Sex Roles最新文献_第3页

Feminist Beliefs, Not Gender Equality Primes, Shape Self-Reported Partner Preferences 影响自我描述的伴侣偏好的是女权主义信念，而非性别平等原素

IF 3.8 2区社会学

Sex Roles Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01530-w

Natalie Wareham, Csilla Pákozdy, Gillian R. Brown

{"title":"Feminist Beliefs, Not Gender Equality Primes, Shape Self-Reported Partner Preferences","authors":"Natalie Wareham, Csilla Pákozdy, Gillian R. Brown","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01530-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01530-w","url":null,"abstract":"Men are reported to prioritise physical attractiveness in potential intimate partners, while women focus on the abilities of potential partners to provide resources. Yet previous research has suggested that these traditional gender differences vary according to national levels of gender equality. Here, we used priming material to manipulate participants’ perceptions of gender equality and examined the effects on self-reported partner preferences, and we also investigated the association between participants’ gender role attitudes and partner preferences. In Study 1 and 2 (n = 224 and 380), participants were presented with priming material that focused on either inequality between the genders in the present day (Inequality Condition) or recent improvements in gender equality (Equality Condition). Contrary to our predictions, the importance that participants placed on the physical traits and resource-gaining potential of partners did not differ between conditions in either study. However, on average, men placed greater emphasis on physical traits and preferred younger partners, and women placed greater emphasis on resource-gaining characteristics and preferred older partners, in line with previous research. In addition, men who reported more positive feminist attitudes placed less emphasis on physical traits, and women who reported more positive feminist attitudes placed greater emphasis on kindness, compared to same-gender participants who scored lower on feminist attitudes. This research suggests that self-reported partner preferences are related to an individual’s feminist attitudes and highlight the challenges of exploring these associations with forced-choice and experimental priming designs.","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142490827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Explaining Penalties and Rewards for Gender Norm Violations: A Unified Theory 解释对违反性别规范行为的惩罚和奖励：统一理论

IF 3.8 2区社会学

Sex Roles Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01540-8

Hannah B. Eareckson, Madeline E. Heilman

{"title":"Explaining Penalties and Rewards for Gender Norm Violations: A Unified Theory","authors":"Hannah B. Eareckson, Madeline E. Heilman","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01540-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01540-8","url":null,"abstract":"Gender norms shape expectations for how women and men should behave, and those who deviate from these norms are often punished, both socially and professionally. However, these penalties do not always occur, and sometimes women and men are even rewarded for engaging in counter-stereotypic behaviors. At present, we do not have a clear theoretical understanding of why and when people will react positively or negatively to gender norm violations. In this paper, we combine the predictions of role congruity, status incongruity hypothesis, and expectancy-violation theories to propose a unified theory for predicting reactions to counter-stereotypic women and men. The model proposed here provides an explanation for why both penalties and rewards occur for counter-stereotypic behaviors and explains why women risk penalties for engaging in masculine-stereotypic behaviors, generally, while men are only penalized for a narrow subset of feminine-stereotypic behaviors. This unified framework advances our understanding of reactions to gender norm violations and provides a foundation for future research aimed at identifying and preventing gender inequality in society.","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142488721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gender Bias in the Perception of Others’ Fatigue: Women Report More Fatigue Than Men But Have Their Fatigue Underestimated by Others 感知他人疲劳的性别偏见：女性比男性更容易感到疲劳，但他人却低估了她们的疲劳程度

