Cognition最新文献

{"title":"Beyond words: Examining the role of mental imagery for the Stroop effect by contrasting aphantasics and controls","authors":"Merlin Monzel ,&nbsp;Janik Rademacher ,&nbsp;Raquel Krempel ,&nbsp;Martin Reuter","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the best replicated and most famous effects in experimental psychology, the Stroop effect, describes interferences in cognitive processing when a color word is printed in a conflicting ink color. Recently, the controversial hypothesis was proposed that reading the color word triggers visual imagery, which then interferes with the perceived color, leading to the Stroop effect. Thus, the Stroop effect should not occur in aphantasics, i.e., in individuals with impaired mental imagery. We tested this intriguing hypothesis in a rare sample of 151 aphantasics and 110 controls. Results show that the Stroop effect was reduced in aphantasics, albeit still existing. For the first time, the present data show that an interference between mental imagery and perception is partially responsible for the Stroop effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational bases of domain-specific action anticipation superiority in experts: Kinematic invariants mapping","authors":"Qiwei Zhao ,&nbsp;Yinyue Wang ,&nbsp;Yingzhi Lu ,&nbsp;Mengkai Luan ,&nbsp;Siyu Gao ,&nbsp;Xizhe Li ,&nbsp;Chenglin Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While experts consistently demonstrate superior action anticipation within their domains, the computational mechanisms underlying this ability remain unclear. This study investigated how the processing of kinematic invariants contributes to expert performance by examining table tennis players, volleyball players, and novices across two table tennis serve anticipation tasks using normal and point-light displays. Employing the kinematic coding framework, we established encoding and readout models to predict both actual action outcomes and participants' responses. Results showed that table tennis players consistently outperformed other groups across both tasks. Analysis of the intersection between encoding and readout models revealed a distinct mechanism: while both athlete groups showed enhanced ability to identify informative kinematic features compared to novices, only table tennis players demonstrated superiority in correctly utilizing these features to make precise predictions. This advantage in invariants mapping showed a positive correlation with domain-specific training experience and remained consistent across display formats, suggesting the development of a robust internal model through sustained domain-specific experience. Our findings illuminate the computational bases of domain-specific action anticipation, highlighting the significance of kinematic invariants mapping superiority in experts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observers translate information about other agents' higher-order goals into expectations about their forthcoming action kinematics","authors":"Katrina L. McDonough ,&nbsp;Eleonora Parrotta ,&nbsp;Camilla Ucheoma Enwereuzor ,&nbsp;Patric Bach","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social perception relies on the ability to understand the higher-order goals that drive other people's behaviour. Under predictive coding views, this ability relies on a Bayesian-like hypothesis-testing mechanism, which translates prior higher-order information about another agent's goals into perceptual predictions of the actions with which these goals can be realised and tests these predictions against the actual behaviour. We tested this hypothesis in three preregistered experiments. Participants viewed an agent's hand next to two possible target objects (e.g., donut, hammer) and heard the agent state a higher-order goal, which could be fulfilled by one of the two objects (e.g., “I'm really hungry!”). The hand then reached towards the objects and disappeared at an unpredictable point mid-motion, and participants reported its last seen location. The results revealed the hypothesized integration of prior goals and observed hand trajectories. Reported hand disappearance points were predictively shifted towards the object with which the goal could be best realised. These biases were stronger when goal statements were explicitly processed (Experiment 1) than when passively heard (Experiment 2), more robust for more ambiguous reaches, and they could not be explained by attentional shifts towards the objects or participants' awareness of the experimental hypotheses. Moreover, similar biases were not elicited (Experiment 3) when the agent's statements referred to the same objects but did not specify them as action goals (e.g., “I'm really not hungry!”). These findings link action understanding to predictive/Bayesian mechanisms of social perception and Theory of Mind and provide the first evidence that prior knowledge about others' higher-level goals cascades to lower-level action expectations, which ultimately influence the visuospatial representation of others' behaviour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Similar failures of consideration arise in human and machine planning","authors":"Alice Zhang ,&nbsp;Max Langenkamp ,&nbsp;Max Kleiman-Weiner ,&nbsp;Tuomas Oikarinen ,&nbsp;Fiery Cushman","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Humans are remarkably efficient at decision making, even in “open-ended” problems where the set of possible actions is too large for exhaustive evaluation. Our success relies, in part, on processes for calling to mind the right candidate actions. When these processes fail, the result is a kind of puzzle in which the value of a solution would be obvious once it is considered, but never gets considered in the first place. Recently, machine learning (ML) architectures have attained or even exceeded human performance on open-ended decision making tasks such as playing chess and Go. We ask whether the broad architectural principles that underlie ML success in these domains generate similar consideration failures to those observed in humans. We demonstrate a case in