Cognition最新文献_第2页

A rational process model of reasoning causally with continuous variables 用连续变量进行因果推理的理性过程模型

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106193

Bob Rehder

{"title":"A rational process model of reasoning causally with continuous variables","authors":"Bob Rehder","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People have been shown to be effective causal reasoners. Yet, they also commit systematic errors. A model referred to as the <em>mutation sampler</em> explains this dual pattern of results by positing that causal inferences arise from a <em>rational process</em>, that is, an algorithm that is able to compute normatively correct answers but sometimes falls short due to cognitive resource limitations. To date, tests of this account has been limited to binary variables and usually <em>generative</em> causal relations, relations in which a cause makes its effect more probable. This study conducts new empirical tests of how people draw causal inferences with continuous variables that form a common cause network that are related by a mixture of generative and <em>inhibitory</em> relations (a cause lowers the value of its effects). The results showed that people commit the same qualitative errors with continuous variables that they do with binary ones and, moreover, that these effects are explained by a new version of the mutation sampler developed for continuous variables. Additional analyses indicate that the sampling process that the mutation sampler posits had a quantitative effect on all of participants’ causal inferences, not just those that exhibit qualitative violations of normative reasoning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106193"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The compositional nature of number concepts: Insights from number frequencies 数字概念的组成性质：来自数字频率的见解

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106213

Maxence Pajot , Mathias Sablé-Meyer , Stanislas Dehaene

{"title":"The compositional nature of number concepts: Insights from number frequencies","authors":"Maxence Pajot , Mathias Sablé-Meyer , Stanislas Dehaene","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The frequency with which humans use words provides a window into the psychological representation of the corresponding concepts. Capitalizing on the availability of massive lexical databases, we evaluate the frequency with which specific number words and their combinations (e.g. “twenty-four”, “quatre-vingt-douze”) are used in six different languages. We use these data to probe the hypothesis that complex concepts arise as syntactic combinations of simpler ones in a language of thought. First, we confirm our previous report of a regular and reproducible profile of decrease in frequency with number size, with local peaks for round numbers. Second, we show that frequency varies with the simplicity of the decomposition of a number into small prime factors. Third, we demonstrate that the entire frequency profile, including its overall decrease and local peaks, can be modeled by a grammar of algebraic combinations, whereby each number arises from addition and multiplication operations on smaller numbers. Those findings strengthen the hypothesis that compositionality in a language of thought underlies the emergence of exact number concepts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effect of degree of prediction error elicited by retrieval on the reconsolidation of fear memory 提取预测误差程度对恐惧记忆再巩固的影响

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106224

Wei Chen , Minmiao Liu , Junjiao Li , Xifu Zheng

{"title":"The effect of degree of prediction error elicited by retrieval on the reconsolidation of fear memory","authors":"Wei Chen , Minmiao Liu , Junjiao Li , Xifu Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The retrieval-extinction paradigm based on memory reconsolidation has been proposed as a non-invasive approach to attenuating fear, though its effectiveness remains debated due to inconsistent findings in the literature. Current research suggests that qualitative prediction error (“PE”) serves as a key boundary condition for determining whether a memory can undergo reconsolidation. However, these findings are based on qualitative (type and number) analysis, highlighting the need for further quantitative investigation. Drawing on previous experiments, this study manipulated prediction errors by altering the pairing patterns of CS-US during the retrieval and acquisition phases, setting up five groups with different prediction error manipulations. A reinforcement learning model was used to quantify prediction error (PE), fitting subjective expectancy ratings to a simplified Rescorla-Wagner model, and calculating the actual prediction errors elicited under different retrieval manipulations, combined with skin conductance response to reflect the intervention effects on fear memory in each group. Our findings indicate that different retrieval PE manipulations led to significant between-group differences in skin conductance response indicators during the fear reinstatement test, and the actual type and number of PE elicited were inconsistent with their operational definitions. The overall PE degree elicited during the retrieval phase may be a combination of the size, type, and number of PE. This study can help to further clarify the key role of PE in the retrieval-extinction paradigm, thereby promoting the clinical translation of this paradigm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106224"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the role of mental sampling in probability judgments: Illogical rankings occur in a predictable manner 评估心理抽样在概率判断中的作用：不合逻辑的排名以可预测的方式发生

