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Learning to understand an unfamiliar talker: Testing distributional learning as a model of rapid adaptive speech perception. 学习理解不熟悉的说话者:测试分布式学习作为快速适应语音感知的模型。
IF 2.8 1区 心理学
Cognition Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106195
Maryann Tan, T Florian Jaeger
{"title":"Learning to understand an unfamiliar talker: Testing distributional learning as a model of rapid adaptive speech perception.","authors":"Maryann Tan, T Florian Jaeger","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human speech perception is highly adaptive: exposure to an unfamiliar accent quickly reduces the difficulty listeners might initially experience. How such rapid adaptation unfolds incrementally remains largely unknown. This includes questions about how listeners' prior expectations based on lifelong experiences are integrated with the unfamiliar speech input, as well as questions about the speed and success of adaptation. We begin to address these knowledge gaps through a combination of an incremental exposure-test paradigm and model-guided data interpretation. We expose US English listeners to shifted phonetic distributions of word-initial \"d\" and \"t\" (e.g., \"dill\" vs. \"till\"), while incrementally assessing cumulative changes in listeners' perception. We use Bayesian mixed-effects psychometric models to characterize these changes, and compare listeners' behavior against both idealized learners (ideal observers that know the exposure statistics) and a model of adaptive speech perception (ideal adaptors that have to infer those statistics). We find that a distributional learning model provides a good qualitative and quantitative fit (R<sup>2</sup>>96%) to both listeners' prior perception and changes in their perception depending on the amount and type of exposure. We do, however, also identify previously unrecognized constraints on adaptivity that are unexpected under any existing model of adaptive speech perception: changes in listeners' perception seem to plateau below the level expected under successful learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"265 ","pages":"106195"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144812594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A question of perspective: Target- vs. perceiver-specific dimensions of mind perception. 视角问题:心理感知的目标与感知者特定维度。
IF 2.8 1区 心理学
Cognition Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106231
Nele J Bögemann, Lasana T Harris, Steffen Nestler
{"title":"A question of perspective: Target- vs. perceiver-specific dimensions of mind perception.","authors":"Nele J Bögemann, Lasana T Harris, Steffen Nestler","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mind perception - the inference of mind in others - is foundational for social cognition and interaction, but previous research on its underlying dimensions has so far only produced mixed findings. In a prominent study, H.M. Gray et al. (2007) identified two dimensions of mind perception - Agency and Experience -, while more recent work instead suggests three dimensions similar to Body, Heart, and Mind (Malle, 2019; Weisman et al., 2017). Here, we provide a comprehensive account that can accommodate both dimensional structures by distinguishing target- from perceiver-specific dimensions of mind perception. These dimensions explain target- and perceiver-specific differences in mind perception that were differentially focused on by previous studies ascribing to the competing dimensional structures. To test our account empirically and compare target- vs. perceiver-specific dimensions, we gathered online survey data from two samples (N = 157, and N = 150). In both samples, exploratory factor analyses yielded two target-specific dimensions in line with Agency-Experience, and three perceiver-specific dimensions in line with Body-Heart-Mind, thereby validating our explanatory account. Further analyses showed that perceiver-specific dimensions are meaningfully associated with perceivers' demographics, personality, and spiritual belief; and that they depend on target context. Together, our results resolve inconsistencies in mind perception research and work toward a novel unifying mind perception framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"265 ","pages":"106231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144812593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Contextual modulation of language comprehension in a dynamic neural model of lexical meaning 词汇意义动态神经模型中语言理解的语境调节
IF 2.8 1区 心理学
Cognition Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106336
Michael C. Stern, Maria M. Piñango
