Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour最新文献_第2页

Finding windows of opportunity: How drivers adapt to partial automation safeguards over time

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour Pub Date : 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.019

Alexandra S. Mueller , Pnina Gershon , Samantha H. Haus , Jessica B. Cicchino , Bruce Mehler , Bryan Reimer

{"title":"Finding windows of opportunity: How drivers adapt to partial automation safeguards over time","authors":"Alexandra S. Mueller , Pnina Gershon , Samantha H. Haus , Jessica B. Cicchino , Bruce Mehler , Bryan Reimer","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Most partially automated systems have safeguards to counteract driver disengagement, but little is known about how they affect driver behavior over time. This naturalistic observation study investigated how the behavior of 14 drivers who had no previous partial automation experience evolved over a month of exposure to the Tesla Autopilot system in a model year 2020 Model 3.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Behavior was analyzed leading up to, during, and immediately after attention reminders and emergency-slowdown-leading-to-lockout events.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found that drivers learn to internalize safeguard sequences and discover windows of opportunity to do non-driving-related activities. People learned to respond quicker to alerts, leading to fewer escalated sequences in the latter half of the study. However, drivers also spent more time engaging in non-driving-related activities and glancing off-road, which corresponded with more initial alerts of the attention reminder sequence as time went on. Prolonged disengagement culminated in 16 lockouts across the sample, although in general, drivers responded faster and had fewer lockouts over time.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings demonstrate the human ability to learn system constraints and thus illustrate that it is possible to shape safer driving behavior with robust safeguards. User-centric design considerations for driver support strategies are presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"111 ","pages":"Pages 112-129"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing micro-mobility net benefits at the individual level: Evidence for two European countries

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.020

Nelson Daniel, Frederico Cruz-Jesus, Carlos Tam

{"title":"Assessing micro-mobility net benefits at the individual level: Evidence for two European countries","authors":"Nelson Daniel, Frederico Cruz-Jesus, Carlos Tam","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study, comparing two European countries, explores the net benefits of e-scooters in interplay with their usage and user satisfaction. We surveyed 199 e-scooter users in Germany and 184 in Portugal. A novel framework based on an established model used to evaluate information systems’ success is introduced, where net benefits, here, are ultimately expressed by the efficiency and effectiveness of e-scooters in undertaking short-distance trips. All in all, one can infer that pragmatic reasons, in terms of functionality and fulfillment of purpose, are the most important factors in the usage and satisfaction of e-scooters. Recreational reasons are, at most, a side effect. The number one explanation of e-scooter net benefits, conducting short-distance trips effectively and efficiently, is user satisfaction, which is reinforced by use. Price also plays a rather important role, while thoughts regarding sustainability and safety do matter but subordinately. Preponderantly, the countries’ subsamples align with the full-sample model’s findings, with some differences among them; nonetheless, no significant one can be found. All in all, both countries share comparable individual-level behaviors regarding e-scooters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"111 ","pages":"Pages 95-111"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of driving behavior on human thermal perception and electroencephalogram in vehicles

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.027

Xin Xu , Lanping Zhao , Yuxin Hu , Guomin Wu , Qinyue Zheng , Zhigang Yang

{"title":"Effects of driving behavior on human thermal perception and electroencephalogram in vehicles","authors":"Xin Xu , Lanping Zhao , Yuxin Hu , Guomin Wu , Qinyue Zheng , Zhigang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intelligent cabin thermal perception interaction systems affect the comfort, safety, acceptance, and range of intelligent, connected automated vehicles. However, existing thermal comfort evaluation methods in vehicles do not investigate the effects of driving behavior on driver and passenger thermal perception and the differences in their physiological signals correlating with thermal perception. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of assessing driver and passenger thermal perception based on EEG signals under outdoor driving conditions and analyzed the effects of driving behavior on human thermal perception and EEG. The results show that the differences in EEG of passengers in different thermal sensation states are larger than those of drivers, and the high-frequency β and γ relative power can be used to distinguish human thermal comfort. EEG channels in the frontal, parieto-occipital and left temporal lobe regions are sensitive to thermal perception. The physiological characteristics of drivers and passengers and their patterns of change in different thermal perception states differed significantly, while subjective thermal perception did not differ significantly, so the thermal comfort evaluation criteria for drivers and passengers should be considered separately. Future research will explore the effects of driving behavior on human thermal perception and EEG when the automobile passenger compartment is warming up in winter, and then predict human thermal perception in vehicle throughout the year. This research contributes to the theoretical basis for EEG-based assessment of human thermal perception in vehicles and enhances human-vehicle thermal perception interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"111 ","pages":"Pages 60-74"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predictors of cyclists’ and pedestrians’ behavior in interactions with turning (Automated) vehicles − Insights from a Wizard-of-Oz study in real traffic