IF 3.8 2区社会学

Sex Roles Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01534-6

Morgan D. Stosic, Erin E. Flynn-Evans, Jennifer Duenas, Mollie A. Ruben

{"title":"Gender Bias in the Perception of Others’ Fatigue: Women Report More Fatigue Than Men But Have Their Fatigue Underestimated by Others","authors":"Morgan D. Stosic, Erin E. Flynn-Evans, Jennifer Duenas, Mollie A. Ruben","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01534-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01534-6","url":null,"abstract":"Fatigue is one of the most common health complaints, yet assessing it can be difficult when perceptions of others’ fatigue are distorted by gender bias. This research is the first to examine whether such a bias is present in the perception of men’s and women’s fatigue. Across two studies (total N = 201), perceivers viewed silent videoclips of men and women targets in a social interaction and were asked to estimate each targets’ fatigue. While women reported more fatigue than men, across both studies perceivers rated women as significantly less fatigued than men. Results from Study 2 further suggested that women’s fatigue was significantly underestimated in comparison to their own self-reports of fatigue while men’s fatigue was significantly overestimated in comparison to their own self-reports. To explore whether any differences in ratings of targets’ fatigue were due to targets’ own behavior, we also coded each target for various nonverbal cues that could be associated with fatigue. An examination of these nonverbal cues did not reveal any significant relationships with self-reported fatigue for either men or women targets. However, the more nonverbally expressive/attentive targets were, the less likely they were to be judged as fatigued by perceivers and women targets displayed more expressiveness/attentiveness than men targets, explaining some of the variance in why women’s fatigue was underestimated more than men’s. The current work is the first to document the robust existence of gender bias in the perception of others’ fatigue and points towards interventions to help mitigate these biases in practice.","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142487212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Intersectional Analysis of Women's Experiences of Inclusion in the United States Army 对美国陆军中女性融入经历的交叉分析

IF 3.8 2区社会学

Sex Roles Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01524-8

Adriane J. Clomax, Michàlle Mor Barak, Ange-Marie Hancock, Jessica Dodge, Sara Kintzle, Robynn Cox, Eva Alday, Carl Castro

{"title":"An Intersectional Analysis of Women's Experiences of Inclusion in the United States Army","authors":"Adriane J. Clomax, Michàlle Mor Barak, Ange-Marie Hancock, Jessica Dodge, Sara Kintzle, Robynn Cox, Eva Alday, Carl Castro","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01524-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01524-8","url":null,"abstract":"In 2016, the United States Army removed its ban on women working in combat roles in previously reserved jobs for men. This policy change included a concerted effort by Army leadership to ensure women felt included in their new roles. Nevertheless, the immediate response to the policy changes led to mixed results in translating and implementing these new policies. This study takes qualitative data from a study on diversity and inclusion policy and practices to investigate women’s experiences working in various roles in 2019. We collected qualitative data from 19 focus groups and 120 soldiers in 2019 from four Army installations across the United States. An inductive analysis of focus group interviews revealed three major themes: social exclusion due to gender, updated policies to include women, sexism, and gender harassment. Since inclusion is an interpersonal experience, the themes were analyzed through an intersectional template to see if race and rank also played a role in women's experiences in combat roles. These findings provide a more nuanced and lived experience perspective on being a woman serving in combat in the United States Army.","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142450023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Adapted Sociocultural Model of Body Image Concerns and Disordered Eating Among Midlife Men 中年男性对身体形象的关注和饮食失调的社会文化改编模型

IF 3.8 2区社会学

Sex Roles Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01508-8

Atsushi Matsumoto, Rachel F. Rodgers, William Sanchez, Tracy Robinson-Wood, Jessica Edwards-George

{"title":"An Adapted Sociocultural Model of Body Image Concerns and Disordered Eating Among Midlife Men","authors":"Atsushi Matsumoto, Rachel F. Rodgers, William Sanchez, Tracy Robinson-Wood, Jessica Edwards-George","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01508-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01508-8","url":null,"abstract":"To date, little is known about body image and eating concerns among men in midlife. To bridge this gap in the literature, this study tested an adapted and integrated sociocultural model of body image and eating concerns among men in midlife. A sample of men (N = 213) between the ages of 45 and 60 years living in the United States completed an online survey and reported on sociocultural pressures from media, friends, family and partners, body image in younger years, internalization of a youthful lean and muscular ideal, appearance comparison, sexual objectification, body dissatisfaction, attitudes towards muscularity, drive for leanness and thinness, participation in muscularity-oriented behaviors, and restrictive eating. After modification, the final model revealed good fit to the data. Although not all predicted pathways were supported, overall, interpersonal and media pressures were related to internalization of ideals and appearance comparison. In turn, internalization and comparison were related to higher body dissatisfaction, drive for leanness and muscularity, and engagement in muscularity-oriented behaviors and restrictive eating. Findings support the usefulness of an adapted and integrated sociocultural model of body image and eating concerns in midlife men. The model suggests that the pressures that may increase body image and eating concerns in younger men may also be relevant in midlife men. Findings also highlight the usefulness of considering age-specific body-change behaviors and disordered eating in midlife men.","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