which they do, illuminating how humans make open-ended decisions, how this relates to ML approaches to similar problems, and how both architectures lead to characteristic patterns of success and failure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106108"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotional events induce retrograde memory impairments on conceptually-related neutral events","authors":"Jamie Snytte ,&nbsp;Ting Ting Liu ,&nbsp;Renée Withnell ,&nbsp;M. Natasha Rajah ,&nbsp;Signy Sheldon","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emotional events are known to be prioritized during episodic encoding, leading to more detailed recollections compared to neutral events. Encoding an emotional event can influence the mnemonic fate of preceding or subsequent neutral events. Studies examining the impact of emotion on memory for neighboring neutral events have produced inconsistent results, which could be due to differences in the conceptual association between emotional and neutral stimuli. To test this idea, we conducted two behavioural experiments in which participants viewed one neutral and one emotional video clip from the same television series (<em>Bates Motel</em>) or from two different sources (emotional video from <em>Bates Motel</em>, neutral video from <em>An Education</em>). In both experiments, we manipulated the order in which participants viewed the videos – one group viewed the neutral video before the emotional video and the other group viewed the neutral video after the emotional video – and tested memory for all videos using free recall. We found that encoding a neutral video before, but not after an emotional video impaired recall, illustrating a retrograde impairment. Critically, this impairment only occurred when the videos were conceptually related, as in Experiment 1. In contrast, there was no indication of a retrograde impairment when the videos were not related, as in Experiment 2. Thus, a conceptual relationship is crucial for emotional events to imbue a retrograde impairment on neutral event memory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A body detection inversion effect revealed by a large-scale inattentional blindness experiment","authors":"Marco Gandolfo,&nbsp;Marius V. Peelen","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a social species, humans preferentially attend to the faces and bodies of other people. Previous research revealed specialized cognitive mechanisms for processing human faces and bodies. For example, upright person silhouettes are more readily found than inverted silhouettes in visual search tasks. It is unclear, however, whether these findings reflect a top-down attentional bias to social stimuli or bottom-up sensitivity to visual cues signaling the presence of other people. Here, we tested whether the upright human form is preferentially detected in the absence of attention. To rule out influences of top-down attention and expectation, we conducted a large-scale single-trial inattentional blindness experiment on a diverse sample of naive participants (<em>N</em> = 13.539). While participants were engaged in judging the length of a cross at fixation, we briefly presented an unexpected silhouette of a person or a plant next to the cross. Subsequently, we asked whether participants noticed anything other than the cross. Results showed that silhouettes of people were more often noticed than silhouettes of plants. Crucially, upright person silhouettes were also more often detected than inverted person silhouettes, despite these stimuli being identical in their low-level visual features. These results were replicated in a second experiment involving headless person silhouettes. Finally, capitalizing on the exceptionally large and diverse sample, further analyses revealed strong detection differences across age and gender. These results indicate that the visual system is tuned to the form of the upright human body, allowing for the quick detection of other people even in the absence of attention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What you saw a while ago determines what you see now: Extending awareness priming to implicit behaviors and uncovering its temporal dynamics","authors":"Zefan Zheng ,&nbsp;Darinka Trübutschek ,&nbsp;Shuyue Huang ,&nbsp;Yongchun Cai ,&nbsp;Lucia Melloni","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Past experiences influence how we perceive and respond to the present. A striking example is awareness priming, in which prior conscious perception enhances visibility and discrimination of subsequent stimuli. In this partially pre-registered study, we address a long-standing debate and broaden the scope of awareness priming by demonstrating its effects on implicit motor responses. Using a large sample size (<em>N</em> = 48) and a novel continuous flash suppression (CFS) paradigm, we show that prior conscious perception not only boosts subjective visibility, objective discrimination accuracy, but also enhances implicit motor responses of subsequently encountered threshold-level stimuli. Exploratory temporal dynamics analyses confirm the transient nature of awareness priming: It peaks rapidly and decays gradually, even when high-visibility trials, which could shape subsequent perception, persist. This temporal profile sets awareness priming apart from other influences of prior experience, such as serial dependence or perceptual learning. We also make a novel observation: Recent conscious experience enhances discrimination accuracy, whereas more distant experiences primarily improve subjective visibility. These findings suggest that prior conscious perception shapes conscious awareness and discrimination accuracy through independent mechanisms, likely mediated by brain areas with differing temporal receptive windows across the cortical hierarchy. By shedding new light on the scope and temporal dynamics of awareness priming, this work advances our understanding of how previous conscious perception shapes current perception and behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does music training improve emotion