Cognition最新文献

{"title":"Learn what is detectable, detect what is useful: acquisition of German plural as a classification problem","authors":"Sergei Monakhov ,&nbsp;Holger Diessel ,&nbsp;Brisca Balthes","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many computational models of morphology that do not presuppose hand-coding of input data (i.e., do not draw on model-external linguistic knowledge) use character-based formal representations to account for lexical processing and acquisition. While such models are simple and efficient, they are not without problems. From a cognitive perspective, it remains unclear exactly what, according to these models, is represented in the mental lexicon and how speakers learn sublexical units of linguistic form that do not correspond to traditional morphemes (e.g., English -<em>ceive</em>- or German -<em>tor</em>). From a computational perspective, these models are problematic because their methods of identifying formal units make very limited use of distributional information and neglect the role of task-specificity in language processing. In this paper, we present a new computational model of morphology implementing task-specific linear processing guided by the principles of efficiency and reliability. By analysing data from the nominal number system in German, we show that our model not only outperforms state-of-the-art models but also makes predictions about the emergence of words' internal structure that are consistent with the judgments of German native speakers in a psycholinguistic experiment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106292"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144906970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can we “see” value? Spatiotopic “visual” adaptation to an imperceptible dimension","authors":"Sam Clarke ,&nbsp;Sami R. Yousif","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In much recent philosophy of mind and cognitive science, repulsive adaptation effects are considered a litmus test — a crucial marker, that distinguishes what is <em>perceived</em> from what is <em>judged</em> at the level of post-perceptual thought or cognition. Here, we provide evidence for a form of adaptation that challenges this contention. Across four experiments, we found consistent evidence of adaptation to a seemingly imperceptible dimension: arbitrarily assigned value. We show that this adaptation occurs across stimulus formats, is spatially indexed (i.e., spatiotopic) and otherwise analogous to putative cases of high-level visual adaptation in relevant respects. Combined, we suggest that our results force one of two conclusions: Either repulsive perceptual adaptation can be obtained for seemingly imperceptible dimensions, or — as we proceed to argue — adaptation fails to reliably demarcate perceptual content.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inattentional noise leads to subjective color uniformity across the visual field","authors":"Lana Okubo ,&nbsp;Kiyofumi Miyoshi ,&nbsp;Kazuhiko Yokosawa ,&nbsp;Shin'ya Nishida","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Humans perceive a vividly colored world coherently across the visual field, even though our peripheral vision has limited color sensitivity compared to central vision. How is this sense of color uniformity achieved? This question can be explored through a phenomenon called the pan-field color illusion, in which observers perceive scene images achromatized in the peripheral region (chimera images) as full-color images. Our previous work demonstrated that inattention to the peripheral visual field contributed to this illusion. Upon this observation, the current study presents signal detection theory modeling to quantify the effects of inattention on internal color signal strength and its variability. The model fitting has revealed that inattention to the peripheral region increases internal signal variability. This inattentional noise increases the occurrence of strong color signals that exceed the internal color detection criterion, thereby intensifying the pan-field color illusion. These results extend previously documented effects of inattentional noise on simple psychophysical tasks (e.g., “subjective inflation” in grating detection and discrimination), accounting for the illusorily enriched peripheral color experience for naturalistic scene images. Our findings suggest that inattentional noise inherent in peripheral vision would be a key factor in achieving the vivid visual phenomenology experienced across the entire visual field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106293"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144906986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spontaneous coordination with self-commitment: How the presence of others alters the strength, goal and timing of commitment","authors":"Shaozhe Cheng ,&nbsp;Jingyin Zhu ,&nbsp;Jifan Zhou ,&nbsp;Mowei Shen ,&nbsp;Tao Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Commitment is a paradoxical feature of human behavior, often seen as both an irrational bias and a virtue for achieving goals. This study investigates its social roots, revealing how social contexts shape the strength, content, and timing of self-commitment, even in individual tasks. Through a series of game-like experiments, participants pursued one of two equally desirable goals via sequential actions under varied social conditions: alone in a private room (Experiment 1), alongside an optimal reinforcement learning (RL) agent (Experiment 2) or another human (Experiment 3) on a shared display, or alone with a mere passive observer present (Experiment 4). Our results demonstrate that (1) all social contexts consistently heightened self-commitment, underscoring its sensitivity to the public nature of tasks; (2) in parallel-play settings (Experiments 2 and 3), participants spontaneously inferred others' intentions and avoided selecting the same goal, despite instructions that such avoidance was unnecessary, suggesting that theory-of-mind (ToM) inference of another agent is spontaneously evoked to bias goal selection; and (3) Bayesian ToM modeling indicated that participants delayed revealing their intentions in parallel-play settings but not in the mere-presence condition, implying that spontaneous bargaining with a potential partner, rather than mere social presence, prompts more cautious commitment formation. These findings illuminate that, even in individual tasks, self-commitment is deeply intertwined with social context, influencing how people manage their goals and interactions with others.