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The quiet revolution: Send-down movement and female empowerment in China 静悄悄的革命：中国的下放运动和女性赋权
IF 5.1 1区 经济学
Journal of Development Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103379
Chong Liu , Wenyi Lu , Ye Yuan
{"title":"The quiet revolution: Send-down movement and female empowerment in China","authors":"Chong Liu ,&nbsp;Wenyi Lu ,&nbsp;Ye Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>What promotes female empowerment and gender equality? We investigate how internal population mobility and social interaction foster the advancement of female empowerment and gender equality across diverse subpopulations. Using the urban-to-rural youth resettlement program in China during the 1970s — the Send-down Movement — as our empirical context, we find that rural females with greater exposure to urban youths have achieved higher levels of education, increased labor force participation, greater financial independence, enhanced autonomy in marital and fertility decisions, increased political engagement, heightened self-confidence, reduced risk aversion, and a stronger belief in gender-equal ideologies and social values. Our findings underscore the role of population mobility in disseminating gender-equal ideologies and practices, both through human capital formation and social interactions, leading to lasting impacts on female empowerment in traditional societies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 103379"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142319531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The abolition of People’s Communes and fertility decline in rural China 人民公社的废除与中国农村生育率的下降
IF 5.1 1区 经济学
Journal of Development Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103375
Shuo Chen , Bin Xie
{"title":"The abolition of People’s Communes and fertility decline in rural China","authors":"Shuo Chen ,&nbsp;Bin Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the impact of the abolition of People’s Communes in the early 1980s on rural fertility in China. Exploiting the staggered implementation of agricultural decollectivization, we show that decollectivization led to a significant decline in rural fertility, independent of the impact of family planning policies. Counties with higher levels of egalitarianism during the commune period experienced a sharper fertility decline following decollectivization, indicating that the elimination of egalitarian income distribution is the key mechanism behind this fertility decline. We find no evidence supporting the alternative hypothesis that the fertility decline was primarily due to increased opportunity costs of childbearing associated with higher agricultural productivity after decollectivization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 103375"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142322088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The transition to direct mayoral elections in clientelistic environments: Causal public spending and service delivery effects 在客户至上的环境中向市长直选过渡：公共开支和服务提供的因果效应
IF 5.1 1区 经济学
Journal of Development Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103380
Blane D. Lewis, Sarah Dong
{"title":"The transition to direct mayoral elections in clientelistic environments: Causal public spending and service delivery effects","authors":"Blane D. Lewis,&nbsp;Sarah Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine the impact of the transition to direct mayoral elections on district spending and household public service access in Indonesia during a period of momentous national democratic reform. We leverage the arguably exogenous timing of direct local elections to specify a staggered difference-in-differences model, which we estimate using the latest methods to plausibly identify causal effects. We find that the transition to direct elections led to a consistent and large decline in capital spending in both pre- and post-election years. We also determine that the transition resulted in a moderate decrease in household service access in the post-election period. Pre-election capital spending impacts are a function of both general disruptions associated with the transition and emerging clientelism. Service access effects are completely explained by the relative extent of clientelism across districts. We conclude that the local democratic transition in Indonesia had a mostly negative impact on key spending and service outcomes, at least in the short-run and for those districts in which clientelistic practices were especially pronounced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 103380"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Are students really biased against female professors? — Experimental evidence from India 学生真的对女教授有偏见吗？- 印度的实验证据
IF 5.1 1区 经济学
Journal of Development Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103362
Puneet Arora , Moumita Roy
{"title":"Are students really biased against female professors? — Experimental evidence from India","authors":"Puneet Arora ,&nbsp;Moumita Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate the presence of gender bias in student evaluations of teaching (SETs) in India using a natural field experiment. In the first two treatments, we randomly assigned 504 students to attend an identical audio–visual lecture, manipulating the perceived gender of the professor. In two subsequent treatments, we provide additional information about the professors’ credentials to signal their competence. When we vary the perceived gender, on average, we do not find any significant differences in SETs received by female and male professors. However, the perceived-female professor receives higher SETs on average in treatments with additional information. Further, we find that in-group bias can be a potential channel to explain our results. Our findings highlight the context-dependent nature of gender bias in SETs and provide evidence of the differential impact of information by gender.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 103362"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142313043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Riders on the storm: How do firms navigate production and market conditions amid El Niño? 风暴中的骑手：企业如何在厄尔尼诺现象中驾驭生产和市场环境？
IF 5.1 1区 经济学
Journal of Development Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103374
Maria Bas , Caroline Paunov
{"title":"Riders on the storm: How do firms navigate production and market conditions amid El Niño?","authors":"Maria Bas ,&nbsp;Caroline Paunov","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates how heavy rainfalls resulting from the 2002–03 El Niño climate pattern affect Ecuadorian firms' production and market conditions. We show that affected firms' revenue productivity (TFP-R) and markups decrease. This is due to production efficiency losses (TFP-Q) and higher marginal costs of initially less efficient firms. Decreased product output prices in response to lower product demand explain the impact on initially more efficient firms. However, the shock neither affects market shares nor survival rates of initially less efficient firms. Consequently, the productivity distribution of Ecuador's industry is not affected by the shock. We also show a swift recovery of production and market demand in the immediate aftermath of the shock. Impacts in 2002–03 are like those of the 1997–98 rainfall shock. Differentiating firms by their TFP-R rather than their production efficiency indicates firms with better (worse) market positions can mitigate the negative impacts of the shock more (less).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 103374"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Growing apart: Declining within- and across-locality insurance in rural China 渐行渐远：中国农村地区的区内和跨区保险不断减少