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.023

A. Marie Harkin , Hendrik Görner , Martin Bärwolff , Kevin A. Harkin , Tibor Petzoldt

{"title":"Predictors of cyclists’ and pedestrians’ behavior in interactions with turning (Automated) vehicles − Insights from a Wizard-of-Oz study in real traffic","authors":"A. Marie Harkin , Hendrik Görner , Martin Bärwolff , Kevin A. Harkin , Tibor Petzoldt","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The subjective and objective safety of interactions between vulnerable road users (VRUs), such as cyclists and pedestrians, and automated vehicles (AVs) is essential for the successful integration of AVs into real-world traffic. Laboratory studies have shown that vehicle dynamics are particularly crucial for the experience and behavior of VRUs when interacting with both AVs and manually-driven vehicles (MVs). However, since AVs are still rare in urban traffic, field study results are also scarce. The present study employs the Wizard-of-Oz (WoOz) method, where a safety driver is hidden inside the vehicle, making it appear driverless from the outside. This vehicle then interacted with naïve VRUs at a signal-controlled intersection in Munich. Unlike in comparable studies, the complex traffic scenario involved crossing in front of turning vehicles. The study analyzed the extent to which the behavior (recorded via video) and experience (post-crossing survey) of the VRUs differed depending on whether the vehicle was seemingly automated or an MV. Additionally, known influencing factors, such as age, gender, and vehicle dynamics, were included in the analysis to determine whether potential effects remained significant. The results indicate that the automation status of the vehicle influenced behavior (crossing time, head movements towards the vehicle, post-crossing reactions). Furthermore, vehicle dynamics were particularly decisive for behavior and also seemed to influence perceived safety. This underscores the importance of considering vehicle dynamics in the development and implementation of AVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"111 ","pages":"Pages 75-94"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Measuring sensation seeking in urban cyclists: Development and validation of the SSC scale

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.022

Sergio A. Useche

{"title":"Measuring sensation seeking in urban cyclists: Development and validation of the SSC scale","authors":"Sergio A. Useche","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thanks to various decades of accumulated empirical research, sensation seeking (SS) has gained prominence as an emerging issue of interest in road safety research. Previous studies have emphasized its potential to contribute to risky behavior among various road users, including cyclists. However, there has been a notable gap in the literature: the absence of an instrument designed to measure sensation-seeking factors while considering the particular conditions and behavioral repertoire of cyclists.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This paper aims to describe the development and psychometric assessment of the Sensation Seeking in Cycling (SSC) scale.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This study analyzed data from 5108 cyclists, aged 16 to 64 (μ = 32.3), who completed an electronic questionnaire on individual and cycling-related factors. Data were analyzed through competitive confirmatory analyses (via Structural Equation Modeling), psychometrically evaluating the structure of the SSC under two different dimensional assumptions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Data analyses have shown that the Sensation Seeking in Cycling scale has a suitable set of psychometric features, in addition to a satisfactory internal consistency and reliability. Further, the SSC scores have coherent and significant relationships to literature-supported factors, thus providing good insights on the concurrent validity of the questionnaire regardless of cyclists’ sex or age. In addition, descriptive country-based comparisons suggest significant differences in in the SSC scores.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The outcomes of this validation study suggest that the SSC is a valid tool for measuring sensation-seeking factors in the specific setting of urban cycling in the two factorial compositions tested in this paper. Also, it is emphasized the importance of understanding cyclists’ psychosocial factors to enhance safety and promote sustainable urban bicycle riding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"111 ","pages":"Pages 45-59"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring the safety effect of traffic guidance sign alignment at expressway hybrid toll plazas

