Cognition最新文献

{"title":"Children's detection of online misinformation","authors":"Andrew Shtulman ,&nbsp;Lucy Stoll ,&nbsp;Lesly Sabroso ,&nbsp;Andrew G. Young","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adults' ability to detect online misinformation is improved by cognitive reflection and targeted instruction. Is the same true for children, who are also on the internet and may also be exposed to online misinformation? We explored this question by asking children aged 4 to 12 (<em>N</em> = 135, 54 % female, 31 % white) to judge the veracity of news stories that had circulated on the internet, some real and some fake. We compared their differentiation of fake news from real news to their performance on a developmental version of the Cognitive Reflection Test, the CRT-D. We also administered a brief tutorial encouraging children to scrutinize the plausibility of a story's content or the credibility of its source. Children's differentiation of fake news from real news was strongly correlated with their CRT-D scores but did not improve with instruction; rather, instruction made children more skeptical of all news. A comparison group of adults (<em>N</em> = 117) demonstrated similar findings with the exception that instruction improved adults' differentiation of fake news from real news for those who received source-based instruction. These findings indicate that the evaluation of online news is aided by cognitive reflection from the start and that knowledge of news sources, and news production more generally, may be critical for developing adult-level competencies at detecting online misinformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 106279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When metrics matter: How reasoning in different metrics impacts judgments of uncertainty","authors":"David Zimmerman ,&nbsp;Stephen A. Spiller ,&nbsp;Nicholas Reinholtz ,&nbsp;Sam J. Maglio","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The uncertainty of a point estimate, often conceptualized and quantified via a prediction interval, can vary in both magnitude (e.g., width) and symmetry. Further, when people make many types of estimates, they can use different but equitable metrics (e.g., feet vs. meters). In a series of experiments, we investigate whether using different metrics impacts people's estimates of uncertainty. Three empirical regularities guide our focus: First, people believe risk scales with magnitude, reporting greater uncertainty for bigger point estimates, leading to inconsistent prediction intervals across metrics differing by a fixed additive constant. Second, people are insufficiently sensitive to unit changes, leading to inconsistent prediction interval widths across metrics differing by a multiplicative constant. Third, people tend to assume that distributions are symmetric, leading to inconsistent symmetry across metrics differing by an inverse transformation. Together, these three regularities exemplify how uncertainty estimations are sensitive to metric in substantive ways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 106277"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144772852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dyadic learning shapes gaze-mediated social attentional orienting","authors":"Shujia Zhang ,&nbsp;Bin Zhan ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People tend to automatically shift their attention in response to social cues, such as eye gaze—a phenomenon known as social attentional orienting, which is crucial for adaptive social behaviors and interpersonal communication. While this ability is genetically influenced and typically stable, the current research shows that it can be enhanced within a specific social context by dyadic learning. We engaged pairs of participants in a standard gaze-cuing task, during which they received instant feedback on each other's performance. Unbeknownst to the participants, the feedback was designed to create a social context in which the partner appeared to respond to the cued location faster than the participant. We found that such a social context significantly increased the magnitude of gaze cuing effect. Importantly, the observed enhancement was not attributable to confounding factors such as arousal level or overall performance difference, nor to implicit learning from the feedback structure. Instead, drift-diffusion model analysis suggested that such a social context improved both the initial attentional orienting process and the sustained allocation of processing resources to the gazed-at location, resulting in a stronger gaze cuing effect. A subsequent experiment replaced gaze cues with non-social arrow cues and observed no modulatory effect, underscoring the distinction between social and non-social attentional orienting. The current research provides compelling evidence that social attentional orienting is malleable and highlights the significant impact of dyadic learning in shaping this capability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 106280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competition for selection drives the nature of bilingual language control: Picture naming, but not reading aloud, triggers global inhibition of the dominant language","authors":"Maria Fernanda Gavino ,&nbsp;Tehila Malul ,&nbsp;Anat Prior ,&nbsp;Tamar Degani ,&nbsp;Tamar H. Gollan","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study tested the hypothesis that bilingual language control mechanisms vary depending on the extent of competition for selection. Forty-eight English-dominant Spanish-English bilinguals switched languages in production of single words, which was elicited with picture naming versus reading aloud in counterbalanced order. Results revealed some key similarities across tasks including: a) significant switch costs, b) larger switch costs in the dominant when compared to the nondominant language (i.e., in English