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106125

Xiaotong Liu , Arndt Bröder , Henrik Singmann

{"title":"Evaluating the role of mental sampling in probability judgments: Illogical rankings occur in a predictable manner","authors":"Xiaotong Liu , Arndt Bröder , Henrik Singmann","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People’s probability judgments often appear to be probabilistically incoherent, as exemplified by the conjunction fallacy. Recently, various sampling-based models have been proposed as an integrative account for different biases and fallacies in probability judgments. In the current study, the novel Event Ranking Task was used to investigate sampling-based models of probability judgments. On each trial of the Event Ranking Task, participants were asked to provide a ranking for an event set consisting of four events, A, not-A, B, and not-B, in terms of their perceived likelihoods. Qualitative predictions were formally derived by assuming direct sampling from a fixed underlying probability distribution. Adding read-out noise in the sampling process – as suggested in the Probability Theory plus Noise model (Costello and Watts, 2014) – did not change the qualitative predictions. Two online experiments, where participants ranked twelve different event sets, yielded results in line with the qualitative predictions, providing evidence for the idea that mental sampling underlies probability judgments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144320964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of familiarity and recollection in value-based decisions 熟悉度和回忆在基于价值的决策中的作用

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106217

Tamara Gomilsek , Wolfgang Gaissmaier , Janina A. Hoffmann

{"title":"The role of familiarity and recollection in value-based decisions","authors":"Tamara Gomilsek , Wolfgang Gaissmaier , Janina A. Hoffmann","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Value-based decisions often require retrieving previous experiences from memory. A sense of familiarity, the subjective feeling of having encountered an option before, guides these search and decision processes. The current work explores the scope and boundaries of familiarity-based retrieval in predicting value-based decisions. To reach this goal, we formulate a familiarity-based decision making model (FB-DMM) that relies upon global matching of the current options to previously seen choice options within the current context. FB-DMM predicts that people prefer frequently encountered options to less frequent ones and explains why familiarity elicits preferences for high-value rather than low-value options. In Experiment 1, FB-DMM predicted participants' choices well when participants chose between option pairs with the same frequency of encounters, but different values. Against FB-DMM's prediction, participants rejected frequently repeated options with low values, indicating that individuals may have recollected the options' values instead. Experiment 2 aimed to diminish recollection-based processing by restricting decision times. Imposing time pressure reduced accuracy of participants' choices and slightly reduced decisions against familiar options with low values. A comparison of FB-DMM to a recollection-based model indicated that participants engaged less in recollection-based retrieval under time pressure. Taken together, our results suggest that familiarity-based matching processes capture a wider range of decision phenomena than suggested initially. Still, FB-DMM needs to be complemented by recollection-based processes to explain decisions going beyond the familiarity principle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

More gist, better math: Fuzzy-trace theory-based investigation of the relationship between long-term memory and mathematical skills 更多的要点，更好的数学：基于模糊追踪理论的长期记忆和数学技能之间关系的调查

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106212

Michał Obidziński , Nina Bażela , Mateusz Hohol

{"title":"More gist, better math: Fuzzy-trace theory-based investigation of the relationship between long-term memory and mathematical skills","authors":"Michał Obidziński , Nina Bażela , Mateusz Hohol","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite extensive research on the cognitive basis for mathematical activity, the associations between long-term memory and math skills remain relatively understudied. In our fuzzy-trace theory-driven study, we addressed this issue by investigating the relationships between long-term memory for numbers and prominent math skills, namely approximate number processing, arithmetic fluency, and math reasoning, along with math self-concept. Individuals who performed better in the numerical memory task demonstrated better math reasoning, a higher math self-concept, and were more arithmetically fluent. We did not find an association between memory and approximate number processing. Crucially, our memory task, based on the conjoint recognition model, allowed us to go beyond merely measuring overall performance and, as a result, to test fine-grained memory processes related to two memory traces: verbatim (remembering exact numbers) and gist (remembering a general intuition about a number's magnitude). While both gist and verbatim processes correlated with math reasoning, the associations involving gist-based processes were more prominent, which is consistent with one of the main assumptions of fuzzy-trace theory. This pattern was further supported by the results of the cluster-based analysis. On the other hand, even though math self-concept was positively associated with overall numerical memory performance, it correlated significantly only with verbatim-based process. Overall, our study shows the nuanced role of long-term memory processes in mathematical skills and demonstrates the power of fuzzy-trace theory and multinomial processing tree modeling in the fine-grained investigation of mathematical cognition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Skewed distributions facilitate infants' word segmentation 偏态分布有利于婴儿分词