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.013

Haowen Sun , Jian Li , Fei Ma , Ruihan Wu , Tong Zhou , Xu Wang

{"title":"Exploring the safety effect of traffic guidance sign alignment at expressway hybrid toll plazas","authors":"Haowen Sun , Jian Li , Fei Ma , Ruihan Wu , Tong Zhou , Xu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid growth in automobile ownership and thus highway usage demand, toll plaza congestion has become a major issue that limits the efficiency of expressway traffic. To optimize signage facilities and improve the performance and safety of toll plaza operations, the mechanisms that influence driver behaviors in expressway toll plaza areas were analyzed through simulation experiments in this paper. The simulations replicated the lane configuration and signage layout of the Jinan Ganggou Toll Plaza and Jinan North Toll Plaza in China. Four experimental scenarios and four signage schemes were designed and evaluated under 16 Experimental Designs per driver, culminating in a total of 100 samples. During the simulations, vehicle driving state parameters were collected, and multivariate analysis of variance and generalized estimating equation were used to examine the effects of different factors, including vehicle type, queue length at toll lanes, and signage schemes, on driver behavior in the toll plaza area. Finally, an in-depth analysis was conducted on subjective questionnaire data provided by drivers to assess thoroughly the mechanisms behind driving behavior and the integration of traffic guidance signage schemes in toll plazas. Results indicate that through driving simulation and driver questionnaires, the experimental variables of vehicle type and queue length significantly affect lateral offset, vehicle operating speed, and maximum deceleration. Furthermore, signage scheme 4 provides effective guidance to drivers, improves traffic efficiency, alleviates congestion in toll lanes, enhances toll lane utilization, and offers higher levels of safety and comfort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"110 ","pages":"Pages 260-276"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How does artificial intelligence usage affect the safety behavior of bus drivers? A double-edged sword study

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.026

Yunshuo Liu , Yanbin Li , Lili Hu , Qichao Zhang

引用次数: 0

To lose or not to lose one’s grip? A comparison of psychosocial predictors of risk-taking and accident involvement among French cyclists

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.024

Florent Varet, Quentin Victeur, Antoine Deplancke, Marie Pelé, Vincent Lenglin

{"title":"To lose or not to lose one’s grip? A comparison of psychosocial predictors of risk-taking and accident involvement among French cyclists","authors":"Florent Varet, Quentin Victeur, Antoine Deplancke, Marie Pelé, Vincent Lenglin","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the many benefits of cycling, cyclists are particularly vulnerable road users. Fatal and serious injuries limit the development of cycling and can be attributed to several factors, including voluntary and involuntary risky cycling behaviors. This study aims to investigate and compare the role of some psychosocial variables associated with risk-taking in the literature but still little studied among cyclists: general risk propensity, impulsivity, sensation-seeking, descriptive and injunctive social norms towards violations and risky cycling, and perceived legitimacy of cyclists’ traffic rules. Risk perception was also included as a competing variable. A questionnaire was completed by a large sample of French cyclists (<em>N</em> <sub>after exclusions</sub> = 1,650). Risky cycling behaviors were considered in terms of self-reported frequency of violations, errors, not wearing a helmet, and involvement in past crashes with injuries. Associations between potential predictors, risky behaviors and crashes were first examined using bivariate analyses and then confirmed using multivariate analyses. Finally, mediation analyses were conducted to test indirect effects of potential predictors on past crashes through risky behaviors. The main findings highlight the role of stable individual dispositions (i.e., general risk propensity, urgency feeling as a facet of impulsivity) and more malleable individual perceptions (i.e., descriptive norms, legitimacy of traffic rules) in risky cycling. Injunctive norms and risk perceptions were weakly or not associated with risky cycling. Limitations, perspectives for future research and for the development of evidence-based road safety interventions (e.g., emotion regulation training, campaign highlighting that risky behaviors does not bring the expected psychosocial benefits) are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"111 ","pages":"Pages 14-31"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biosignal-based attention monitoring for evaluating train driver safety-relevant tasks