versus in Spanish), and c) only the nondominant language benefitted from repetition. However, switch costs were larger in picture naming than in reading aloud, and only the picture naming task exhibited the strongest signature effect of inhibition of the dominant language in the form of reversed language dominance. These results provide evidence that language control mechanisms adapt to meet varying task demands depending on the nature and extent of competition for selection between languages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 106260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motivated information search: Context-dependent efficiency in children and adults","authors":"Ohan Hominis ,&nbsp;Christophe Heintz ,&nbsp;Azzurra Ruggeri","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While the motivation to gather accurate information emerges early in childhood, social motivations can modulate the drive for accuracy. Across two studies we investigate how social narratives can impact the efficiency of information search in children (6–14 years old), adolescents (14–17 years old), and adults. Work investigating the developmental trajectory of information-search strategies has found that efficiency begins to improve dramatically at age 3, and that children as young as 2 are able to tailor their search strategies to their environments to maximize information gain. In the presented studies (<em>n</em> = 174; <em>n</em> = 175), participants are told they are competing in a sporting event and that their team is either winning or losing. Participants are then tasked with playing a 20-Questions game to try to find a culprit guilty of foul play, and told that if they are not found the competition will be canceled. Whether the participant's team is winning or losing determines whether their team would benefit from finding the culprit. As hypothesized, we found that participants from all age groups searched more efficiently when finding the culprit was in their best interest. Our findings suggest that social contexts play a crucial role in modulating the efficiency of information search across age groups, particularly in comparison to their performance on a standard 20-Questions game, highlighting the importance of taking social contexts into account when designing new paradigms and tracing the developmental trajectory of children's information search strategies in lab settings and the real world.</div></div><div><h3>Public significance statement</h3><div>This work highlights how our environments shape our motivations as we engage with information. Specifically, it examines how our beliefs and our social contexts influence what information we search for and how much of it we gather. In today's media landscape, where content reflects every conceivable viewpoint, it is essential to recognize how our interactions with information are influenced by our contexts. Making sense of these relationships is key to grasping how sources and content platforms shape our behavior with regard to what and how we search.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 106278"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144723624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A counterfactual explanation for recency effects in double prevention scenarios: Commentary on Thanawala and Erb (2024)","authors":"Tadeg Quillien ,&nbsp;Kevin O’Neill ,&nbsp;Paul Henne","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many cognitive scientists and philosophers take cases of double prevention to be one of the primary motivations for accepting causal pluralism, the view that people have multiple concepts of causation. Thanawala and Erb (2024) argue against Lombrozo (2010)’s account of causal pluralism. They find that the temporal order of events affects people’s causal judgments in double prevention cases, and they argue that this finding is not easily explained by prominent versions of causal pluralism or by counterfactual theories. In contrast to this interpretation, we argue that counterfactual thinking can explain their findings. On this explanation, the temporal order of events affects the extent to which people simulate counterfactual alternatives to these events. We show that under this assumption, a recent counterfactual model of causal judgment can reproduce all qualitative effects of temporal order found in Thanawala and Erb (2024)’s new work. Our findings complement past research that applied the counterfactual framework to temporal-order effects and double prevention cases independently, suggesting that these explanations are highly generalizable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 106106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"People can infer the magnitude of other people’s knowledge even when they cannot infer its contents","authors":"Rosie Aboody ,&nbsp;Isaac Davis ,&nbsp;Yarrow Dunham ,&nbsp;Julian Jara-Ettinger","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inferences about other people’s knowledge and beliefs are central to social interaction. However, people’s behavior is often consistent with a range of potential epistemic states, making it impossible to tell what exactly they know. Nonetheless, we are still often able to form coarse intuitions about how much someone knows, despite being unable to pinpoint the exact contents of their knowledge. Here, we sought to explore this capacity in humans, by comparing their performance to a normative model capturing this type of broad epistemic inference. We evaluated this capacity in a graded inference task where people had to make inferences about how much an agent knew based on the actions they chose (Experiment 1), and joint inferences about how much someone knew and how much they believed they could learn (Experiment 2). Critically, the agent’s knowledge was always under-determined by their behavior, but the behavior nonetheless contained information about how much knowledge