IF 5.1 1区 经济学
Journal of Development Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103366
Orazio Attanasio , Costas Meghir , Corina Mommaerts , Yu Zheng
{"title":"Growing apart: Declining within- and across-locality insurance in rural China","authors":"Orazio Attanasio ,&nbsp;Costas Meghir ,&nbsp;Corina Mommaerts ,&nbsp;Yu Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We consider risk sharing in rural China during its rapid economic transformation from the late 1980s through the late 2000s. We document an erosion of consumption insurance against both household-level idiosyncratic and village-level aggregate income shocks, and show that this decline is related to observable economic changes: the shift out of agriculture, the decline of publicly owned Township-and-Village Enterprises, and increased migrant work. Further evidence suggests that as these changes took place at the village level, higher levels of government failed to offset these effects through the tax-and-transfer system, leaving households more exposed to both idiosyncratic and village-aggregate risk.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 103366"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142240647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Aid allocation with optimal monitoring: Theory and policy 最佳监督下的援助分配：理论与政策
IF 5.1 1区 经济学
Journal of Development Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103364
François Bourguignon , Jean-Philippe Platteau
{"title":"Aid allocation with optimal monitoring: Theory and policy","authors":"François Bourguignon ,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Platteau","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We explore the implications of allowing a poverty-averse donor to monitor aid use within the familiar context of the needs vs. aid effectiveness tradeoff. The paper focuses on the optimal aid allocation between two countries when the donor simultaneously decides about aid shares and country-specific monitoring effort aimed at increasing the amount reaching the poor. Endogenizing aid effectiveness is shown to raise the poor’s income in the worse-governed country, yet not necessarily in the better-governed one, whereas the effect on country aid shares is essentially ambiguous. Those results still hold when the basic model is extended in various directions. Conventional aid allocation rules should be re-examined in their light.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 103364"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142240648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Do entrepreneurial skills unlock opportunities for online freelancing? Experimental evidence from El Salvador 创业技能能为网上自由职业者带来机会吗？来自萨尔瓦多的实验证据
IF 5.1 1区 经济学
Journal of Development Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103363
Maria Victoria Fazio , Richard Freund , Rafael Novella
{"title":"Do entrepreneurial skills unlock opportunities for online freelancing? Experimental evidence from El Salvador","authors":"Maria Victoria Fazio ,&nbsp;Richard Freund ,&nbsp;Rafael Novella","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper reports on a randomized experiment in El Salvador that aimed to improve online labor market outcomes by teaching the entrepreneurial skills required to engage with online marketplaces. Despite low completion rates, we find that assignment to the training significantly increases online freelancing outcomes, such as the probability of having an online freelancing profile, the number of proposals sent, receiving at least one job offer, and securing at least one online freelancing contract. We also observe improved socioemotional skills. However, we find no significant effects of the program on the number of job offers, contracts, or any broader labor market outcomes. Further analysis suggests that poor initial job ratings may have hindered sustained success in online freelancing. Overall, despite some initial success, the program failed to have a lasting impact on the livelihoods of the participants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 103363"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387824001123/pdfft?md5=7b911fd3bd6e5a77cde5a1af216c88c5&pid=1-s2.0-S0304387824001123-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142228898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Better together? Group incentives and the demand for prevention 更好地合作？团体激励和预防需求
IF 5.1 1区 经济学
Journal of Development Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103365
Mylène Lagarde , Carlos Riumallo Herl
{"title":"Better together? Group incentives and the demand for prevention","authors":"Mylène Lagarde ,&nbsp;Carlos Riumallo Herl","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In a field experiment with 400 groups of informal entrepreneurs in El Salvador, we compare the impact of group incentives (linked to compliance of all members) to equivalent individual ones to encourage cardiovascular check-ups. We test two incentive designs: small rewards and lotteries. Group incentives are as effective as individual ones at increasing demand for prevention, but, unlike individual incentives, they fail to target those with potentially higher health risks. The equal effectiveness of group incentives is linked to more communication, coordination between members and, to some extent, peer pressure. These social dynamics contribute to reduce uncertainty about other group members’ decisions and enhance the perceived net benefit of prevention. Although the preventive check-ups do not induce short-term lifestyle changes, they substantially increase the detection of new risk factors, making all incentives highly cost-effective interventions in this population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 103365"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387824001147/pdfft?md5=938dcdd5eaedd778cdde7c5e5b4dbeae&pid=1-s2.0-S0304387824001147-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142158490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Migration from developing countries: Selection, income elasticity, and Simpson’s paradox 来自发展中国家的移民：选择、收入弹性和辛普森悖论
IF 5.1 1区 经济学
Journal of Development Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103359
Michael A. Clemens , Mariapia Mendola
{"title":"Migration from developing countries: Selection, income elasticity, and Simpson’s paradox","authors":"Michael A. Clemens ,&nbsp;Mariapia Mendola","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The economic causes and effects of migration from developing countries depend on patterns of self-selection that are difficult to observe. We estimate the degree of migrant self-selection—on both observed and unobserved determinants of income—for 99 developing countries using nationally representative survey data on 653,613 people. In low-income countries, people actively preparing to emigrate have 14 percent higher incomes explained by observed traits such as schooling, and 12 percent higher incomes explained by unobserved traits. The simulated income elasticity of emigration is positive in the aggregate (+0.23) despite being negative in subpopulations, an instance of Simpson’s paradox.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 103359"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142097397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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