Cognition最新文献

Violations of social expectations enhance infants' learning 违背社会期望能促进婴儿的学习

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106227

Qiong Cao , Alexis Smith-Flores , Joanna Zhou , Jasmin Perez , Lisa Feigenson

{"title":"Violations of social expectations enhance infants' learning","authors":"Qiong Cao , Alexis Smith-Flores , Joanna Zhou , Jasmin Perez , Lisa Feigenson","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When infants see objects behave in surprising ways, they not only notice these violations, but also experience enhanced learning about the objects. Although infants also notice when social agents behave in surprising ways, it is unclear whether violations of social expectations similarly enhance learning. Here we asked whether surprising events in the social domain amplify learning. In three experiments, 16- to 19-month-old infants saw a person behave either expectedly or unexpectedly towards an object, and then had the opportunity to learn about the object or person involved in the event. Experiment 1 presented infants with a person who produced an emotional reaction that was congruent with a target object, as expected, or produced a reaction that was surprisingly incongruent; Experiments 2 and 3 presented infants with a person whose preference among two different goal objects remained consistent, as expected, or suddenly reversed, defying expectations. Across Experiments 1–3, infants exhibited enhanced learning about both the object and, to some extent, the person involved in the surprising event. Combined with previous findings, these findings suggest that early expectations support learning in the social domain as well as in the physical domain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 106227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating commercial game design decisions via the scientification of games: Asymmetrical task switching errors predict self-reported fun in Ghost Blitz 通过游戏科学化评估商业游戏设计决策：非对称任务切换错误预测《Ghost Blitz》的自我报告乐趣

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106218

Benjamin James Dyson

{"title":"Evaluating commercial game design decisions via the scientification of games: Asymmetrical task switching errors predict self-reported fun in Ghost Blitz","authors":"Benjamin James Dyson","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>By decomposing the structure, rule set and stimuli of games, it becomes possible to examine the impact of specific choices made by designers and publishers: not the ‘gamification of science’ but rather the ‘scientification of games.’ Here, the card game <em>Ghost Blitz</em> was analysed using both commercialized (cartoon illustrations) and a more ‘experiment-like’ (abstract shapes) format, where each card required players to search according to either the presence (Task A) or absence (Task B) of visual features. Thus, this game can be used to both demonstrate and study the cognitive phenomena of visual search asymmetry and task switching. The commercial format generated more fun and produced faster reaction times than the ‘experiment-like’ format, demonstrating the importance of surface characteristics. The original version of <em>Ghost Blitz</em> (where Task B was more frequent) was rated as less fun than an inversed version (where Task A was more frequent), highlighting the importance of structural characteristics. This surprising result was explained via multiple regression, where the frequency with which players experience accuracy loss during Task B to Task A switching predicted the reduction in self-reported fun. By meeting people where they are, games allow the public to have increased connection with psychological theory and enable the empirical validation of choices made during commercial game design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 106218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Action chunking as conditional policy compression 动作分块作为条件策略压缩

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106201

Lucy Lai , Ann Z.X. Huang , Samuel J. Gershman

{"title":"Action chunking as conditional policy compression","authors":"Lucy Lai , Ann Z.X. Huang , Samuel J. Gershman","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many skills in our everyday lives are learned by sequencing actions towards a desired goal. The action sequence can become a “chunk” when individual actions are grouped together and executed as one unit, making them more efficient to store and execute. While chunking has been studied extensively across various domains, a puzzle remains as to why and under what conditions action chunking occurs. To tackle these questions, we develop a model of <em>conditional</em> policy compression—the reduction in cognitive cost by conditioning on an additional source of information—to explain the origin of chunking. We argue that chunking is a result of optimizing the trade-off between reward and conditional policy complexity. Chunking compresses policies when there is temporal structure in the environment that can be leveraged for action selection, reducing the amount of memory necessary to encode the policy. We experimentally confirm our model’s predictions, showing that chunking reduces conditional policy complexity and reaction times. Chunking also increases with working memory load, consistent with the hypothesis that the degree of policy compression scales with the scarcity of cognitive resources. Finally, chunking also reduces overall working memory load, freeing cognitive resources for the benefit of other, not-chunked information.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 106201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Editorial to the special issue on morality and AI. 道德与人工智能特刊社论。

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106229

Jean-François Bonnefon

引用次数: 0

The effect of orthography on the visual processing of affixed words: Evidence from Bengali 正字法对贴字视觉加工的影响：来自孟加拉语的证据

