) to bootstrap a communication system, and can then extend those labels figuratively, to convey both concrete and abstract targets, by exploiting shared understandings such as colours associated stereotypically with specific objects and emotions. By manipulating the presence of reliable statistical associations between colour and shape early in this process we show that such shared associations facilitate both an initial semantic extension and subsequent chaining of extensions; we also find that extensions relying on less certain grounding (e.g. between colours and emotions) lead to greater variability in how extensions are made. Our method can be used to test the creative processes of semantic extension under controlled conditions, and provides experimental purchase on the relationship between association and extension which have only previously been studied through correlational means.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 106129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Costs and benefits of temporal expectations on somatosensory perception and decision-making

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106146

Ziliang Xiong , Xavier Job , Konstantina Kilteni

{"title":"Costs and benefits of temporal expectations on somatosensory perception and decision-making","authors":"Ziliang Xiong , Xavier Job , Konstantina Kilteni","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our perception is shaped by prior expectations, including those about the timing of our sensations. These temporal expectations can be formed by recognizing patterns in the onset of sensory inputs. However, in the somatosensory domain, it remains unclear how these expectations impact the speed and accuracy of somatosensory judgments, as previous research has yielded mixed results. Here, participants used auditory tones to anticipate the onset of forces applied to their fingers and discriminated their intensity compared to a reference force. Experiment 1 showed that participants had worse discrimination sensitivity and higher thresholds for expected versus unexpected forces. Experiment 2 replicated and extended these costs to include perceptual accuracy, even when comparing expected to expectation-free forces, and further revealed reaction time benefits. Drift-diffusion modelling suggested that expectations speeded non-decisional processes while simultaneously slowing somatosensory evidence accumulation. These findings demonstrate both costs and benefits of temporal expectations in somatosensory perception and decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 106146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The dominoes of features: Dynamic sequential refinement of working memory representations

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106133

Shengyuan Wang, Xiaoying Min, Xiaowei Ding

{"title":"The dominoes of features: Dynamic sequential refinement of working memory representations","authors":"Shengyuan Wang, Xiaoying Min, Xiaowei Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the adaptative nature of working memory (WM) refinement (e.g. repulsion), a fundamental question remains unaddressed: what constitutes the unit of WM refinement? Specifically, does the refinement process apply to the entire object (object-based), specific features (feature-based), or potentially involve other mechanisms? Utilizing dual-feature objects and the continuous memory task, we examined whether the repulsion distortion induced in one feature (the trigger feature) could be transmitted to other features (the dependent feature) of the same object. Across one preliminary experiment and five formal experiments, we supported that the WM refinement is neither strictly object-based nor feature-based, but occurs dynamically and sequentially across distinct features. Specifically, the repulsion induced by the trigger feature was transmitted to the dependent feature only during extended maintenance periods, not during short maintenance. Our findings supported the dynamic sequential refinement of WM: refinement induced by a trigger feature could extend to other features, but this transmission is time-consuming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 106133"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The benefit of removing information from working memory: Increasing available cognitive resources or reducing interference?

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106134

Chenyu Li, Gidon T. Frischkorn, Hannah Dames, Klaus Oberauer

{"title":"The benefit of removing information from working memory: Increasing available cognitive resources or reducing interference?","authors":"Chenyu Li, Gidon T. Frischkorn, Hannah Dames, Klaus Oberauer","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Removing information from working memory is thought to free up capacity and improve the retention of other information. However, whether this benefit arises from reducing interference from the to-be-forgotten information or from freeing up cognitive resources remains unclear. We examined this by comparing removal immediately following encoding an item (immediate removal), or delayed until after other items have been encoded (delayed removal). Interference theories predict that both types of removal should reduce interference and improve memory performance. In contrast, if removal frees up cognitive resources, the beneficial effect on memory should be greater the earlier it occurs, as the resources can then be allocated to subsequently encoded items. Experiment 1 showed that both immediate and delayed removal failed to reduce interference from the to-be-forgotten items but improved memory for item-location bindings of other items still maintained in working memory. In Experiment 2, removal only facilitated item-location bindings for items encoded afterward. These results suggest that removal frees up working memory capacity by increasing available resources rather than by reducing interference.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 106134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0