Cognition最新文献_第2页

The true colors of reading: Literacy enhances lexical-semantic processing in rapid automatized and discrete object naming 阅读的本色：读写能力增强了快速自动化和离散对象命名的词汇语义处理

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-05-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106172

Susana Araújo , Tânia Fernandes , Margarida Cipriano , Laura Mealha , Catarina Silva-Nunes , Falk Huettig

{"title":"The true colors of reading: Literacy enhances lexical-semantic processing in rapid automatized and discrete object naming","authors":"Susana Araújo , Tânia Fernandes , Margarida Cipriano , Laura Mealha , Catarina Silva-Nunes , Falk Huettig","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Semantic knowledge is a defining property of human cognition, profoundly influenced by cultural experiences. In this study, we investigated whether literacy enhances lexical-semantic processing independently of schooling. Three groups of neurotypical adults - unschooled illiterates, unschooled ex-illiterates, and schooled literates - from the same residential and socioeconomic background in Portugal were tested on serial rapid automatized naming (RAN) and on discrete naming of everyday objects (concrete concepts) and basic color patches (abstract concepts). The performance of readers, whether schooled literate or unschooled ex-illiterate, was not affected by stimulus category, whereas illiterates were much slower on color than object naming, irrespective of task. This naming advantage promoted by literacy was not significantly mediated by vocabulary size. We conclude that literacy per se, regardless of schooling, contributes to faster naming of depicted concepts, particularly those of more abstract categories. Our findings provide further evidence that literacy influences cognition beyond the mere accumulation of knowledge: Literacy enhances the quality and efficiency of lexical-semantic representations and processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 106172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Who benefits from debiasing? 谁从去偏中受益？

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106166

Esther Boissin , Gordon Pennycook

{"title":"Who benefits from debiasing?","authors":"Esther Boissin , Gordon Pennycook","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reasoning errors significantly impede sound decision-making. Despite advancements in debiasing interventions designed to improve reasoning, not all individuals benefit from these approaches. This study explores the individual differences that contribute to variability in debiasing success, focusing on thinking dispositions, cognitive capacities, and pre-training conflict detection. Using the two-response paradigm, we measured intuitive and deliberative responses both before and after a base-rate neglect debiasing intervention to better understand the relationship between individual differences and training effects. Participants were categorized into three groups: consistently biased (those who did not benefit from the training), improved (those who showed better performance either intuitively or deliberately after the training), and consistently correct (those who produced correct responses without needing the training). Each group differed across the measured variables, with the improved group falling between the consistently correct and consistently biased groups. Our findings indicate that thinking dispositions, such as open-minded thinking, played a more critical role in debiasing success than cognitive capacities. Although cognitive capacity does predict overall accuracy in reasoning, once thinking dispositions were taken into account, cognitive capacity did not predict the success of the training effect. We also found that conflict detection served as a signal prompting additional cognitive effort during the intervention, suggesting that the benefit from training depended on both recognizing errors and the motivation to engage in reflective thinking during the training. These findings challenge the idea that cognitive abilities are the primary drivers of reasoning improvement and emphasize the crucial role of thinking dispositions in achieving debiasing success.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 106166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Change blindness, subset segmentation, and the perceptual underestimation of subset numerosity 变化盲目性，子集分割，以及子集数目的感知低估

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106168

Katelyn Becker , Eliana Dellinger , Frank H. Durgin

{"title":"Change blindness, subset segmentation, and the perceptual underestimation of subset numerosity","authors":"Katelyn Becker , Eliana Dellinger , Frank H. Durgin","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>How well can humans perceptually estimate subsets of collections of differently colored dots? People can simultaneously evaluate the numerosity of at least two color-defined subsets. But when equal (largish) numbers of light gray and white dots are presented on a medium-gray background, there appear to be fewer white dots than gray dots. The present paper presents 6 experiments designed to test the hypothesis that these behaviors are due to figure-ground segmentation based on color similarity, which can lead to incomplete segmentation, and thus perceptual underestimation of foregrounded dots. Ironically, subset matching is most accurate for sets of dots that are difficult to segment, such as light gray among white. This is demonstrated using a color-change detection task to show that (1) accurate subset estimation is only accomplished for sets that resist foreground selection, and (2) even stereoscopically backgrounded white dots fail to be segmented (i.e., are at chance for color change detection) when a frontal plane of gray dots is more successfully segmented. Although explicit attentional biasing is shown to shift performance between dots differing in chromatic color, it does not improve performance at selecting light gray dots among white. It is also shown that the perceptual underestimation of supersets of mixed colors may be consistent with combining an underestimated foreground with an accurately estimated background.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 106168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Color singletons are suppressed under serial search, but not abrupt onsets. 在序列搜索中，颜色单例被抑制，但不会突然出现。

