Motivation and Emotion最新文献

{"title":"Intimate sounds of silence: its motives and consequences in romantic relationships","authors":"Netta Weinstein, Thuy-vy Nguyen, Mark Adams, C. Raymond Knee","doi":"10.1007/s11031-024-10078-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-024-10078-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Silence shared between partners is a rich and understudied feature of romantic relationships. Within relationships, silence may be experienced in meaningfully different ways as a function of the motivations underlying it. These internally rich experiences may affect partners differently than silence that occurs spontaneously (i.e., without intentional initiation). In four studies, we tested the motives of silence and corresponding affect and relationship quality, operationalized through psychological need satisfactions and inclusion of other into self. Studies relied on complementary methods to explore the phenomenon of silence, namely cross-sectional, daily diary, and experimental designs. Findings across studies showed that intrinsically motivated silence was felt with more positive affect and less negative affect, and that relationships were closer and more need satisfying during intrinsically motivated moments of silence. Introjected and externally motivated silences, on the other hand, were often linked to more negative affect and lower relational outcomes. Spontaneous moments of silence were not consistently linked to affect or need satisfaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141172374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pursuit of emotional satisfaction leads to increased risk taking in final decisions","authors":"Zhushi Fu, Anrun Zhu, Yufeng Wang, Yutao Lu, Cai Xing","doi":"10.1007/s11031-024-10073-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-024-10073-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Risk taking increases during the final round of a set of repeated risky decisions, a phenomenon known as the ending effect. Recent evidence suggests that the motivation to pursue an emotionally rewarding ending may account for this ending effect. This study tested this explanation using different task paradigms. Experiment 1 ruled out a financial motivational explanation for the ending effect. Specifically, when risk taking was only associated with emotional incentives without financial rewards, the ending effect remained significant. Experiment 2a demonstrated that the ending effect was robust after controlling for the relevant variables. Experiment 2b measured participants’ motivation using a visual reaction time task. The results revealed that perceiving an ending led participants to be more concerned with emotional satisfaction than financial rewards. These findings consistently support the notion that the perception of an approaching ending leads to an increase in emotional rather than financial motivation, and this increased emotional motivation could lead to increased risk-taking toward an ending. This study also ruled out the alternative explanation that the ending effect is driven by the need for financial rewards.</p>","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140934869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intergroup threat stimulates malevolent creative idea generation","authors":"Liwen Yu, Xinuo Qiao, Ning Hao","doi":"10.1007/s11031-024-10070-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-024-10070-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In response to intergroup threats, group members typically exhibit aggressive behaviors. These aggressive behaviors include malevolent creativity (MC), which refers to the application of novel ideas to intentionally harm others. However, whether and how intergroup threats affect MC remains unclear. This study comprehensively examines the impact of intergroup threats on MC, along with its underlying mechanisms, across three experiments. Study 1 investigated the effects of intergroup threats on MC performance. The results revealed that while intergroup threat improved MC originality, it had no significant impact on general creativity, which indicates that intergroup threat enables individuals to invest more resources in generating original malevolent ideas. Building on these findings, Study 2 focused on how the target directivity of MC influences the relationship between intergroup threat and MC performance. The results demonstrated that MC originality was higher when the MC target was directed at threatening outgroup members rather than at irrelevant persons. These findings imply that threatened individuals tend to retaliate vicariously against out-group members using original malevolent methods. Study 3 explored whether realistic and symbolic threats exerted distinct effects on MC performance. Their results showed that only symbolic threats promoted originality and fluency in MC. This indicates that only symbolic threats compelled the incentives to promote the generation of malevolent ideas. In conclusion, these findings suggested that intergroup threats significantly amplify MC, particularly when directed at perceived threatening outgroup members, while symbolic threats appear more conducive to fostering the generation of malevolent ideas.</p>","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140934875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hiding in plain sight: The distinct importance of low-arousal positive affect","authors":"Maria D. McManus, Jeanne Nakamura, Jason T. Siegel","doi":"10.1007/s11031-024-10062-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-024-10062-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most past research on positive affect and emotion has focused exclusively on high-arousal positive affect (HAPA: e.g., <i>excited</i>), however, low-arousal positive affect (LAPA: e.g., <i>calm</i>) increasingly is included in emotion research. As such, there is a need to synthesize knowledge about the similarities and differences between LAPA and HAPA, the operationalization of LAPA and HAPA, and the distinct characteristics and importance of LAPA within emotional life. A systematic search identified 226 research papers comparing LAPA with HAPA from a broad spectrum of research topics; this review provides a narrative summary of their findings. Indications of differences between LAPA and HAPA were found in 89% of comparisons, with LAPA having a consistently distinguishable relationship to variables such as brain activity, cardiovascular health, decision-making, memory, mindfulness, personality, and solitude, among others. Other notable aspects of LAPA were found, including its role in stress, work, positive sociality, and well-being, as well as its importance in older adults and women. An analysis of items used to measure LAPA and HAPA revealed nuanced differences in conceptualizations, as well as emerging consensus around specific item usage. While considering item use in light of approach-avoidance motivation, we identified three possible LAPA subtypes: <i>calm</i> (a steady state of neither approach nor avoidance), <i>satisfaction</i> (having successfully approached), and <i>relief</i> (having successfully avoided). This review clarifies LAPA’s role in affective life, underscoring that LAPA’s differences from HAPA should be considered in research involving positive affect.