Cognition最新文献

Context-dependent role of confidence in information-seeking 自信在信息寻求中的情境依赖作用

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106219

Hélène Van Marcke , Kobe Desender

{"title":"Context-dependent role of confidence in information-seeking","authors":"Hélène Van Marcke , Kobe Desender","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decision confidence is regarded as a driving force behind information seeking, i.e. sampling more evidence before committing to a choice. Here, in two pre-registered experiments we assessed how two causal manipulations of confidence affect information seeking. During the training phase of a perceptual discrimination task, we used a comparative feedback manipulation (Experiment 1) or a difficulty manipulation (Experiment 2) to induce under- and overconfidence. In a subsequent testing phase, participants rated their confidence in each decision, after which they could choose to see the stimulus again before indicating their final choice and confidence. Our results demonstrate a striking dissociation between the type of manipulation used and the effect on information seeking. When under−/overconfidence was induced via comparative feedback (Exp.1), the tendency to seek information was decreased or increased, respectively, and this effect was fully mediated by trial-level confidence. Strikingly, when under−/overconfidence was induced via the difficulty manipulation (Exp.2), participants still used trial-level confidence to steer information seeking, yet overall sought less information in the condition associated with task-level underconfidence. This effect of training difficulty was unmediated by confidence. We discuss our findings in light of differences in task difficulty when transitioning from training to test phase between experiments. Our results demonstrate that the link between confidence and information seeking is not as simple as previously assumed and suggest that confidence and information seeking are separately driven by beliefs about past performance versus perceived difficulty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106219"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Herding cats: children and adults infer collective decision speed from team size and diversity, but disagree about whether consensus strength matters more than team size 放牧猫：儿童和成人从团队规模和多样性推断集体决策速度，但在共识强度是否比团队规模更重要的问题上存在分歧

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106211

Emory Richardson , Hannah Hok , Alex Shaw , Frank C. Keil

引用次数: 0

Self-persuasion does not imply self-deception 自我说服并不意味着自我欺骗

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106215

Yunhao Zhang , David G. Rand

{"title":"Self-persuasion does not imply self-deception","authors":"Yunhao Zhang , David G. Rand","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing theory argues that the “self-persuasion” effect, whereby individuals who are incentivized to persuade others adjust their own beliefs to align with their persuasion goals, is a consequence of self-deception stemming from the motive to persuade others. Here, we propose an alternative explanation: we argue that self-persuasion may arise through simply being preferentially exposed to goal-aligned arguments. We then provide empirical evidence supporting our alternative account using pre-registered experiments in which participants were assigned to either an incentivized persuasion task or an incentivized summary task. Both our Study 1 (<em>N</em> = 1609) and Study 2 (<em>N</em> = 2399) found an equal level of self-persuasion in both task conditions. Furthermore, in Study 2, completing a summary task before the persuasion task significantly reduced the subsequent self-persuasion effect (five times less self-persuasion). Together, these results suggest that the “self-persuasion” effect is not actually driven by a motive to persuade. Instead, self-persuasion appears to arise simply due to exposure to goal-aligned information. These findings challenge the conventional wisdom, suggesting that (1) self-deception is not the primary mechanism behind self-persuasion; and (2) when leveraging the self-persuasion effect as a persuasion technique, the motive to persuade is not essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144254099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modelling child learning and parsing of long-range syntactic dependencies 模拟儿童学习和解析长期句法依赖关系

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106180

Louis Mahon , Mark Johnson , Mark Steedman

引用次数: 0

Diffindo! Precise language comprehension in older adulthood revealed by event-related brain potential studies of domain knowledge Diffindo !领域知识的事件相关脑电位研究揭示了老年人的精确语言理解