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.025

Jung Hwan Kim , Yeongjun Kim , Younggeol Cho , Tae Kyun Kim , Tongil Jang , Chanwoo Park , Seong Keun Kang

{"title":"Biosignal-based attention monitoring for evaluating train driver safety-relevant tasks","authors":"Jung Hwan Kim , Yeongjun Kim , Younggeol Cho , Tae Kyun Kim , Tongil Jang , Chanwoo Park , Seong Keun Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the impact of biosignal-based attention monitoring on train driver performance in the context of smartphone usage, a critical factor influencing railroad safety. The persistent problem of smartphone distractions, which severely impair situational awareness and contribute to accidents, necessitates innovative solutions to enhance operational safety. To address this issue, this study develops an electroencephalogram (EEG)-based system for detecting smartphone usage in train drivers and analyzing its effects on cognitive performance. A full-type train simulator was used to replicate real-world train operations, where EEG data were collected from 25 participants under two experimental conditions: (1) train driving with smartphone usage, and (2) train driving without smartphone usage. A deep learning-based classification model, utilizing Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, was developed to analyze EEG signals and detect smartphone-related cognitive impairments. The model achieved an accuracy of 85.6% in distinguishing smartphone usage states, demonstrating its effectiveness in detecting cognitive changes associated with smartphone distractions. Furthermore, the findings indicate that smartphone usage leads to a 1.4x increase in response time to critical situations, significantly impacting reaction times and error rates. Unlike traditional behavior-based monitoring methods, this study pioneers an objective, real-time EEG-based smartphone usage detection system, offering a proactive strategy for accident prevention in railroad operations. By integrating deep learning with biosignal analysis, this research contributes to the advancement of real-time safety monitoring systems, providing new insights into human performance assessment in high-risk environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"111 ","pages":"Pages 1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the effects of brake light flicker frequency on cognitive conspicuity during visual dark adaptation: A 360-degree simulated driving study

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.016

Zhendong Wu , Wenxiang Duan , Guocui Liu , Xiaoqun Ai

{"title":"Evaluating the effects of brake light flicker frequency on cognitive conspicuity during visual dark adaptation: A 360-degree simulated driving study","authors":"Zhendong Wu , Wenxiang Duan , Guocui Liu , Xiaoqun Ai","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Upon entering tunnel entrance and transition zones, drivers experience the “black hole effect” which necessitates visual adaptation due to reduced illumination. This phenomenon increases the risk of rear-end collisions. While the brake lights are crucial for traffic safety, strategies to enhance visibility under dark adaptation conditions require further investigation. Existing research has primarily focused on the general properties and effects of the brake lights. However, conclusive results regarding the optimal flicker frequency for the brake lights remain elusive.</div><div>This study evaluates the impact of the flicker brake lights on vehicle conspicuity across various tunnel zones using two simulated driving experiments in 360° video-based Virtual Reality: a search conspicuity experiment (N = 30) assessing drivers’ reaction times to the brake lights, and an attention conspicuity experiment (N = 34). Analysis of eye-tracking data and braking response time reveals that flicker brake lights significantly improve vehicle conspicuity compared to constant lights across tunnel. In the entrance zone, no significant differences in braking time, time to first fixation (TTF), fixation durations, or fixation counts were observed between higher frequency (10 Hz) and lower frequency (4 Hz) flicker brake lights. In the transition zone, however, higher frequency flicker lights resulted in shorter reaction times, shorter TTF, longer fixation durations, and increased fixation counts in comparison to lower frequency flicker lights and constant lights, indicating enhanced search and attention conspicuity.</div><div>These results provide evidence-based insights for designing brake light flicker frequencies to enhance drive safety during tunnel driving.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"110 ","pages":"Pages 247-259"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143479186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0