</p>","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140573227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arousal level and exemplar variability of emotional face and voice encoding influence expression-independent identity recognition","authors":"Hanjian Xu, Jorge L. Armony","doi":"10.1007/s11031-024-10066-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-024-10066-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Emotional stimuli and events are better and more easily remembered than neutral ones. However, this advantage appears to come at a cost, namely a decreased accuracy for peripheral, emotion-irrelevant details. There is some evidence, particularly in the visual modality, that this trade-off also applies to emotional expressions, leading to a difficulty in identifying an unfamiliar individual’s identity when presented with an expression different from the one encountered at encoding. On the other hand, past research also suggests that identity recognition memory benefits from exposure to different encoding exemplars, although whether this is also the case for emotional expressions, particularly voices, remains unknown. Here, we directly addressed these questions by conducting a series of voice and face identity memory online studies, using a within-subject old/new recognition test in separate unimodal modules. In the Main Study, half of the identities were encoded with four presentations of one single expression (angry, fearful, happy, or sad; <i>Uni</i> condition) and the other half with one presentation of each emotion (<i>Multi</i> condition); all identities, intermixed with an equal number of new ones, were presented with a neutral expression in a subsequent recognition test. Participants (<i>N</i> = 547, 481 female) were randomly assigned to one of four groups in which a different <i>Uni</i> single emotion was used. Results, using linear mixed models on response choice and drift-diffusion-model parameters, revealed that high-arousal expressions interfered with emotion-independent identity recognition accuracy, but that such deficit could be compensated by presenting the same individual with various expressions (i.e., high exemplar variability). These findings were confirmed by a significant correlation between memory performance and stimulus arousal, across modalities and emotions, and by two follow-up studies (Study 1: <i>N</i> = 172, 150 female; Study 2: <i>N</i> = 174, 154 female), which extended the original observations and ruled out some potential confounding effects. Taken together, the findings reported here expand and refine our current knowledge of the influence of emotion on memory, and highlight the importance of, and interaction between, exemplar variability and emotional arousal in identity recognition memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140573319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mindsets and politically motivated reasoning about fake news","authors":"Jonas Ludwig, Joseph Sommer","doi":"10.1007/s11031-024-10067-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-024-10067-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>False information may be published with the intention of misleading the public, and such fake news is often difficult to detect. Ideological fake news may pose a particular challenge, as people may be less able to detect false information that supports their prior beliefs. The difficulty of detecting fake news with an ideological slant may be compounded if people are motivated to defend their beliefs. Building on the mindset theory of action phases, we investigated motivational states as moderators of people’s ability to detect fake news. We tested two competing predictions to study the cognitive and motivational processes implicated in fake news detection. Both predictions concern an ideological belief bias, where people tend to accept information that agrees with their partisan identities and to reject information that disagrees with them. First, motivated reasoning accounts posit that deliberation should reinforce the ideological belief bias because reasoning primarily serves to defend and rationalize one’s own position. An opposing view, based on dual-process theory, assumes that deliberation attenuates the ideological belief bias by facilitating an unbiased assessment of new information. An online experiment (<i>N</i> = 497) tested these competing accounts. Participants were induced with deliberative/implemental/control mindsets prior to rating the veracity of (true/fake) news headlines. Some headlines favored a Republican view; others leaned toward a Democrat perspective. Based on self-reported political preference (Democrat vs. Republican), headlines were categorized as congruent or incongruent with participants’ political views. Consistent with an ideological belief bias, participants accepted more congruent than incongruent news, and they were more likely to fail to detect favorable fake news. In the main analysis, mindsets did not moderate the ideological belief bias, but showed interesting relationships with cognitive reflection and dishonest behavior. Further exploration using signal-detection theory suggested that the deliberative mindset might be associated with increased skepticism, thereby promoting fake news detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140591821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social dynamics in interpersonal emotion regulation: A theoretical framework for understanding direct and indirect other-based