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106210

Melissa Troyer , Elizabeth A.L. Stine-Morrow , Kara D. Federmeier

{"title":"Diffindo! Precise language comprehension in older adulthood revealed by event-related brain potential studies of domain knowledge","authors":"Melissa Troyer , Elizabeth A.L. Stine-Morrow , Kara D. Federmeier","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Knowledge accumulates across the lifespan, yet most research into its effects on language comprehension has focused on young adult college students. This leaves a critical gap in understanding how knowledge impacts comprehension in other populations, including healthy older adults. Older adults bring greater language experience and knowledge to comprehension tasks but also must contend with changes in cognitive factors like processing speed and working memory. We still know little about how older adults use their knowledge in real time and thus how basic comprehension abilities, which seem relatively stable across the adulthood, may arise from the use of different types of representations or processing mechanisms. To address this, we assessed levels of domain-specific knowledge (in this case, of the fictional world of Harry Potter; HP) and used event-related potentials to measure how that knowledge influenced language processing dynamics as older adults (ages 50–81 years) read HP-related sentences. For sentences ending with expected information (true HP “facts”), greater domain knowledge was associated with larger effects of contextual support on the N400, an ERP component linked to semantic access. However, older adults did not show domain knowledge-based N400 modulations to infelicitous but contextually related words, suggesting that they tended to maintain a narrower scope of semantic activation. By contrast, an analysis of trial-level back-sorted according to accuracy on a subsequent sentence-completion task revealed that when older adults could produce the correct sentence completion, domain knowledge <em>did</em> increase the tendency to activate broadly, possibly suggesting that high-knowledge individuals had engaged more actively in anticipatory processing. We suggest that comprehension mechanisms among older adults may capitalize on maturing semantic networks, which become functionally organized for more selective but accurate processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144254100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Temporal order judgment reveals visual processing priorities for topological structure 时间顺序判断揭示了拓扑结构的视觉加工优先级

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106203

Jintao Song , Hongyi Zhang , Zhentao Zuo , Tiangang Zhou , Yan Zhuo

{"title":"Temporal order judgment reveals visual processing priorities for topological structure","authors":"Jintao Song , Hongyi Zhang , Zhentao Zuo , Tiangang Zhou , Yan Zhuo","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Topological structure has long been considered crucial for parsing visual scenes into meaningful units and identifying perceptual objects. According to the topological perception theory, a change in topological properties (e.g., the number of holes, inside/outside relations, and connectivity) signals the emergence of a new perceptual object. The current study hypothesized that visual processing prioritizes topological changes because the sudden onset of a new object captures attention. Using the temporal order judgment (TOJ) paradigm, we presented two shape-changing transformations at variable intervals and required participants to report which one changed earlier. The results showed that when the two transformations differed in the topological properties, participants were prone to report the topological change earlier than the nontopological change. The priority effect was reflected in shifts in the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) and consistently observed across various topological changes, including the number of holes, inside/outside relations, and connectivity. The stimuli varied at the pixel level but were conceptually unified by the topology principles. The visual processing priorities in the temporal order perception supported that topological change indicates the emergence of a new object. Finally, the significance of the topological properties of invariance over transformation was discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The ‘Sentence Superiority Effect’ is due to guessing “句子优势效应”是由于猜测

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106202

Adrian Staub, Ellie Deutsch, John Greene, Jillian Hammond

{"title":"The ‘Sentence Superiority Effect’ is due to guessing","authors":"Adrian Staub, Ellie Deutsch, John Greene, Jillian Hammond","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Snell and Grainger (2017) reported a ‘Sentence Superiority Effect’ (SSE) in the identification of individual words: When a string of four words was presented for 200 ms, followed by a cue to report the word in one of the four positions, this word was reported more accurately when the string was grammatical than when it was scrambled. They interpreted the SSE as reflecting parallel processing of the four words, rapid activation of a syntactic representation, and feedback from this syntactic representation to the word level. However, in a footnote Snell and Grainger (2017) reported a forced-choice version of the experiment in which grammaticality of the string did not have a significant effect on accuracy. By contrast, the classic Word Superiority Effect appears in forced choice, which rules out an account based on guessing. To further assess whether the SSE in free response is due to guessing, we conducted three on-line experiments (combined <em>N</em> = 629), varying the meaningfulness of the grammatical stimuli. Each participant completed both a free response block and a forced-choice block; in forced choice the target and foil words were similarly grammatical. We replicated an effect of the string's grammaticality in free response, but like Snell and Grainger (2017), did not find an effect in forced choice in any of our experiments. Thus, the SSE appears to be due to guessing based on linguistic knowledge, rather than parallel interactive activation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106202"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating retrieval strategies in an associative recognition test in working memory: Evidence from eye movements 研究工作记忆联想识别测试中的检索策略：来自眼动的证据

