Cognition最新文献_第2页

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106302

Karthikeya Kaushik, Bill D. Thompson

{"title":"Conceptual similarity as aggregation over feature sets in geometric spaces","authors":"Karthikeya Kaushik, Bill D. Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding how people judge whether two concepts are similar is a fundamental problem in cognitive science, with implications for theories of learning and reasoning. Human judgments of conceptual similarity often conflict with basic metric assumptions, leading to effects such as judgment asymmetry and violations of the triangle inequality. Classical models of conceptual structure explained these effects via set-based logic applied to manually constructed feature-set representations of concepts. Modern geometric models of conceptual structure offer a scalable, data-driven alternative, but struggle to capture judgment asymmetries via metric-based similarity measures. Here we introduce a modeling framework that combines the merits of these two approaches. Our approach represents concepts as sets of high-dimensional feature embeddings extracted from geometric models via natural language descriptions (e.g. <em>has legs</em>, <em>likes coffee</em>). We present a similarity function appropriate to this setting and show how it can account for classic judgment effects. We evaluate the predictions of this approach against human judgment in two studies: (1) a behavioral study of human similarity judgments among abstract concepts (world countries), and (2) the Nelson free word association dataset. We also formalize a link between our approach and Tversky’s classic Contrast Model. Our model outperforms alternatives and establishes a generally-applicable framework that integrates classic and contemporary approaches to conceptual structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106302"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Beyond top-down: Feature search as a serial clump-wise process 超越自顶向下：特征搜索是一个连续的聚类过程

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106334

Jasper de Waard , Jan Theeuwes

{"title":"Beyond top-down: Feature search as a serial clump-wise process","authors":"Jasper de Waard , Jan Theeuwes","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There has been a long-standing debate over whether physically salient stimuli capture attention automatically, independent of the observer's goals, or whether attentional capture depends on the match between the stimulus and the observer's task set. Recent evidence indicates that attentional capture can be prevented when observers adopt a so-called feature search mode, which enables top-down suppression of salient but irrelevant stimuli. The present study examined whether the feature search mode reflects genuine top-down control or whether it simply results from serial, clump-wise search induced by specific display characteristics. To investigate this, we employed a two-target compatibility manipulation. Our findings reveal that in feature search mode, there were almost no compatibility effects, indicating clump-wise serial search which in turn resulted in no attentional capture by the salient distractor. In contrast, when participants engaged in singleton detection mode, there were large compatibility effects and at the same time strong attentional capture by the salient singleton distractor. The current results challenge the notion that top-down suppression prevents attentional capture. Instead, they support the interpretation that, in feature search, the absence of capture arises from the inherently constrained nature of serial search dictated by the display's structure. Consequently, our findings call into question the functional relevance of search modes as distinct cognitive states and advocate for a reinterpretation grounded in attentional window size and display configuration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How to show that a cruel prank is worse than a war crime: Shifting scales and missing benchmarks in the study of moral judgment 如何证明一个残酷的恶作剧比战争罪行更糟糕：道德判断研究中的尺度变化和基准缺失

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106315

Vladimir Chituc , M.J. Crockett , Brian J. Scholl

{"title":"How to show that a cruel prank is worse than a war crime: Shifting scales and missing benchmarks in the study of moral judgment","authors":"Vladimir Chituc , M.J. Crockett , Brian J. Scholl","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Moral judgment is central to both everyday life and cognitive science, but how can it be studied with quantitative precision? By far the most direct and ubiquitous method is to simply ask people for their judgments, in the form of ratings on a labeled scale (e.g. Likert or Visual Analog Scales). As has long been recognized in sensory psychophysics, however, such responses are meaningful only in a relative sense. (Is your dog “big”? Perhaps yes in the context of house pets, but not in the context of all mammals?) Here we illustrate the nature and extremity of this problem using two case studies. First, to explore this theme in principle, we show in a series of nine experiments that this problem can readily lead subjects to (seemingly) judge a cruel prank (involving humiliation) to be just as immoral as (or even worse than) an internationally recognized war crime (involving murder). In contrast, such nonsensical results disappear when using magnitude estimation — a psychophysical method employing an explicit moral benchmark. Second, to demonstrate the importance of this theme in practice, we show that the use of magnitude estimation (vs. Likert scales) radically changes the proper interpretation of a recent study of ‘moral luck’, fueling essentially the opposite conclusion. Taken together, this work illustrates how insights from psychophysics can help improve measurement in contemporary moral psychology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A criterion-placement theory of face matching 人脸匹配的标准定位理论