{"title":"Contextual modulation of language comprehension in a dynamic neural model of lexical meaning","authors":"Michael C. Stern,&nbsp;Maria M. Piñango","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We computationally implement and experimentally test the behavioral predictions of a dynamic neural model of lexical meaning in the framework of Dynamic Field Theory. We demonstrate the architecture and behavior of the model using as a test case the English lexical item <em>have</em>, focusing on its polysemous use. In the model, <em>have</em> maps to a semantic space defined by two independently motivated continuous conceptual dimensions, connectedness and control asymmetry. The mapping is modeled as coupling between a neural node representing the lexical item and neural fields representing the conceptual dimensions. While lexical <em>knowledge</em> is modeled as a stable coupling pattern, real-time lexical meaning <em>retrieval</em> is modeled as the motion of neural activation patterns between transiently stable states corresponding to semantic interpretations or readings. Model simulations capture two previously reported empirical observations: (1) contextual modulation of lexical semantic interpretation, and (2) individual variation in the magnitude of this modulation. Simulations also generate a novel prediction that the by-trial relationship between sentence reading time and acceptability should be contextually modulated. An experiment combining self-paced reading and acceptability judgments replicates previous results and partially bears out the model’s novel prediction. Altogether, results support a novel perspective on lexical polysemy: that the many related meanings of a word are not categorically distinct representations; rather, they are transiently stable neural activation states that arise from the nonlinear dynamics of neural populations governing interpretation on continuous semantic dimensions. Our model offers important advantages over related models in the dynamical systems framework, as well as models based on Bayesian inference.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Impaired perception of Mooney faces in developmental prosopagnosia 发展性面孔失认症患者的穆尼脸知觉受损
IF 2.8 1区 心理学
Cognition Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106335
Jaiden Cancian, Stephanie Huang, Tirta Susilo
{"title":"Impaired perception of Mooney faces in developmental prosopagnosia","authors":"Jaiden Cancian,&nbsp;Stephanie Huang,&nbsp;Tirta Susilo","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite much research, the mechanisms underlying face perception deficits in developmental prosopagnosia (DP) remain unclear. Here we address this issue using Mooney faces – two-tone, ambiguous stimuli requiring holistic and top-down processing due to their minimal explicit facial cues. We conducted two experiments testing DP participants' ability to perceive faces using sensitive Mooney tasks. Experiment 1 (<em>N</em> = 52 DP participants) showed that perception of Mooney faces in DP is impaired. Experiment 2 (<em>N</em> = 64 DP participants) replicated this finding and revealed that the impairment is selective to upright faces, sparing perception of inverted faces and cars. Our results corroborate previous findings of impaired holistic processing in DP and suggest that DP deficits may involve aberrant top-down perceptual inference for faces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106335"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Strategic reasoning under pressure: Testing heuristics in higher-order theory of mind 压力下的策略推理:高阶心智理论中的启发式测试
IF 2.8 1区 心理学
Cognition Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106331
Gregory N. Stanley
{"title":"Strategic reasoning under pressure: Testing heuristics in higher-order theory of mind","authors":"Gregory N. Stanley","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Higher-order Theory of Mind (ToM+)—the recursive ability to understand that others have thoughts about thoughts—is pivotal to complex social interactions but can be cognitively demanding. This study examines how individuals cope when ToM+ reasoning exceeds their cognitive limits, contrasting a model predicting “blindness” to future states with a model predicting averaging over future states. Conducted on a new online platform called the <em>Morality Game</em> and using a series of 32 time-pressured sequential-choice games, participants' errors reveal consistent support for the probabilistic model, indicating that when precise higher-order reasoning is unfeasible, individuals do not simply ignore future possibilities. Instead, they approximate future states using probabilistic heuristics rather than explicit recursive reasoning. By clarifying how individuals rely on such heuristics when full deliberation is impractical, these findings provide a clearer framework for understanding the mental shortcuts that shape ToM+ under cognitive strain, thereby informing more precise methods for investigating and modeling complex social inference.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The origin of cognitive modules for face processing: A computational evolutionary perspective 人脸处理的认知模块的起源:一个计算进化的视角
IF 2.8 1区 心理学
Cognition Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106341
Jirui Liu , Xuena Wang , Jia Liu