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reversed effects of prior choices in cross-modal temporal decisions","authors":"Baolin Li ,&nbsp;Biyao Wang ,&nbsp;Adam Zaidel","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perception of a current stimulus is influenced by one's immediately preceding sensory experience. This phenomenon, termed “serial dependence”, affects perception of isochronous rhythm. However, it is unknown whether serial dependence affects perception of more complex temporal dynamics, such as changing tempo. Here, we tested the influence of serial dependence on perception of changes in tempo of a three-beat (two-interval) rhythm. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to classify whether visual or auditory stimulus rhythms (tested in separate blocks) had “accelerating” or “decelerating” tempo. In Experiment 2, the visual and auditory rhythms were interleaved to investigate serial dependencies across modalities. Current decisions were attracted toward previous choices, but only in the uni-modal conditions (when the previous and current trials were from the same modality, seen in both Experiments 1 and 2, for both vision and audition). Surprisingly, in the cross-modal conditions (of Experiment 2), the opposite – a repulsive effect of previous choices – was observed. Besides the effects of previous choices, previous stimuli (tempo changes in the previous trial) also influenced current decisions – exerting a repulsive effect in the uni-modal conditions (for both modalities in Experiment 2, and auditory, but not visual, in Experiment 1) – which was notably absent in the cross-modal conditions. Repulsive effects of previous choices from a different modality, in contrast to attractive choice effects within the same modality, suggests that changing modalities triggers choice switching. These results, along with the lack of influence of previous stimuli cross-modally, suggest that modality consistency is an important factor for serial dependence in the perception of rhythm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The development of probabilistic reasoning during early childhood","authors":"Sarah Placì ,&nbsp;Stefania Pighin ,&nbsp;Tommaso Mastropasqua ,&nbsp;Katya Tentori","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous results have been inconsistent regarding the age at which children can compute probabilities based on proportions, with estimates ranging from one to 12 years. The aim of our study was twofold: (I) to address previous inconsistencies and (II) to quantify reasoning skills in 3- to 5-year-old children using an experimental procedure that is simple and engaging but also allows for the control of possible competing heuristic strategies, which may lead to outcomes mimicking the correct answer. Specifically, children had to choose between two urns containing varying proportions of blue and yellow balls. They knew they would receive a reward if, after several random mixtures, a target (e.g., a blue) ball fell out of the chosen urn. If children understood probabilities, they should select the urn with a higher proportion of target balls. Alternative reasoning strategies were disentangled by manipulating the absolute and relative numbers of target versus non-target balls in the two urns across 18 trials. We found that most 5-year-olds and a smaller but non-negligible number of younger children consistently chose the urn with a higher proportion of target items. However, a significant portion of 3- and 4-year-olds’ responses appeared to be guided by heuristic strategies, with the most prevalent being choosing the urn with a higher number of target balls. These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of the development of probabilistic reasoning in young children and underscore the importance of using experimental procedures and stimuli that enhance reasoning abilities while controlling for competing strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of prior beliefs in causal illusions","authors":"David W. Ng ,&nbsp;Jessica C. Lee ,&nbsp;Peter F. Lovibond","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When people are shown a series of trials on which a cue and outcome are objectively unrelated (a null contingency), they often judge the causal strength of the cue to be positive, a phenomenon referred to as a causal illusion. This task has been taken as a laboratory model of the development of false causal beliefs. However, in three experiments, we found that participants reliably provided a positive causal rating for the cue <em>prior to</em> any trials having been experienced. Over null contingency trials, participants partially corrected their predictions of the outcome, but maintained their positive causal beliefs, especially with high (75 %) cue and outcome densities. An attempt to reduce the positive prior belief by scenario instructions was unsuccessful. Pre-training with a genuine positive or negative contingency modulated causal ratings in the expected direction, but did not alter the final causal bias. These results suggest that causal illusions may not be acquired but represent a failure to correct an initial positive prior belief.