processes","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s11031-024-10065-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-024-10065-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Interpersonal emotion regulation involves having emotions changed in a social context. While some research has used the term to refer to instances where others are used to alter one’s own emotions (intrinsic), other research refers to goal-directed actions aimed at modifying others’ emotional responses (extrinsic). We argue that the self-other distinction should be applied not only to the target (who has their emotion regulated) but also to the means (whether the agent uses themselves or others to achieve the regulation). Based on this, we propose interpersonal emotion regulation can take place when an agent changes a target’s emotions by affecting a third party’s emotion who will shift the emotion of the target in turn (direct other-based interpersonal ER) or by impacting a third party’s emotion (indirect other-based interpersonal ER). We discuss these processes and the conditions that lead to their emergence reconciling findings from different fields and suggesting new research venues.</p>","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spontaneous self-affirmation predicts more meaning and less boredom","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s11031-024-10060-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-024-10060-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Chronic boredom is associated with many negative psychological outcomes, including undermining perceived meaning in life. Meanwhile, emerging research suggests that spontaneous self-affirmation, that is, an inclination to self-affirm, is linked to greater well-being and buffers against psychological threats. We investigated the relationship between spontaneous self-affirmation, perceptions of meaning in life, and boredom proneness with four correlational studies. Study 1a (N = 166) demonstrated that people inclined to self-affirm experience greater perceptions of meaning in life. Study 1b (N = 170) confirmed that spontaneous self-affirmation is associated with lower levels of boredom proneness. Study 2a (N = 214) and Study 2b (N = 105) provided evidence for our central hypothesis, showing that spontaneous self-affirmation predicts lower levels of boredom proneness via greater perceptions of meaning in life. These findings confirm that elevating meaning in life through psychological resources, like spontaneous self-affirmation, may limit boredom. Our work extends the emerging well-being benefits of spontaneous self-affirmation, by demonstrating associations with higher meaning in life and lower boredom proneness.</p>","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140147226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anticipated affective action-effects as controlling factors of spatially oriented pointing movement","authors":"Lola Lachaud, Carole Ferrel, Vincent Dru, Sylvie Vernazza-Martin","doi":"10.1007/s11031-024-10061-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-024-10061-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ideomotor theories admit that anticipated action-effects are the basis of the action selection and initiation, but there is no common understanding of the role of anticipated affective outcomes in motor organization. This study provides substantial information that shows that anticipated affective action-effects (positive/negative) combined with the direction in which a movement is performed (rightward/leftward) significantly impact its organization. Sixty-four right-handed subjects performed right and left pointing movements on a graphic tablet to trigger the appearance of a positive or negative visual outcome. Results indicate a compatibility effect between the direction of the movement and the valence of the action-effect that facilitates cognitive processes involved in movement organization. Pointing movements were faster triggered and executed when the movement was directed to the right combined with a positive outcome and when the movement was directed to the left with a negative one. Such findings are consistent with Casasanto’s body-specificity hypothesis, which stipulates an association of the dominant hand side with positive features, and with ideomotor theory where perception and action share a common representation. This experiment confirms that voluntary movements’ organization is built through an action representation, including affective predictions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140071934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seizing and freezing to life outcomes: Need for cognitive closure intensifies affective reactions to major events","authors":"Seung Eun Cha, Xyle Ku, Soeun Sarah Lee, Incheol Choi","doi":"10.1007/s11031-024-10058-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-024-10058-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Research shows that significant well-being disparities emerge between individuals who experience major negative events and those who undergo major positive events. However, such differences may vary among individuals. Drawing from the theory of the need for cognitive closure (NFC), we theorize and test whether NFC, which captures seizing and freezing on salient information to reach a fast conclusion, intensifies the differences in affective well-being between those who experience negative or positive events. Across three studies (total <i>N</i> = 2,399), we provide converging evidence that supports our theoretical claim. We first found that participants with high (vs. low) NFC show a greater affective well-being gap between those who recalled their past negative and positive major events (Study 1). We also discovered consistent patterns when participants were provided with negative or positive major event scenarios (Study 2). Lastly, we further substantiated our findings by utilizing a longitudinal study of the 20th presidential election in South Korea (Study 3). Over a 6-week period, the well-being gaps between the supporters of the election winner and the runner-up were more pronounced among individuals with higher NFC. Overall, our findings have implications for identifying a novel psychological trait that influences the affective well-being gaps following significant events in one’s life.</p>","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139947445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}