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106319

Kristen A. Baker , Catherine J. Mondloch , Peter J.B. Hancock , Markus Bindemann

引用次数: 0

Online searching can lead to internet fixation without reducing metacognitive confidence 在线搜索可以导致网络固定，但不会降低元认知自信

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106329

Dana-Lis Bittner, Benjamin C. Storm

引用次数: 0

The temporal and spatial properties of memorability reveal insights into the art creation process 可记忆性的时间和空间特性揭示了对艺术创作过程的洞察

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106322

Trent M. Davis, Wilma A. Bainbridge

{"title":"The temporal and spatial properties of memorability reveal insights into the art creation process","authors":"Trent M. Davis, Wilma A. Bainbridge","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When creating art, artists must make constant decisions with each pen stroke in order to achieve their goals of the piece. One common goal is to create something memorable—a piece that will persist in the memories of the observer. However, an open question is how different artistic decisions impact the memorability of a piece as it is being created. To test this question, we utilized a neural network (ResMem) to track the frame-by-frame changes in memorability for 50 videos of the creation of digital art pieces. We tested this neural network's predictions via a human memory experiment (<em>N</em> = 399), finding that ResMem's predictions significantly correlated with human memory performance across the art creation process. We then collected multiple measures of each piece's creation process, including low-level visual features, mid-level visual features, neural network-derived features, artistic features, and spatial properties. We find that changes in details and low-level visual features do not contribute to the memorability of a piece; rather more global measures of simplicity and variability relate to the memorability of a piece. Further, larger changes (e.g., blocking, sketching), particularly below the horizon of the image, make the biggest impacts on memorability. Importantly, we find that the memorability of a piece is largely set from the very beginning, and changes that occur later have diminishing impact on the memorability of a piece. These findings have important implications for both artists and psychologists in thinking about the factors that impact memory during the creation of an image.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106322"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Learning to be confident: How agents learn confidence based on prediction errors 学习自信：智能体如何根据预测错误学习自信。

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106332

Pierre Le Denmat , Kobe Desender , Tom Verguts

{"title":"Learning to be confident: How agents learn confidence based on prediction errors","authors":"Pierre Le Denmat , Kobe Desender , Tom Verguts","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decision confidence should normatively reflect the posterior probability of making a correct choice, conditional on relevant information. However, how individuals learn to calibrate their sense of confidence to that probability remains unknown. The standard approach to estimate any quantity is to use trial-by trial samples of that quantity to train a function approximator (such as a neural network) based on the prediction errors (quantity minus prediction of the quantity). We tested whether humans learn about confidence using this principle in a perceptual decision-making experiment where participants repeatedly alternated between two manipulated feedback regimes (negative vs positive) every few blocks of trials. As anticipated, confidence ratings tracked feedback, with confidence gradually increasing when participants received overall positive feedback (and thus positive prediction errors), and decreasing when receiving negative feedback (and thus negative prediction errors). These feedback-induced dynamic changes were specific to confidence, as objective performance was unaffected by the manipulation. We propose a single-layer neural network model for confidence which updates the computation of confidence based on trial-level prediction errors, and demonstrate that it better fits the behavioral data compared to a purely valence-based model. Taken together, these results show that the computation of confidence is dynamic: humans constantly update how they compute confidence based on prediction errors (feedback minus prediction), in a statistically efficient manner.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

For everyday arguments prior beliefs play a larger role on perceived argument quality than argument quality itself 对于日常论证，先验信念对感知论证质量的作用大于论证质量本身。