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106290"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-species acoustic codes for yes and no in human nonverbal vocalizations","authors":"Anna Gábor ,&nbsp;Fanni Lehoczki ,&nbsp;Flavie Bensaali-Nemes ,&nbsp;Tamás Faragó ,&nbsp;Kinga Surányi ,&nbsp;Attila Andics","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cross-specifically interpretable acoustic codes in mammal vocalizations have so far been evidenced for inner state-triggered, self-referential contexts only. To reveal if such codes exist more broadly, we tested whether humans can intentionally modulate their voice to nonverbally signal encouragement (<em>yes</em>, i.e., do it) or objection (<em>no</em>, i.e., don't do it) to their dogs' impending movement towards different locations (the vocalizer's self, i.e., <em>here</em> or external, i.e., <em>there</em>). In vocalizations following which dogs performed the intended action (approached/avoided the referenced location), <em>yes/no</em> was encoded in multiple acoustic parameters, with similar patterning across reference locations and vocalizer-sexes. Specifically, <em>yes</em> was reflected in higher <em>f</em>_<em>0</em> mean and HNR mean, lower <em>f</em>_<em>0</em> range, PPJ, entropy and power, shorter call length, more frequent bout formation, and earlier intensity peak. Acoustic distinctions for <em>here</em> vs. <em>there</em> were typically analogous to those for <em>yes</em> vs. <em>no,</em> but for many parameters reference location code was restricted to either <em>yes</em> or <em>no</em>. These findings reveal in human nonverbal vocalizations (1) the presence of cross-specifically decodable, robust acoustic patterns for <em>yes</em> and <em>no</em>; and (2) the same semantic primes behind <em>yes</em> vs. <em>no</em> and <em>here</em> vs. <em>there</em> distinctions. Universal acoustic codes in mammal vocalizations, previously reported only for inner-state triggered, self-referential messages, may thus extend to general, context-independent meanings conveyed during intentional communication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking space and ordinal position in working memory: A multi-level meta-analysis of the SPoARC effect","authors":"Alessandro Guida ,&nbsp;Fabien Mathy ,&nbsp;Fernand Gobet ,&nbsp;Guillermo Campitelli ,&nbsp;Giovanni Sala","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When individuals are asked to keep in mind <em>arbitrary</em> sequences of items such as words, letters, numbers or images, they spatialize them in working memory forming a horizontal mental line. This study is the first meta-analysis of this phenomenon known as SPoARC (Spatial Positional Response Codes) effect or OPE (Ordinal Position Effect). For this purpose, we had access to the raw data of 21 of the 24 behavioral studies ever published on this topic. A multilevel meta-analysis was performed with participants nested within experiments, both used as levels. After confirming the existence of the SPoARC effect, we analyzed it as a function of four features: the size and nature of the memoranda, the pace of presentation of the memoranda and the type of classification of the probes. Results showed that (a) the SPoARC effect varied as a function of the nature of the memoranda, which we suggest highlights the importance of phonological processes in WM spatialization, (b) the SPoARC effect was the largest when the presentation pace was around 3 s per item or above and (c) the SPoARC effect increased when participants were asked to pay attention to the ordinal structure of the memoranda (whenever a temporal classification task is used), confirming the link between order information and WM spatialization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and social cognition jointly determine multimodal demonstrative reference: Experimental evidence from Turkish and Spanish","authors":"Paula Rubio-Fernandez ,&nbsp;Madeleine Long ,&nbsp;Asli Özyürek","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All languages in the world have demonstrative terms such as ‘this’ and ‘that’ in English, which have traditionally been treated as spatial words. Here we aim to provide experimental evidence that demonstrative choice is jointly determined by spatial considerations (e.g., whether the referent is near or far) and socio-cognitive factors (e.g., the listener's attention focus). We also test whether demonstrative choice varies depending on the speaker's use of pointing, to provide evidence for a multimodal account of demonstrative systems. We focus on the Turkish system and compare it with the Spanish one to better understand the cross-linguistic variability of 3-term demonstrative systems. Corpus studies have suggested that the Turkish proximal ‘bu’ and distal ‘o’ mark a spatial contrast between near and far space, whereas the medial ‘şu’ is used to direct the listener's attention to a new referent. Supporting this analysis, an online experiment using a picture-based demonstrative-choice task revealed that the medial form ‘şu’ was preferred when the listener was looking at the wrong object. The results of a second experiment using video stimuli further showed that the medial ‘şu’ was preferred when the speaker pointed to the referent to direct the listener's attention, whereas the proximal demonstrative was used in near space and the distal in far space, mostly in joint attention and without pointing. The results of a third experiment in Spanish showed radically different patterns of demonstrative-pointing use. The medial ‘ese’ was preferred in joint attention, whereas the proximal ‘este’ and distal ‘aquel’ were selected to direct the listener's attention towards the intended referent but without an effect of pointing. Our results confirm that demonstrative choice within a given system is determined by both spatial and socio-cognitive factors, interacting with pointing patterns and varying across languages. Leveraging recent experimental work in several languages, we interpret these findings as further evidence for the weighted parameters framework (e.g., referent position and listener attention), which explains demonstrative choice beyond previous categorical analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}