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106173

Hae Chan Jeong , Koeun Jung , Suk Won Han

引用次数: 0

Object- and feature-based working memory limits for pairs of complex objects and their development during the school years 基于对象和特征的工作记忆限制了对复杂对象的记忆及其在上学期间的发展

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106163

Chenye Bao , Yu Li , Nelson Cowan

{"title":"Object- and feature-based working memory limits for pairs of complex objects and their development during the school years","authors":"Chenye Bao , Yu Li , Nelson Cowan","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A key question in the development of working memory is whether children's capacity increases in the number of objects or features. Prior research (<span><span>Forsberg et al., 2022</span></span>) indicated that object-based capacity limits predominate, with relatively small improvements in feature retention. However, the procedure in that study included only two features per object, aside from location. In contrast, we tested memory for pairs of four-featured objects with children aged 8–9 years or 10–12 years and young adults (total <em>N</em> = 101). Quantitative modeling of the results showed that feature richness plays a much larger role in working memory development than previously thought. Each object was a stylized arrow with a color, an orientation, an emblem on the arrowhead, and a shape of the stalk of the arrow, an analogy to many real-world objects (e.g., a shirt with a color, current orientation, pocket emblem, and shape of the shirt tail). The analyses separated errors due to attention lapses in which an object was not encoded and errors due to incomplete retention of features within an object. Our findings suggest a two-step model of working memory encoding in which objects are first encoded (with some lapses or unencoded objects), followed by encoding of the multiple features of these objects independently. With these feature-rich stimuli, we showed feature encoding to be a major source of developmental improvement, along with object encoding. These findings challenge prior assumptions and provide new insights into how working memory for realistic, complex objects may develop.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 106163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Harmless bodily pleasures are moralized because they are perceived as reducing self-control and cooperativeness 无害的身体愉悦被道德化了，因为它们被认为会降低自我控制和合作精神

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-05-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106154

Léo Fitouchi , Daniel Nettle

{"title":"Harmless bodily pleasures are moralized because they are perceived as reducing self-control and cooperativeness","authors":"Léo Fitouchi , Daniel Nettle","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Why do many people morally condemn unrestrained indulgence in bodily pleasures—such as gluttony, masturbation, and drinking alcohol—even when these behaviors do not harm others? Leading theories of moral cognition claim that these puritanical moral judgments are independent of cognitive adaptations for reciprocal cooperation. In five pre-registered experiments (<em>N</em> > 3000), we test an alternative hypothesis: that puritanical moral judgments emerge from perceptions that bodily pleasures indirectly facilitate free-riding by impairing self-control. In Studies 1 and 2a-b, participants judged that targets who increased (vs. decreased) their non-other-harming sex, food, alcohol, and inactivity would become more likely to cheat, an effect mediated by the perception that they would become less self-controlled. In Study 3, participants judged that relaxing regulations on sex, food, and alcohol in a village would decrease self-control and cooperation in the village, although they judged enforcing puritanical prohibitions even more negatively. In Study 4, participants expected that, in a scientific experiment, a treatment group made to increase their consumption of bodily pleasures would become less self-controlled and more likely to cheat than a psychologically similar control group. Across all studies, the perception that indulgence reduces self-control and cooperativeness was associated with the moral condemnation of harmless bodily pleasures. This provides support for the idea that some purity violations, although they do not directly harm other people, may be morally condemned because they activate cognitive systems designed for reciprocal cooperation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 106154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Environmental context scaffolds children's semantic representation of novel words 环境语境是儿童对新词汇的语义表征的基础

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106162

Elise Breitfeld, Jenny R. Saffran

引用次数: 0

Predictable object motion is extrapolated to support visual working memory for surface features 可预测的物体运动是外推的，以支持表面特征的视觉工作记忆

