Cognition最新文献_第5页

Reflection predicts and leads to decreased conspiracy belief

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106085

Fatih Bayrak , Vahdet Sümer , Burak Dogruyol , S. Adil Saribay , Sinan Alper , Ozan Isler , Onurcan Yilmaz

{"title":"Reflection predicts and leads to decreased conspiracy belief","authors":"Fatih Bayrak , Vahdet Sümer , Burak Dogruyol , S. Adil Saribay , Sinan Alper , Ozan Isler , Onurcan Yilmaz","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent research indicates a generally negative relationship between reflection and conspiracy beliefs. However, most of the existing research relies on correlational data on WEIRD (<u>W</u>estern, <u>E</u>ducated, <u>I</u>ndustrialized, <u>R</u>ich, <u>D</u>emocratic) populations. The few existing experimental studies are limited by weak manipulation techniques that fail to reliably activate cognitive reflection. Hence, questions remain regarding (1) the consistency of the negative relationship between conspiracy beliefs and cognitive reflection, (2) the extent of cross-cultural variation and potential moderating factors, and (3) the presence of a causal link between cognitive reflection and conspiracy beliefs. In two preregistered studies, we investigated the association between cognitive reflection and conspiracy beliefs. First, we studied the correlation between two variables across 48 cultures and investigated whether factors such as WEIRDness and narcissism (personal and collective) moderate this relationship. In the second study, we tested the causal effect of reflection using a reliable and effective manipulation technique—debiasing training—on both generic and specific conspiracy beliefs. The first study confirmed the negative association between reflection and belief in conspiracy theories across cultures, with the association being notably stronger in non-WEIRD societies. Both personal and collective narcissism played significant moderating roles. The second study demonstrated that debiasing training significantly decreases both generic and COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs in a non-WEIRD context, with more pronounced effects for general conspiracy beliefs. Our research supports that reflection is a consistent cross-cultural predictor of conspiracy beliefs and that activating reflection can reduce such beliefs through rigorous experimental interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 106085"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From preference shifts to information leaks: Examining Individuals' sensitivity to information leakage in the framing effect

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106087

Omid Ghasemi , Adam J.L. Harris , Ben R. Newell

{"title":"From preference shifts to information leaks: Examining Individuals' sensitivity to information leakage in the framing effect","authors":"Omid Ghasemi , Adam J.L. Harris , Ben R. Newell","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The framing effect is a highly robust phenomenon, wherein logically equivalent options (e.g., 90 % chance of winning vs. 10 % chance of losing) trigger different preferences. The Information Leakage account provides a rational interpretation of this effect by suggesting that choice of frame ‘leaks’ information to decision-makers, making the frames informationally non-equivalent. For example, decision-makers might interpret a positive frame (e.g., 90 % chance of winning) as an implicit recommendation to take a risk. In a series of six preregistered experiments (total <em>N</em> = 1211), we manipulated the informativeness of frames by 1) reducing the perceived freedom of a speaker to choose a frame (the Choice Limitation manipulation), and 2) varying the communication context between the speaker and the listener from collaborative to competitive (the Interest Alignment manipulation). We expected a diminished framing effect in scenarios where the leaked information conveys no useful or trustworthy cues. While the Choice Limitation manipulation occasionally attenuated the framing effect, particularly in within-subject designs, the Interest Alignment manipulation consistently led to a reduction in the framing effect in both within-subject and between-subject designs. These findings show that individuals can be adaptable and sensitive to the informational value of frames and suggest that competition prompts inferences more readily than a speaker's agency over the choice of frame. The implications of these results for rational accounts of framing effects are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 106087"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstractness impacts conversational dynamics

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106084

Claudia Mazzuca , Caterina Villani , Tommaso Lamarra , Marianna Marcella Bolognesi , Anna M. Borghi

{"title":"Abstractness impacts conversational dynamics","authors":"Claudia Mazzuca , Caterina Villani , Tommaso Lamarra , Marianna Marcella Bolognesi , Anna M. Borghi","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conversation topics may vary in abstractness. This might impact the effort required by speakers to reach a common ground and, ultimately, an interactive alignment. In fact, people typically feel less confident with abstract concepts and single-words rating studies suggest abstract concepts are more associated with social interactions than concrete concepts—hence suggesting increasing levels of abstractness enhance inner and mutual monitoring processes. However, experimental studies addressing conversational dynamics afforded by abstract concepts are still sparse. In three preregistered experiments we ask whether abstract sentences are associated with specific constructs in dialogue, i.e., higher uncertainty, more curiosity and willingness to continue a conversation, and more questions related to causal and agency aspects. We do so by asking participants to evaluate the plausibility of linguistic exchanges referring to concrete and abstract concepts. Results support theories proposing that abstract concepts involve more inner monitoring and social dynamics compared to concrete concepts and suggest that reaching alignment in dialogue is more effortful with abstract than with concrete concepts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 106084"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The road to Aha: A recipe for mental breakthroughs