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106196

Hilary S.Z. Wynne , Beinan Zhou , Sandra Kotzor , Aditi Lahiri

{"title":"The effect of orthography on the visual processing of affixed words: Evidence from Bengali","authors":"Hilary S.Z. Wynne , Beinan Zhou , Sandra Kotzor , Aditi Lahiri","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The view that morphologically complex words are decomposed into constituent morphemes during lexical access has gained traction in the psycholinguistic literature, which in turn has had significant implications for theories of lexical organisation and processing. Nevertheless, the bulk of evidence for how morphologically complex Indo-European words are accessed and stored is based on based on Latinate scripts, where the orthography tends to be sequential. In many languages however, it is not straightforward to determine the internal structure of the word from the script alone. To critically examine the morphological decomposition in the visual domain, we present results from a visual delayed priming study covering every possible combination of morphologically complex words (i.e. stem ∼ prefixed, stem ∼ suffixed, prefixed – prefixed, suffixed – suffixed, and prefixed ∼ suffixed) in Bengali, a language rich with derivational morphology and orthographic complexity.</div><div>Results for configurations containing stems (stem ∼ affixed) showed the only priming effects in the study; crucially, these findings depended heavily on whether the prime was a stem or affixed word. When the prime was a stem word, responses to both prefixed and suffixed targets were facilitated to a similar degree. When the primes consisted of affixed words (either prefixed or suffixed), they did not reliably prime stem targets. We also tested relationships between all affixed words and found no reliable priming effect for any combination. We argue that our results reflect not only modality-specific aspects of processing, but also asymmetries in the orthographic significance of phonological processes occurring at the stem-affix boundaries in Bengali.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 106196"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Understanding of exact equality emerges after and builds on symbolic number knowledge1 对精确相等的理解是在符号数知识之后产生并建立在符号数知识的基础上的

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106226

Chi-Chuan Chen , Daniel C. Hyde

{"title":"Understanding of exact equality emerges after and builds on symbolic number knowledge1","authors":"Chi-Chuan Chen , Daniel C. Hyde","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Establishing whether two sets of objects have the same number of objects turns out to be surprisingly challenging for children even if they have some basic number word and counting knowledge. Here we study the relationship between understanding of exact equality of sets and symbolic number knowledge in preschool children (<em>N</em> = 208, Age = 2.89–5.09 years) at various stages of symbolic number word acquisition. We gave children two classic verbal symbolic number word knowledge tasks (Give-N, How Many?) and two comparable but non-verbal set-matching tasks in which they were asked to produce a set of objects that numerically matched a target set. We find strong evidence that symbolic number knowledge is related to but precedes set-matching for exact equality, both replicating and extending recent findings. Specifically, set-matching accuracy was better for children who understood symbolic number cardinality compared to those who did not, even after accounting for age and executive functions. Furthermore, this effect was seen across the range of set sizes tested (1–8), including smaller set sizes (1–4) typically thought to be within the cognitive limits to be compared for exact equality non-verbally. Finally, set-matching performance was below ceiling even at set sizes corresponding to individual children's specific level of symbolic number knowledge (N) as well as the preceding quantity (N-1). Together these results suggest that understanding of exact equality builds on symbolic number knowledge. More broadly, our results support the emerging view that understanding symbolic number cardinality is only one early step towards understanding the symbolic number system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 106226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144516916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Image saliency predicts the expected looking behaviour of other agents 图像显著性预测了其他代理的预期观看行为

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106222

Lindsay M. Peterson , Colin W.G. Clifford , Colin J. Palmer

{"title":"Image saliency predicts the expected looking behaviour of other agents","authors":"Lindsay M. Peterson , Colin W.G. Clifford , Colin J. Palmer","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When we look at a visual scene, salient features, such as a region of high contrast or a familiar object, attract our attention. Here, we examined how image saliency—based on computational models developed to predict human eye movements—influences how human observers expect the <em>visual attention of others</em> to be directed. We created animations in which a cone-shaped object (the agent) ‘looks’ at complex images displayed in a 3D scene. The agent's looking behaviour was controlled by eye movements recorded from human observers while looking at the same images as the agent or different images. Expectations about looking behaviour were assessed by asking participants (<em>N</em> = 24) to judge whether the agent's gaze was matched to the scene. We find that participants can detect a mismatch between the agent's looking behaviour and its visual environment, based on how the pattern of fixations displayed by the agent align with the visual content of the scene. Discrimination sensitivity was modulated by the overlap between the agent's gaze and salient image features: for example, participants struggled to identify a mismatch when the mismatched gaze aligned by chance with salient features of the displayed image. Further analysis suggests that participants are likely using a combination of low- through to high-level image features to determine the expected gaze behaviour of the agent. Our findings highlight that image saliency models are useful for understanding not only how a person engages with their environment but also their expectations for how others should interact with the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A rational process model of reasoning causally with continuous variables 用连续变量进行因果推理的理性过程模型