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106257

Calvin Deans-Browne, Henrik Singmann

{"title":"For everyday arguments prior beliefs play a larger role on perceived argument quality than argument quality itself","authors":"Calvin Deans-Browne, Henrik Singmann","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Not all arguments are equally convincing, and whilst a given argument may be persuasive to some people, it is often seen as inadequate by others. We are interested in both the individual and argument level differences that make ‘everyday’ arguments such as those on social media persuasive. We investigate this question using a paradigm that consists of two parts. In the first part, we measure participants' individual beliefs about eight claims each referring to a political topic (e.g., <em>Abortion should be legal</em>). In the second part, participants rated the quality of an argument for each of these claims. Arguments were good or bad (Experiments 1 and 2) or good, inconsistent, or authority-based (Experiment 3). Good, inconsistent, and authority-based arguments summarised arguments from an educational bipartisan website, contained internal inconsistencies, or were based on appeals to authority, respectively. We found that participants preferred arguments that were also in line with their beliefs. We also found that participants were able to discriminate the qualities of different arguments – good arguments were rated as better than any other type of argument. In Experiment 3, inconsistent arguments were rated as better than those making appeals to authority. Importantly, the maximum effect of belief was larger than the maximum effect of argument quality. Thus, people do not evaluate arguments independently of the background beliefs held about them, which play at least as large a role in evaluating the quality of the argument as does the actual quality of the argument itself.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106257"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Say it again, you'll be faster: Or on how the language production system keeps track of co-occurrences 再说一遍，你会更快：或者语言产生系统如何跟踪共现现象

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106316

Audrey Bürki , Julia Pantelmann , Hyien Jeong , Filip Nenadić

{"title":"Say it again, you'll be faster: Or on how the language production system keeps track of co-occurrences","authors":"Audrey Bürki , Julia Pantelmann , Hyien Jeong , Filip Nenadić","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The linguistic system allows for an almost infinite number of combinations, but speakers tend to use some word combinations more often than others. It would be intuitive to assume that these probabilities are registered and used to make the selection of upcoming words easier. The present study was designed to test this assumption. Participants named pictures using an adjective and a noun before and after a series of picture naming training sessions. During training, half of the presented pictures remained the same, while the other half were altered to maintain the same number of adjective and noun occurrences in novel combinations. The decrease in naming latencies after training is about 40 ms larger for repeated phrases. Experiment 2 replicates these results and shows that they are still observed after a day without additional exposure. Experiment 3 shows that these effects cannot be reduced to mere picture exposure. These findings challenge important assumptions of dominant psycholinguistic models. They suggest that the language production system registers direct word co-occurrences and stores the information for some time. We discuss an account of these effects in which connection strength between word representations are based on direct co-occurrence. Notably, these results open the way for detailed investigations and modeling of the mechanisms that drive probabilistic effects in language production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Place-related representations in setting the stage for empathy 地点相关表征为共情搭建舞台

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106327

Marius C. Vollberg , Brendan B. O'Connor , Patrik Vuilleumier , David Sander , Mina Cikara

{"title":"Place-related representations in setting the stage for empathy","authors":"Marius C. Vollberg , Brendan B. O'Connor , Patrik Vuilleumier , David Sander , Mina Cikara","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>What makes people experience varying degrees of empathy? Common accounts emphasize interpersonal attributes, including victims' group membership or social proximity to observers. Here we elucidate a distinct process: imagining the <em>scenes surrounding</em> victims. Although imagination has been shown to moderate empathy, the relative importance of its representational components is unknown. Using fMRI (<em>N</em> = 48), we identified activation maps preferentially associated with imagining places and persons, respectively. When participants imagined misfortunes happening to individuals in specific places, the place and person maps jointly predicted affective empathy, and, less consistently, prosocial behavior. Crucially, place-preferential activation was at least as predictive as person-preferential activation. Results were robust to several group-, participant-, trial-level, and covariate-adjusted analyses. Moreover, place-preferential activation itself was most strongly predicted by person liking, beyond place-related ratings. Our data are consistent with social affinity potentiating place imagination, which in turn increases empathy, above and beyond person imagination. These findings challenge person-centric views of empathy by suggesting that place-related representations are central to empathy and socially contingent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0