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106081

Kadi Tulver, Karl Kristjan Kaup, Jaan Aru

{"title":"The road to Aha: A recipe for mental breakthroughs","authors":"Kadi Tulver, Karl Kristjan Kaup, Jaan Aru","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a novel framework for understanding the diverse spectrum of mental breakthrough events, ranging from problem-solving insights to profound personal transformations. We propose that these events, while varied in expression and impact, share common underlying mechanisms of representational change. We also hypothesise that the differences in phenomenological intensity can be conceptualized along a continuum. Central to our model are three core components – tension, altered salience, and enhanced flexibility – which we identify as essential prerequisites for significant cognitive restructuring. These components interact within an iterative cycle, influencing both the emergence and nature of insight experiences. Drawing on examples from different fields, we explore how a conflict between existing models can trigger this cycle, wherein mechanisms of attention allocation and relaxation of constraints work in tandem to facilitate the emergence of insights. Furthermore, we propose that the intensity of the “aha-moment” and the breadth of its impact are contingent on how central the conflict is within one's conceptual landscape and the extent to which existing mental models are challenged. Thus, the model accounts for both the subtle, momentary insights in problem-solving and the transformative realizations that reshape core beliefs and self-perception. By synthesising insights from various domains, including psychotherapy, contemplative science, and psychedelic research, we present a theoretical account with broad scope, aiming to shed light on the complex processes that can lead to a wide array of mental breakthroughs, thereby contributing to the understanding of insight phenomena across disciplines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 106081"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mental imagery shapes emotions in people's decisions related to risk taking

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106082

Joanna M. Smieja, Tomasz Zaleskiewicz, Agata Gasiorowska

{"title":"Mental imagery shapes emotions in people's decisions related to risk taking","authors":"Joanna M. Smieja, Tomasz Zaleskiewicz, Agata Gasiorowska","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigates the specific effects of mental imagery on people's emotional responses and risk-taking decisions. We present findings across four studies, including three experiments, that highlight emotions as a mediator between the valence of mental images related to risk and subsequent risk-taking propensity. Our research identifies two key factors that moderate this relationship: the category of cognitive process (analytical thinking vs. visual mental imagery) and the vividness of mental imagery. In Study 1, we found an effect of the valence of mental images on the intensity of emotional reactions, which in turn were linked to risk-taking willingness. Positive imagery corresponded with stronger positive emotions and increased declared risk taking. The experimental Study 2 provided causal evidence for these associations, showing that participants positively imagining risk-related behaviors reported more intense positive feelings and a greater inclination to take risks than those imagining risk taking in a negative manner. Subsequent preregistered experiments (Studies 3 and 4) corroborated our central hypothesis that mental imagery is a distinct driver of emotional responses in risk-related decision making and showed potential boundary conditions for this effect. Study 3 emphasized that decisions influenced by mental imagery had greater emotional strength than those based on analytical reasoning. The final Study 4 demonstrated that vividness of mental imagery further moderates this effect: more vivid images led to stronger emotions, thus affecting risk-taking propensity. These results underscore the significance of emotions in decision making, particularly when decisions are based on mental imagery rather than analysis, and point to the amplifying effect of image vividness on emotional and decision-making processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 106082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Uncovering the latent structure of human time perception

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106078

Renata Sadibolova , Curtis Widmer , Zoe Fletcher , Soraya Weill , Devin B. Terhune

{"title":"Uncovering the latent structure of human time perception","authors":"Renata Sadibolova , Curtis Widmer , Zoe Fletcher , Soraya Weill , Devin B. Terhune","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the ongoing controversies in interval timing concerns whether human time perception relies on multiple distinct mechanisms. This debate centres around whether subsecond and suprasecond timing may be attributed to a single semi-uniform timing system or separate and interacting cognitive systems. Whereas past studies offer valuable insights, this study overcomes previous limitations by adopting multiple convergent statistical approaches in a design with strong statistical power. We conducted two online experiments involving participants reproducing temporal intervals ranging from 400 to 2400 ms (Experiment 1; <em>N</em> = 302) and 1000 to 2000 ms (Experiment 2; <em>N</em> = 302). We contrasted the application of exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modelling to differentiate distinct latent structures underlying duration reproduction patterns. Additionally, we compared the model outcomes with results from changepoint analysis models fitted to individual participants' data. In both experiments, these analyses yielded evidence for a two-factor model comprising a general timing factor spanning the full interval range and a second factor capturing the regression to the mean of presented stimulus intervals (central tendency bias). We observed a low proportion of detected changepoints, further supporting the limited evidence for a hypothesized discontinuity between distinct underlying systems, while also finding that changepoint detection patterns were predicted by latent factor scores. These results suggest that the central tendency bias should be considered when investigating potential discontinuities in interval timing systems. Our work contributes to the integration of factor analytic and computational modelling approaches in the study of time perception and has implications for the measurement and interpretation of interval timing in a range of contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 106078"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the timecourses of morpho-orthographic, lexical, and grammatical processing following rapid parallel visual presentation: An EEG investigation in English