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106193

Bob Rehder

{"title":"A rational process model of reasoning causally with continuous variables","authors":"Bob Rehder","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People have been shown to be effective causal reasoners. Yet, they also commit systematic errors. A model referred to as the <em>mutation sampler</em> explains this dual pattern of results by positing that causal inferences arise from a <em>rational process</em>, that is, an algorithm that is able to compute normatively correct answers but sometimes falls short due to cognitive resource limitations. To date, tests of this account has been limited to binary variables and usually <em>generative</em> causal relations, relations in which a cause makes its effect more probable. This study conducts new empirical tests of how people draw causal inferences with continuous variables that form a common cause network that are related by a mixture of generative and <em>inhibitory</em> relations (a cause lowers the value of its effects). The results showed that people commit the same qualitative errors with continuous variables that they do with binary ones and, moreover, that these effects are explained by a new version of the mutation sampler developed for continuous variables. Additional analyses indicate that the sampling process that the mutation sampler posits had a quantitative effect on all of participants’ causal inferences, not just those that exhibit qualitative violations of normative reasoning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106193"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The compositional nature of number concepts: Insights from number frequencies 数字概念的组成性质：来自数字频率的见解

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106213

Maxence Pajot , Mathias Sablé-Meyer , Stanislas Dehaene

{"title":"The compositional nature of number concepts: Insights from number frequencies","authors":"Maxence Pajot , Mathias Sablé-Meyer , Stanislas Dehaene","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The frequency with which humans use words provides a window into the psychological representation of the corresponding concepts. Capitalizing on the availability of massive lexical databases, we evaluate the frequency with which specific number words and their combinations (e.g. “twenty-four”, “quatre-vingt-douze”) are used in six different languages. We use these data to probe the hypothesis that complex concepts arise as syntactic combinations of simpler ones in a language of thought. First, we confirm our previous report of a regular and reproducible profile of decrease in frequency with number size, with local peaks for round numbers. Second, we show that frequency varies with the simplicity of the decomposition of a number into small prime factors. Third, we demonstrate that the entire frequency profile, including its overall decrease and local peaks, can be modeled by a grammar of algebraic combinations, whereby each number arises from addition and multiplication operations on smaller numbers. Those findings strengthen the hypothesis that compositionality in a language of thought underlies the emergence of exact number concepts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effect of degree of prediction error elicited by retrieval on the reconsolidation of fear memory 提取预测误差程度对恐惧记忆再巩固的影响

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106224

Wei Chen , Minmiao Liu , Junjiao Li , Xifu Zheng

{"title":"The effect of degree of prediction error elicited by retrieval on the reconsolidation of fear memory","authors":"Wei Chen , Minmiao Liu , Junjiao Li , Xifu Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The retrieval-extinction paradigm based on memory reconsolidation has been proposed as a non-invasive approach to attenuating fear, though its effectiveness remains debated due to inconsistent findings in the literature. Current research suggests that qualitative prediction error (“PE”) serves as a key boundary condition for determining whether a memory can undergo reconsolidation. However, these findings are based on qualitative (type and number) analysis, highlighting the need for further quantitative investigation. Drawing on previous experiments, this study manipulated prediction errors by altering the pairing patterns of CS-US during the retrieval and acquisition phases, setting up five groups with different prediction error manipulations. A reinforcement learning model was used to quantify prediction error (PE), fitting subjective expectancy ratings to a simplified Rescorla-Wagner model, and calculating the actual prediction errors elicited under different retrieval manipulations, combined with skin conductance response to reflect the intervention effects on fear memory in each group. Our findings indicate that different retrieval PE manipulations led to significant between-group differences in skin conductance response indicators during the fear reinstatement test, and the actual type and number of PE elicited were inconsistent with their operational definitions. The overall PE degree elicited during the retrieval phase may be a combination of the size, type, and number of PE. This study can help to further clarify the key role of PE in the retrieval-extinction paradigm, thereby promoting the clinical translation of this paradigm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106224"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0