“It Wasn’t Meant for Gays”: Lesbian Women’s and Gay Men’s Reactions to the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory "这不是为男同性恋设计的"：女同性恋和男同性恋对矛盾性别歧视量表的反应

IF 3.8 2区社会学

Sex Roles Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01528-4

Lee Bravestone, Matthew D. Hammond, Amy Muise, Emily J. Cross

{"title":"“It Wasn’t Meant for Gays”: Lesbian Women’s and Gay Men’s Reactions to the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory","authors":"Lee Bravestone, Matthew D. Hammond, Amy Muise, Emily J. Cross","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01528-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01528-4","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers can unintentionally reinforce societal prejudice against minoritized populations through the false assumption that psychological measurements are generalizable across identities. Recently, researchers have posited that gender and sexually diverse (GSD) people could feel excluded or confused by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) due to its overtly heteronormative statements like “A man is incomplete without the love of a woman.” Yet, the ASI is used for indexing the endorsement of sexism in GSD samples and across diverse populations. An ideal test of these experiences is to directly consult GSD participants for their reactions. In the current study, we report a reflexive thematic analysis of lesbian women and gay men’s (N = 744) feedback immediately after completing the ASI. Four themes characterized participants’ reactions to the ASI: Exclusion: Heteronormative items erase diverse genders and sexualities, Confusion: Inability to meaningfully respond due to heteronormativity, Hope: Exclusion understood as a necessary sacrifice toward progress, and Distress: Exclusion inflicts distress by reflecting societal prejudice. The themes captured the experience that many participants found heteronormative assumptions salient in the ASI and had varied reactions to the heteronormativity. Our results extend prior research that questions the generalizability of results drawn from the ASI, especially studies including GSD participants. We discuss the implications of the continued use of the ASI and encourage researchers to critically evaluate underlying theories and assumptions to ensure participants can engage with measures as intended.","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nonverbal Gendered Cues as Accurate Signals of Sexual Orientation 非语言性别线索是性取向的准确信号

IF 3.8 2区社会学

Sex Roles Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01527-5

P. J. Henry

引用次数: 0

“Sport Belongs to Everyone… But Not During Pregnancy”: Views of Finnish Sport Stakeholders on Pregnancy in Sport "体育运动属于每一个人......但不是在怀孕期间"：芬兰体育界相关人士对体育运动中怀孕问题的看法

IF 3.8 2区社会学

Sex Roles Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01515-9

Mirjam Raudasoja, Tatiana V. Ryba

{"title":"“Sport Belongs to Everyone… But Not During Pregnancy”: Views of Finnish Sport Stakeholders on Pregnancy in Sport","authors":"Mirjam Raudasoja, Tatiana V. Ryba","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01515-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01515-9","url":null,"abstract":"The social construction of pregnancy emphasizes the mother’s responsibility for the developing fetus. Hence, certain activities, such as participation in competitive sport, are often constructed as inappropriate during pregnancy. While expert opinion tends to stress caution, the diversity of athlete mothers’ experiences challenge these dominant discourses. Less is known about how peers and other stakeholders in sport view the participation of pregnant athletes. Knowledge of such attitudes is essential to understanding the position of women in a specific society and the barriers to their autonomy. Hence, we examined survey responses from different sport stakeholders (N = 540) in Finland. Drawing on relational dialectics theory (Baxter, L. A. (2011). Voicing relationships. Sage.), we used contrapuntal analysis to identify different discourses on the compatibility of pregnancy and sport, and their interplay. Three discourses were identified: an equality discourse, which emphasizes that sport belongs to everyone, and that pregnant people should be accepted and supported in sporting environments; a responsibility discourse, which constructs pregnancy as fragility and sport as potentially dangerous for the athlete and the fetus; and an incompatibility discourse, which constructs pregnancy as a disease and unacceptable in sporting environments. Our analysis shows that medicalized, authoritative knowledge is the master strategy used to keep women out of male social spaces during pregnancy. The findings of our study highlight the ongoing struggle for reproductive justice in a patriarchal world order. To advance women’s position in society and support the autonomy of all individuals, viable professional guidelines and organizational policies must be formulated and applied.","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142397657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