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106150

Anna Heuer, Martin Rolfs

{"title":"Predictable object motion is extrapolated to support visual working memory for surface features","authors":"Anna Heuer, Martin Rolfs","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Space and time support visual working memory (VWM) by providing incidental reference frames for task-relevant information. While this has been studied with stationary items, natural scenes also contain moving objects, whose positions change over time, often in a predictable manner. We investigated if predictable item motion is leveraged to facilitate VWM for surface features. In a dynamic change-detection task, participants memorised the colours of three disks moving at constant speed in different directions before disappearing. After a retention interval, the disks reappeared (a) at the movement endpoint locations where they had disappeared (b) at positions spatiotemporally congruent with their previous motion (where they would have been had they continued their movement), (c) at positions with a temporal offset (consistent with a change in speed while out of view) or (d) at positions with a spatial offset (consistent with a change in movement direction). Performance decreased with increasing temporal or spatial offsets relative to congruent positions, indicating that the memorised items’ positions were remapped to their anticipated future locations. This updating of positions in spatiotemporal reference frames, however, only occurs if motion extrapolation allows for reliable predictions of where occluded items will reappear. In a task context with unreliable motion patterns, the congruency effect diminished over time and performance instead increased at the movement endpoints. A second experiment confirmed this influence of motion reliability. Thus, predictable motion is extrapolated to update spatiotemporal reference frames in VWM, supporting memory for surface features and thereby contributing to visually guided behavior in dynamic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 106150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Refining the self-congruency hypothesis of state authenticity: A self-threat model 完善状态真实性的自我一致性假设：一个自我威胁模型

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106153

Carolin Huber, Markus Germar, Werner Greve, Andreas Mojzisch

{"title":"Refining the self-congruency hypothesis of state authenticity: A self-threat model","authors":"Carolin Huber, Markus Germar, Werner Greve, Andreas Mojzisch","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The self-congruency hypothesis predicts that experienced authenticity (i.e., state authenticity) depends on behaving in alignment with one's self. While this idea is linked to extensive research on the effects of self-confirming and self-threatening information, empirical findings on the self-congruency hypothesis have been mixed. To address this inconsistency in the literature, we argue that the self-congruency hypothesis holds only when a number of preconditions are simultaneously met. We introduce a new theoretical model of state authenticity that outlines these hypothesized preconditions and integrates them into a comprehensive theoretical framework. Specifically, we argue that self-congruency only affects state authenticity when (a) the (in)congruent behavior refers to the individual's subjective true self-concept, (b) the relevant attributes are cognitively activated, and (c) the (in)congruent behavior is perceived as a diagnostic indicator of the attributes in question. Furthermore, we argue that biased processing critically affects the likelihood of these three preconditions being met. To amplify authenticity and protect against inauthenticity, biased processing increases the likelihood of these preconditions being met in the case of self-congruent behavior while decreasing it in the case of self-incongruent behavior. Consequently, biased processing significantly distorts self-congruency effects. As the three preconditions and the influence of biased processing have not been systematically considered in previous research on state authenticity, previous studies have sometimes failed to support the self-congruency hypothesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 106153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Loopholes: A window into value alignment and the communication of meaning 漏洞：价值对齐和意义沟通的窗口

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106131

Sophie Bridgers , Peng Qian , Kiera Parece , Maya Taliaferro , Laura Schulz , Tomer D. Ullman

{"title":"Loopholes: A window into value alignment and the communication of meaning","authors":"Sophie Bridgers , Peng Qian , Kiera Parece , Maya Taliaferro , Laura Schulz , Tomer D. Ullman","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intentional misunderstandings take advantage of the ambiguity of language to do what someone said, instead of what they actually wanted. These purposeful misconstruals or <em>loopholes</em> are a familiar facet of fable, law, and everyday life. Engaging with loopholes requires a nuanced understanding of goals (your own and those of others), ambiguity, and social alignment. As such, loopholes provide a unique window into the normal operations of cooperation and communication. Despite their pervasiveness and utility in social interaction, research on loophole behavior is scarce. Here, we combine a theoretical analysis with empirical data to give a framework of loophole behavior. We first establish that loopholes are widespread, and exploited most often in equal or subordinate relationships (Study 1). We show that people reliably distinguish loophole behavior from both compliance and non-compliance (Study 2), and that people predict that others are most likely to exploit loopholes when their goals are in conflict with their social partner’s and there is a cost for non-compliance (Study 3). We discuss these findings in light of other computational frameworks for communication and joint-planning, as well as discuss how loophole behavior might develop and the implications of this work for human–machine alignment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 106131"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0