they possessed or believed they could gain. Our results reveal that people can make graded inferences about how much other people know from minimal behavioral data, but, interestingly, will sometimes achieve this through simpler approximations to the normative model that get the broad inferences right. Altogether, our paper reveals that people can make quantitatively precise judgments about the magnitude of an agent’s knowledge from minimal behavioral evidence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 106236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Word and construction probabilities explain the acceptability of certain long-distance dependency structures","authors":"Moshe Poliak,&nbsp;Curtis Chen ,&nbsp;Edward Gibson","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The factors that affect the acceptability of long-distance extractions have long been debated, with multiple accounts proposed. Liu et al. (2022) proposed a succinct probability-based account of a sub-class of these kinds of materials, wh-questions with long-distance dependencies across sentence-complement verbs (e.g., “What did Mary whine that John bought?”). The explanation that they proposed was that the acceptability of such sentences depends on the probability of the verb-frame of the intermediate verb (e.g., “whine that”). In the current work, we evaluate some potentially simpler probability-based accounts on Liu et al.'s original data set, and show how an alternative (but also probability-based) approach accounts for the data better. We replicate their experiment and conduct the same analysis on the new dataset, finding the same results. Finally, we apply the same analysis to wh-questions with predicate adjectives (e.g., “What was Mary glad that John bought?”), and again find similar results. We conclude that the acceptability of such constructions is higher the more probable the words and constructions that make up the sentence are.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 106265"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of inoculation interventions and repetition on perceived truth in younger and older adults","authors":"Jessica Udry ,&nbsp;Sarah J. Barber","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inoculation interventions aim to improve discernment between true and false information, but their effectiveness with older adults is unknown. It is also unknown whether inoculation interventions are effective when misinformation is repeated, as repetition tends to make information seem truer, a phenomenon known as the illusory truth effect. To evaluate whether inoculation intervention efficacy varies with age and information repetition, in this study older and younger adult participants received either an inoculation treatment, in which they learned about a misinformation technique, or they received no intervention. Participants then completed a social media exposure phase where they saw true news headlines, as well as neutrally-framed and manipulatively-framed false news headlines. Participants rated the perceived truth of repeated and new headlines both immediately and after two weeks. Perceptions of threat and counterarguing, two proposed mediators for inoculation efficacy, were measured during both rating phases. Results revealed an illusory truth effect, such that repeated headlines were rated truer than new headlines. The magnitude of this illusory truth effect was larger for older than younger adults and was larger on the delayed than immediate test. However, the inoculation intervention did not improve discernment between true and false information and did not reduce the magnitude of the illusory truth effect for either age group. Although participants in the inoculation and control groups did not differ in perceived threat or counterarguing, counterarguing was consistently associated with higher discernment between true and false headlines. This suggests that counterarguing is an important factor associated with truth discernment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 106275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Image primitives supporting perception of animate forms","authors":"Lindsay M. Peterson,&nbsp;Kritika Sarna,&nbsp;Branka Spehar,&nbsp;Colin W.G. Clifford","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The human visual system can recognise familiar forms, most notably faces, in other objects or patterns, a phenomenon known as pareidolia. The patterns that elicit pareidolia range from meaningful to ambiguous and random images, making it hard to generalise across the featural or configurational properties that trigger different types of pareidolia. Here, we aim to characterise the minimal stimuli associated with different types of pareidolia and investigate the extent to which pareidolia is tuned to variations in natural scene statistics and symmetry. Participants in the current study viewed a range of synthetic noise patterns varying in their spatiotemporal spectral and symmetry characteristics and reported any shapes or structure perceived in these patterns. The patterns with spatiotemporal properties typical of natural scenes generated the highest number of responses with more animate, rather than inanimate, forms overall. While faces were the most reported animacy-related percept, responses covered a wide range of animate agents including animals and mythical creatures. The greatest number and the highest proportion of animacy-related percepts were observed in vertically symmetrical patterns compared to other types of pattern symmetry. Together, the current study establishes that pareidolia is tuned to natural scene statistics and biased towards animate forms, especially in patterns with vertical symmetry. It also demonstrates the usefulness of synthetic noise stimuli for pareidolia research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 106258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}