recognition and cognitive abilities? Longitudinal and correlational evidence from children","authors":"Leonor Neves ,&nbsp;Marta Martins ,&nbsp;Ana Isabel Correia ,&nbsp;São Luís Castro ,&nbsp;E. Glenn Schellenberg ,&nbsp;César F. Lima","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Music training is widely claimed to enhance nonmusical abilities, yet causal evidence remains inconclusive. Moreover, research tends to focus on cognitive over socioemotional outcomes. In two studies, we investigated whether music training improves emotion recognition in voices and faces among school-aged children. We also examined music-training effects on musical abilities, motor skills (fine and gross), broader socioemotional functioning, and cognitive abilities including nonverbal reasoning, executive functions, and auditory memory (short-term and working memory). Study 1 (<em>N</em> = 110) was a 2-year longitudinal intervention conducted in a naturalistic school setting, comparing music training to basketball training (active control) and no training (passive control). Music training improved fine-motor skills and auditory memory relative to controls, but it had no effect on emotion recognition or other cognitive and socioemotional abilities. Both music and basketball training improved gross-motor skills. Study 2 (<em>N</em> = 192) compared children without music training to peers attending a music school. Although music training correlated with better emotion recognition in speech prosody (tone of voice), this association disappeared after controlling for socioeconomic status, musical abilities, or short-term memory. In contrast, musical abilities correlated with emotion recognition in both prosody and faces, independently of training or other confounding variables. These findings suggest that music training enhances fine-motor skills and auditory memory, but it does not causally improve emotion recognition, other cognitive abilities, or socioemotional functioning. Observed advantages in emotion recognition likely stem from preexisting musical abilities and other confounding factors such as socioeconomic status.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microsaccades reveal preserved spatial organisation in visual working memory despite decay in location-based rehearsal","authors":"Eelke de Vries,&nbsp;Freek van Ede","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Space provides a foundational scaffold for retaining and selecting visual information in working memory. It remains unclear, however, whether and how spatial organisation in visual working memory persists over temporally extended memory delays, particularly when the locations of memoranda are incidental and never probed for report. Studies using continuous spatial markers of working-memory retention often report a gradual decay over time, which may or may not reflect a genuine decay in spatial organisation within working memory. To examine this, we capitalised on two recently established spatial eye-movement (microsaccade) markers of ‘location-based mnemonic rehearsal’ and ‘location-based mnemonic selection’ that we here studied during and following short (1 s), medium (3 s), and long (5 s) working-memory delays. Our findings, replicated across two experiments, demonstrate that while markers of location-based rehearsal may diminish throughout the working-memory delay, mnemonic selection remains anchored to incidentally encoded object locations. This implies that spatial organisation in working memory is preserved even when markers of active spatial rehearsal have meanwhile decayed, suggesting the notion of a “silent spatial scaffold” for working memory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106111"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urges now, interests later: On the factors and dynamics of epistemic curiosity","authors":"Ohad Dan ,&nbsp;Maya Leshkowitz ,&nbsp;Ohad Livnat ,&nbsp;Ran R. Hassin","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>More information today is becoming more accessible to more people at an ever-growing rate. How does epistemic curiosity operate in this expanding informational landscape? We test a novel theory which postulates that experienced curiosity is a function of two psychological factors: Interest, which is cognitive, “cool” and relatively stable in time, and Urge that is “hot” and quick to rise and decay. These factors determine one's experienced curiosity at any given point in time. Interestingly, these temporal dynamics may lead to time-dependent changes in epistemic choices. In a series of forced-choice experiments (<em>n</em> = 702), participants chose between receiving answers to either high-Urge or high-Interest questions. Consistent with predictions derived from our theory, we found a present-bias in preference for Urge. Our theory explains why, in stark contrast to individual interest and with the potential to derail public discourse, a competition for our attention inherently incentivizes the use of inciting and sensational information. We present and test a theory-based behavioral nudge that partially ameliorates these effects.</div></div><div><h3>Statement of relevance</h3><div>Understanding the fundamentals of epistemic choices has important individual, societal, and economic implications. We develop and test a two-factor model, which captures cognitive and motivational determinants of curiosity. The model accounts for a modern-day paradox: how we chronically defer the consumption of information we find interesting (e.g., works of art and science), by succumbing to epistemic urges (e.g., finding the whereabouts of celebrities). From a societal perspective, an abundance of information in an environment that monetizes attention motivates the engineering of information for immediate engagement. We provide a novel psychological framework to describe the information attraction governing our daily lives. We also show how our theory may be used to allow people to consume more of the information they actually want, rather than the information they are tempted to consume.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}