{"title":"The origin of cognitive modules for face processing: A computational evolutionary perspective","authors":"Jirui Liu ,&nbsp;Xuena Wang ,&nbsp;Jia Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite extensive research, mechanisms underlying the emergence of cognitive modules remains elusive due to the complex interplay of genetic, developmental, and environmental factors. Computational modeling, however, provides a means of exploring their origins by simulating manipulations on these factors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the emergence of cognitive modules by developing the Dual-Task Meta-Learning Partitioned (DAMP) model, whose plastic architecture facilitates automatic structure optimization through a genetic algorithm that simulates natural selection by iteratively selecting for efficient learning fitness. We found that a specialized module for face identification robustly emerged in the DAMP model. Critically, the emergence of cognitive modules was not exclusive to faces in individual-level identification tasks. Rather, modular structures formed across all tested object categories in both categorization and identification tasks within our model. Interestingly, the formation of these modules was strongly influenced by the structural constraint of sparse connectivity within the network, suggesting that modularity may arise as an adaptation strategy to cope with the limitations imposed by sparse connections in biological neural networks. These findings provide a new evolutionary perspective on the development of cognitive modules in the human brain, highlighting the pivotal role of neural network structural properties in shaping cognitive functionality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106341"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Children leverage predictive representations for flexible, value-guided choice 儿童利用预测表征灵活,价值导向的选择
IF 2.8 1区 心理学
Cognition Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106340
Alice Zhang , Ari E. Kahn , Nathaniel D. Daw , Kate Nussenbaum , Catherine A. Hartley
{"title":"Children leverage predictive representations for flexible, value-guided choice","authors":"Alice Zhang ,&nbsp;Ari E. Kahn ,&nbsp;Nathaniel D. Daw ,&nbsp;Kate Nussenbaum ,&nbsp;Catherine A. Hartley","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>By harnessing a mental model of how the world works, learners can make flexible choices in changing environments. However, while children and adolescents readily acquire structured knowledge of their environments, relative to adults, they often demonstrate weaker signatures of leveraging this knowledge to plan actions. One explanation for these developmental differences is that using a mental model to prospectively simulate potential choices and their outcomes is computationally costly, taxing cognitive mechanisms that develop into adulthood. Here, we ask whether children effectively leverage structured knowledge to make flexible choices by relying on two alternative strategies that do not require costly mental simulation at choice time. First, through offline replanning, models can be queried before the time of choice to update the values of potential actions. Second, an abstracted predictive model, known as a successor representation (SR), can enable simplified computation of long-run reward values of candidate actions without requiring iterative simulation of multiple time steps. Here, across three experiments, we assessed whether children, adolescents, and adults aged 7–23 years similarly harness these learning strategies. In a reward revaluation task, we found that children flexibly updated their behavior by leveraging structured knowledge, but that across age, the opportunity for offline replanning during rest did not influence behavior. While participants may have leveraged a detailed mental model of the task structure, they may have also relied on simplified, predictive representations to guide their choices. We then directly tested whether children use predictive representations and observed early-emerging use of the SR, providing a mechanistic account of how children use structured knowledge to guide choice without detailed model-based simulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Conceptual similarity as aggregation over feature sets in geometric spaces 概念相似性是几何空间中特征集的聚合
IF 2.8 1区 心理学
Cognition Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106302
Karthikeya Kaushik, Bill D. Thompson
{"title":"Conceptual similarity as aggregation over feature sets in geometric spaces","authors":"Karthikeya Kaushik,&nbsp;Bill D. Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding how people judge whether two concepts are similar is a fundamental problem in cognitive science, with implications for theories of learning and reasoning. Human judgments of conceptual similarity often conflict with basic metric assumptions, leading to effects such as judgment asymmetry and violations of the triangle inequality. Classical models of conceptual structure explained these effects via set-based logic applied to manually constructed feature-set representations of concepts. Modern geometric models of conceptual structure offer a scalable, data-driven alternative, but struggle to capture judgment asymmetries via metric-based similarity measures. Here we introduce a modeling framework that combines the merits of these two approaches. Our approach represents concepts as sets of high-dimensional feature embeddings extracted from geometric models via natural language descriptions (e.g. <em>has legs</em>, <em>likes coffee</em>). We present a similarity function appropriate to this setting and show how it can account for classic judgment effects. We evaluate the predictions of this approach against human judgment in two studies: (1) a behavioral study of human similarity judgments among abstract concepts (world countries), and (2) the Nelson free word association dataset. We also formalize a link between our approach and Tversky’s classic Contrast Model. Our model outperforms alternatives and establishes a generally-applicable framework that integrates classic and contemporary approaches to conceptual structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106302"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Beyond top-down: Feature search as a serial clump-wise process 超越自顶向下:特征搜索是一个连续的聚类过程
IF 2.8 1区 心理学
Cognition Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106334
Jasper de Waard , Jan Theeuwes
{"title":"Beyond top-down: Feature search as a serial clump-wise process","authors":"Jasper de Waard ,&nbsp;Jan Theeuwes","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There has been a long-standing debate over whether physically salient stimuli capture attention automatically, independent of the observer's goals, or whether attentional capture depends on the match between the stimulus and the observer's task set. Recent evidence indicates that attentional capture can be prevented when observers adopt a so-called feature search mode, which enables top-down suppression of salient but irrelevant stimuli. The present study examined whether the feature search mode reflects genuine top-down control or whether it simply results from serial, clump-wise search induced by specific display characteristics. To investigate this, we employed a two-target compatibility manipulation. Our findings reveal that in feature search mode, there were almost no compatibility effects, indicating clump-wise serial search which in turn resulted in no attentional capture by the salient distractor. In contrast, when participants engaged in singleton detection mode, there were large compatibility effects and at the same time strong attentional capture by the salient singleton distractor. The current results challenge the notion that top-down suppression prevents attentional capture. Instead, they support the interpretation that, in feature search, the absence of capture arises from the inherently constrained nature of serial search dictated by the display's structure. Consequently, our findings call into question the functional relevance of search modes as distinct cognitive states and advocate for a reinterpretation grounded in attentional window size and display configuration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How to show that a cruel prank is worse than a war crime: Shifting scales and missing benchmarks in the study of moral judgment 如何证明一个残酷的恶作剧比战争罪行更糟糕:道德判断研究中的尺度变化和基准缺失
IF 2.8 1区 心理学
Cognition Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106315
Vladimir Chituc , M.J. Crockett , Brian J. Scholl
{"title":"How to show that a cruel prank is worse than a war crime: Shifting scales and missing benchmarks in the study of moral judgment","authors":"Vladimir Chituc ,&nbsp;M.J. Crockett ,&nbsp;Brian J. Scholl","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Moral judgment is central to both everyday life and cognitive science, but how can it be studied with quantitative precision? By far the most direct and ubiquitous method is to simply ask people for their judgments, in the form of ratings on a labeled scale (e.g. Likert or Visual Analog Scales). As has long been recognized in sensory psychophysics, however, such responses are meaningful only in a relative sense. (Is your dog “big”? Perhaps yes in the context of house pets, but not in the context of all mammals?) Here we illustrate the nature and extremity of this problem using two case studies. First, to explore this theme in principle, we show in a series of nine experiments that this problem can readily lead subjects to (seemingly) judge a cruel prank (involving humiliation) to be just as immoral as (or even worse than) an internationally recognized war crime (involving murder). In contrast, such nonsensical results disappear when using magnitude estimation — a psychophysical method employing an explicit moral benchmark. Second, to demonstrate the importance of this theme in practice, we show that the use of magnitude estimation (vs. Likert scales) radically changes the proper interpretation of a recent study of ‘moral luck’, fueling essentially the opposite conclusion. Taken together, this work illustrates how insights from psychophysics can help improve measurement in contemporary moral psychology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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