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106221

Lucie Wolters , Mitsuhiko Ota , Inbal Arnon

{"title":"Skewed distributions facilitate infants' word segmentation","authors":"Lucie Wolters , Mitsuhiko Ota , Inbal Arnon","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infants can use statistical patterns to segment continuous speech into words, a crucial task in language acquisition. Experimental studies typically investigate this ability using artificial languages with a uniform frequency distribution, where all words occur equally often. However, words in natural language follow a highly skewed distribution conforming to a Zipfian power law, in which few words occur frequently while many occur infrequently. Prior work shows that such skewed distributions facilitate word segmentation, but the experimental evidence for this has been limited to individuals aged ten years or older, leaving unclear whether this effect arises from accumulated linguistic experience or is already present in the early stages of language learning. To address this, we conducted a word segmentation study with 7- to 9-month-old infants. Infants were exposed to a continuous speech stream containing four artificial words, presented either in a uniform or skewed frequency distribution. We found that infants exposed to the skewed distribution showed a greater looking time difference between familiar and unfamiliar words compared to those in the uniform condition. These findings suggest that skewed distributions facilitate learning during early linguistic development, highlighting the impact of such distributions on language acquisition. Moreover, these findings suggest that the widespread use of uniform distributions in lab-based studies may underestimate infants' segmentation abilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106221"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rethinking planning metrics: An analysis of common measurements of planning abilities 重新思考规划度量：对规划能力的常用度量的分析

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106220

Emma G. Cunningham , Daphné Bavelier , C. Shawn Green

{"title":"Rethinking planning metrics: An analysis of common measurements of planning abilities","authors":"Emma G. Cunningham , Daphné Bavelier , C. Shawn Green","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Planning, or the ability to simulate and execute a sequence of steps toward a goal, is integral for success in a range of activities, from cooking a meal to developing a new software program. Indeed, robust planning abilities have been found to predict success in math for children and the maintenance of independence in older adults. Due to the significant real-world impact of developing and sustaining strong planning abilities over the lifetime, bolstering these skills through training could prove highly beneficial for a host of life outcomes. However, it remains unclear whether the measurement tasks currently used to assess planning abilities are addressing a consistent and cohesive cognitive construct. Although planning researchers have identified tasks they believe tap planning skills, these tasks have not been subjected to individual differences testing to assess the relationship between them. Therefore, the present study investigated the associations between three tasks used to measure planning in psychology and adjacent fields (the Tower of London task, the Zoo Map test, and the Traveling Salesperson Problems) in two samples; an original study and in a pre-registered replication. Contrary to their characterization as tasks designed to measure a skill under a common semantic label, the correlations between planning tasks found in this study were negligible and unstable between samples. The lack of reliable associations between tasks indicates that they are very likely not measuring the same underlying skill, and thus, should be viewed with caution when used to measure planning individually.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106220"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Context-dependent role of confidence in information-seeking 自信在信息寻求中的情境依赖作用

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106219

Hélène Van Marcke , Kobe Desender

{"title":"Context-dependent role of confidence in information-seeking","authors":"Hélène Van Marcke , Kobe Desender","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decision confidence is regarded as a driving force behind information seeking, i.e. sampling more evidence before committing to a choice. Here, in two pre-registered experiments we assessed how two causal manipulations of confidence affect information seeking. During the training phase of a perceptual discrimination task, we used a comparative feedback manipulation (Experiment 1) or a difficulty manipulation (Experiment 2) to induce under- and overconfidence. In a subsequent testing phase, participants rated their confidence in each decision, after which they could choose to see the stimulus again before indicating their final choice and confidence. Our results demonstrate a striking dissociation between the type of manipulation used and the effect on information seeking. When under−/overconfidence was induced via comparative feedback (Exp.1), the tendency to seek information was decreased or increased, respectively, and this effect was fully mediated by trial-level confidence. Strikingly, when under−/overconfidence was induced via the difficulty manipulation (Exp.2), participants still used trial-level confidence to steer information seeking, yet overall sought less information in the condition associated with task-level underconfidence. This effect of training difficulty was unmediated by confidence. We discuss our findings in light of differences in task difficulty when transitioning from training to test phase between experiments. Our results demonstrate that the link between confidence and information seeking is not as simple as previously assumed and suggest that confidence and information seeking are separately driven by beliefs about past performance versus perceived difficulty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 106219"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Herding cats: children and adults infer collective decision speed from team size and diversity, but disagree about whether consensus strength matters more than team size 放牧猫：儿童和成人从团队规模和多样性推断集体决策速度，但在共识强度是否比团队规模更重要的问题上存在分歧

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106211

Emory Richardson , Hannah Hok , Alex Shaw , Frank C. Keil

引用次数: 0