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106199

Ruhi Bhanap , Klaus Oberauer , Agnes Rosner

{"title":"Investigating retrieval strategies in an associative recognition test in working memory: Evidence from eye movements","authors":"Ruhi Bhanap , Klaus Oberauer , Agnes Rosner","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study examines the retrieval strategies that people engage in during associative recognition in working memory. To this end, we employ eye movements as a tool to track the underlying retrieval processes. Previous work has shown that during retrieval people tend to look back at empty spatial locations where the information was presented at encoding, known as the looking at nothing (LAN) effect. Thus, reflecting which memorandum has been retrieved. In a series of five experiments, we presented participants with four-word pairs at four different locations at encoding. During an immediate retrieval test, they heard two words and were asked to indicate if these two words belonged to the same word pair (positive probe) or not (lure probe). We hypothesized that LAN observed during lure probes will be diagnostic in informing which strategy participants engage in. On the one hand, participants can retrieve a word pair associated with one of the probe words through a pairwise binding. On the other hand, they can retrieve both word pairs based on a parallel comparison to the integrated representation of all the word pairs to perform the task. All experiments supported a retrieval strategy where one word of a pair was used as a cue to retrieve the other, regardless of whether the two probe words were presented with or without an interval, whether the word pairs were encoded in a fixed clockwise order or presented randomly. Additionally, we implemented a measurement model for the timeline of LAN. The onset of the effect is dependent on the inter word interval at retrieval as well as the size and distance between the locations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Communicative pressures shape language during communication (not learning): Evidence from case-marking in artificial languages 交际压力在交际（而非学习）过程中塑造语言：来自人工语言中大小写标记的证据

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106164

Kenny Smith, Jennifer Culbertson

{"title":"Communicative pressures shape language during communication (not learning): Evidence from case-marking in artificial languages","authors":"Kenny Smith, Jennifer Culbertson","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural languages seem to be designed for efficient communication. A classic example is Differential Case Marking, when nouns are marked for their grammatical role only if this information cannot be derived from world knowledge (e.g. only atypical objects need to be linguistically marked as objects). Fedzechkina et al. (2012) present experimental evidence from an artificial language learning paradigm suggesting that biases in learning favour Differential Case Marking: learners exposed to a language with optional case-marking restructure the input, using case-markers more in situations where marking would reduce the uncertainty or ambiguity experienced by a listener, despite the fact that they never use the artificial language in a communicative task where a listener’s uncertainty is a relevant consideration. This is surprising given previous studies suggesting that biases in learning favour simplicity and are agnostic with respect to communicative function. We report an experiment investigating whether biases for communicatively-efficient Differential Case Marking exist in learning. Contrary to Fedzechkina et al. (2012), we find no evidence for such a bias in learning: participants do not reliably produce Differential Object Marking in non-communicative recall tests, and their use of case is impervious to factors influencing message uncertainty or ambiguity, observations which are inconsistent with their hypothesis. However, we find good evidence that participants’ behaviour in actual communicative interaction <em>is</em> driven by efficient communication considerations: in interaction participants exhibited the expected Differential Object Marking pattern. This suggests that languages adapt to communicative efficiency constraints as a result of being used in communication, rather than due to biases in human learning favouring communicatively-efficient languages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Estimating divergent moral and diversity preferences between AI builders and AI users 估计人工智能建设者和人工智能用户之间不同的道德和多样性偏好

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106198

Zoe A. Purcell , Laura Charbit , Grégoire Borst , Anne-Marie Nussberger

{"title":"Estimating divergent moral and diversity preferences between AI builders and AI users","authors":"Zoe A. Purcell , Laura Charbit , Grégoire Borst , Anne-Marie Nussberger","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>AI builders' preferences influence AI technologies throughout the development cycle, yet the demographic homogeneity of the AI workforce raises concerns about potential misalignments with the more diverse population of AI users. This study examines whether demographic disparities among AI builders and AI users lead to systematic differences in two critical domains: personal moral beliefs and preferences for diversity-related machine outputs. Using a pseudo-experimental, cross-sectional design, we assessed the moral beliefs and diversity preferences of adults (<em>N</em> = 519, 20+ years) and adolescents (<em>N</em> = 395, 15–19 years) with varying levels of actual or projected AI engagement. In our sample, males and adults with higher AI engagement exhibited stronger endorsement of instrumental harm and weaker support for diversity. Given the largely male composition of the AI workforce, these findings suggest there may be critical value gaps between current builders and users. In contrast, our adolescent data indicated that—developmental changes withstanding—these differences may narrow in future cohorts, particularly with greater gender balance. Our results provide initial support for a broader concern: that demographic homogeneity in the AI workforce may contribute to belief and expectation gaps between AI builders and users, underscoring the critical need for a diverse AI workforce to ensure alignment with societal values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106198"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0