“A Woman, With No Evidence, Can Send Any Man to Jail Whenever She Wants”: Men’s Rights Activists’ Digital Narratives of a Culture of False Rape Allegations "一个女人，在没有证据的情况下，可以随心所欲地将任何男人送进监狱"：男性权利活动家对虚假强奸指控文化的数字叙事

IF 3.8 2区社会学

Sex Roles Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01526-6

Heather Hensman Kettrey, Summer Quinn, Claire Waddell, Jadarius Evans, Cadi Imbody, Fabii Nunez-Garcia

{"title":"“A Woman, With No Evidence, Can Send Any Man to Jail Whenever She Wants”: Men’s Rights Activists’ Digital Narratives of a Culture of False Rape Allegations","authors":"Heather Hensman Kettrey, Summer Quinn, Claire Waddell, Jadarius Evans, Cadi Imbody, Fabii Nunez-Garcia","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01526-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01526-6","url":null,"abstract":"A dominant narrative among men’s rights activists (MRAs) is that rape culture does not exist. Despite statistical evidence that men are more likely to be sexually assaulted than wrongfully accused of assault, false rape allegations are the most frequently discussed topic on MRA forums and websites. In this study, we analyzed comments about false rape allegations posted to r/MensRights, a popular MRA forum. Just as the larger MRA movement emerged as a reactionary counterbalance to a feminist movement that MRAs believe has purportedly achieved equality, we found that MRAs construct a culture of false rape allegations to counterbalance a purportedly non-existent rape culture. Using a grounded theory approach to examine the narratives deployed by MRAs, we discovered that these men construct what we call a “compensatory culture of injury.” We found that MRAs are driven by “aspirational oppression,” which we theorize as a sense of grievance surrounding a group’s diminishing privilege and desire to achieve the guise of subjugation that warrants reparations to restore the status quo in the ostensible pursuit of fairness and equality. This co-optation of victimhood may be challenged by structural conversations about gender as well as the explicit identification of the misogynistic nature of MRA narratives.","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142397659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gender-Typing of Children’s Sports Toys Persists: A Mixed-Methods Investigation 儿童体育玩具的性别分类依然存在：混合方法调查

IF 3.8 2区社会学

Sex Roles Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01520-y

Jen McGovern, Lisa M. Dinella

{"title":"Gender-Typing of Children’s Sports Toys Persists: A Mixed-Methods Investigation","authors":"Jen McGovern, Lisa M. Dinella","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01520-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01520-y","url":null,"abstract":"Developmental psychologists have studied how toys shape gender schemas but have not focused exclusively on sport toys. Given persistent gender gaps in sport participation, it is important to understand how gendered meanings about sport are communicated and perceived through all kinds of play. This mixed methods research examined such meanings attached to sport toys using a content analysis and a survey. In Study 1, a content and descriptive analysis of toy listings (N = 107) on retail websites revealed that most toy names lacked explicit gender labels. However, toys were more likely to display masculine color schemes and boys outnumbered girls 2-to-1 in photographs of children playing with the toys. Boys were also depicted as more actively engaged, especially with highly physical sports. In Study 2, a correlational analysis of survey responses from 530 participants indicated that adults primarily viewed sport toys as masculine, though they saw dolls, aesthetic toys, and pink toys as appropriate for girls. Aggressive sport toys were linked to boys even when they were pink, indicating limits to the impact of implicit gender markers. Together, both studies show that sports toys are still viewed as (mostly) for boys and suggest that these messages may communicate gender stereotypes about sport. Evidence-based recommendations for toy sellers regarding toy color and gender representation are included, as is advice for toy purchasers who want to encourage gender inclusive play and flexible gender schemas.","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142360221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0