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106080

Donald Dunagan , Tyson Jordan , John T. Hale , Liina Pylkkänen , Dustin A. Chacón

{"title":"Evaluating the timecourses of morpho-orthographic, lexical, and grammatical processing following rapid parallel visual presentation: An EEG investigation in English","authors":"Donald Dunagan , Tyson Jordan , John T. Hale , Liina Pylkkänen , Dustin A. Chacón","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Theories of language processing – and typical experimental methodologies – emphasize the word-by-word processing of sentences. This paradigm is good for approximating speech or careful text reading, but arguably, not for the common, cursory glances used while reading short sentences (e.g., cellphone notifications, social media posts). How can we interpret a sentence in a single glance? In an electroencephalography (EEG) study, brain responses to grammatical sentences (<em>the dogs chase a ball</em>) presented for 200 ms diverged from non-lexical consonant strings (<em>thj rjxb zkhtb w lhct</em>) ∼160 ms post-sentence onset and from scrambled constructions (<em>a dogs chase ball the</em>) ∼250 ms post-sentence onset, demonstrating – at different time points – rapid recognition and cursory analysis of linguistic stimuli. In the grammatical sentences, unigram probability correlated with EEG data ∼150–300 ms post-sentence onset, and probability of the word given its context estimated by BERT correlated with EEG data after ∼700–800 ms. EEG responses did not diverge between grammatical sentences and their counterparts with ungrammatical agreement (<em>the dogs chases a ball</em>), although EEG responses did diverge for plural vs. singular morphology at ∼200 ms. These results suggest that ‘at-a-glance’ reading is possible, based on coactivation of individual lexical items, morphological structures, and constituent structure at ∼200-300 ms, but that words are not integrated into a coherent syntactic/semantic analysis, as evidenced by the substantially later responses to BERT probability and the absence of sensitivity to agreement errors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 106080"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143350074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Incremental processing in a polysynthetic language (Murrinhpatha)

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106075

Laurence Bruggeman , Evan Kidd , Rachel Nordlinger , Anne Cutler

{"title":"Incremental processing in a polysynthetic language (Murrinhpatha)","authors":"Laurence Bruggeman , Evan Kidd , Rachel Nordlinger , Anne Cutler","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Language processing is rapidly incremental, but evidence bearing upon this assumption comes from very few languages. In this paper we report on a study of incremental processing in Murrinhpatha, a polysynthetic Australian language, which expresses complex sentence-level meanings in a single verb, the full meaning of which is not clear until the final morph. Forty native Murrinhpatha speakers participated in a visual world eyetracking experiment in which they viewed two complex scenes as they heard a verb describing one of the scenes. The scenes were selected so that the verb describing the target scene had either no overlap with a possible description of the competitor image, or overlapped from the start (<em>onset</em> overlap) or at the end of the verb (<em>rhyme</em> overlap). The results showed that, despite meaning only being clear at the end of the verb, Murrinhpatha speakers made incremental predictions that differed across conditions. The findings demonstrate that processing in polysynthetic languages is rapid and incremental, yet unlike in commonly studied languages like English, speakers make parsing predictions based on information associated with bound morphs rather than discrete words.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 106075"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143339881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The impact of rhythm on visual attention disengagement in newborns and 2-month-old infants

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106077

Martina Arioli , Valentina Silvestri , Maria Lorella Giannì , Lorenzo Colombo , Viola Macchi Cassia

引用次数: 0

Exploring power-law behavior in human gaze shifts across tasks and populations

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106079

Thomas Fabian

{"title":"Exploring power-law behavior in human gaze shifts across tasks and populations","authors":"Thomas Fabian","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visual perception is an integral part of human cognition. Vision comprises sampling information and processing them. Tasks and stimuli influence human sampling behavior, while cognitive and neurological processing mechanisms remain unchanged. A question still controversial today is whether the components interact with each other. Some theories see the components of visual cognition as separate and their influence on gaze behavior as additive. Others see gaze behavior as an emergent structure of visual cognition that emerges through multiplicative interactions. One way to approach this problem is to examine the magnitude of gaze shifts. Demonstrating that gaze shifts show a constant behavior across tasks would argue for the existence of an independent component in human visual behavior. However, studies attempting to generally describe gaze shift magnitudes deliver contradictory results. In this work, we analyze data from numerous experiments to advance the debate on visual cognition by providing a more comprehensive view of visual behavior. The data show that the magnitude of eye movements, also called saccades, cannot be described by a consistent distribution across different experiments. However, we also propose a new way of measuring the magnitude of saccades: relative saccade lengths. We find that a saccade's length relative to the preceding saccade's length consistently follows a power-law distribution. We observe this distribution for all datasets we analyze, regardless of the task, stimulus, age, or native language of the participants. Our results indicate the existence of an independent component utilized by other cognitive processes without interacting with them. This suggests that a part of human visual cognition is based on an additive component that does not depend on stimulus features.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 106079"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0