Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献_第5页

The impact of incarceration on reoffending: A period-to-period analysis of Canadian youth followed into adulthood

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102335

Evan C. McCuish , Shawn Bushway , Patrick Lussier , Kelsey Gushue

{"title":"The impact of incarceration on reoffending: A period-to-period analysis of Canadian youth followed into adulthood","authors":"Evan C. McCuish , Shawn Bushway , Patrick Lussier , Kelsey Gushue","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several theories and policies on punishment describe within-person processes whereby an increase in the number of days a person spends incarcerated decreases their likelihood of reoffending. Contradicting these perspectives, meta-analyses report universal consensus that incarceration has either a null or crime-inducing impact on reoffending. However, studies included in this meta-analytic work relied on between-group analyses. Within-person analyses more closely align with how theories and policies describe the relationship between incarceration and reoffending and have the additional benefit of addressing the selection bias problem of between-group analyses. Using longitudinal data from the Incarcerated Serious and Violent Young Offender Study in British Columbia, Canada (<em>n</em> = 1719), a first-differenced fixed-effect estimator modeled the relationship between year-over-year change in the number of days spent incarcerated and future year-over-year change in number of convictions. Between ages 12–25, year-over-year increases in days spent incarcerated prospectively influenced year-over-year decreases in convictions. This finding was consistent across types of convictions, age-stages, ethnicity, gender, birth cohort, and exposure to different youth justice legislation. It is unclear whether reductions in convictions resulted from incarceration having a deterrent effect or a rehabilitative effect. It would be a mistake to interpret findings as support for expanding the use of incarceration or that Canada's correctional system should maintain the status quo.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102335"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring the association between income inequality, racial composition, and fatal police shootings in U.S. counties (2015–2022)

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102350

Hossein Zare , Danielle Gilmore , Shervin Assari , Michelle Spencer , Roland Jr Thorpe , Darrell Gaskin

{"title":"Exploring the association between income inequality, racial composition, and fatal police shootings in U.S. counties (2015–2022)","authors":"Hossein Zare , Danielle Gilmore , Shervin Assari , Michelle Spencer , Roland Jr Thorpe , Darrell Gaskin","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study determines whether income inequality and racial composition of counties influence the number of residents who have been fatally shot by police.</div><div>Mapping Police Violence and the Washington Post between 2015 and 2022 were used, including 7082 cases across 3126 counties. This data was linked with the American Community Survey. This county level analysis investigated the association between police shootings and counties' Gini Coefficient, a well-known index to measure income inequality range from 0 to 1. The negative binomial regression models (NBRG) were used controlling for demographic factors, population density, number of police officer per-capita, ratio of violent crimes, percentage of female officers and state and year fixed effects.</div><div>Moving from low to high-GC was associated with higher fatal police shootings, with 2.3× for Whites, 7.6× for Blacks, 7.8× for Hispanics, and 2.1× for other groups, and 3.6× overall increase. One unit increase in GC number of police fatal shooting was associated with a marginal effect of 3.496 (CI: 2.207–4.781), with a higher marginal effect in Black (1.032, CI: 0.504–1.562), and White (0.510, CI: 0.191–0.829) peoples.</div><div>The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive solutions to address income inequality and racial composition in addressing fatal police shootings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102350"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Policymaking and pretrial fairness: Evaluating Illinois' ban on cash bail beyond Chicago

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102354

Kaitlyn M. Sims

{"title":"Policymaking and pretrial fairness: Evaluating Illinois' ban on cash bail beyond Chicago","authors":"Kaitlyn M. Sims","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over 400,000 people are incarcerated awaiting trial each day in the United States. Many of these individuals are held because they are unable to post cash bail, generating substantial economic inequality between those who are able to be released and those who must wait. Illinois's Pretrial Fairness Act (PFA) banned cash bail in 2023 to reduce economic inequity and remove judicial discretion in pretrial decisions. I use daily roster data from multiple suburban and rural Illinois jails and a regression-discontinuity-in-time (RDiT) approach to test for changes to jail composition after the law went into effect. Jail population sizes decreased, though less than might be expected relative to the total size of the jail. Individuals held in jail post-PFA are more likely to be held on violent offenses and less likely to be women. I find no change in the percentage of the jail roster comprised of people of color, suggesting that while fewer people of color were held pre-trial, the law did not accomplish its goal of reducing racial inequity in pretrial detention. These findings indicate that while banning cash bail did reduce jail populations, it was not a panacea for addressing inequity in the criminal-legal system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102354"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Vulnerable identities? Examining the association between disability with risk and consequences of identity theft

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102333

Cooper A. Maher , Brittany E. Hayes , Ráchael A. Powers

{"title":"Vulnerable identities? Examining the association between disability with risk and consequences of identity theft","authors":"Cooper A. Maher , Brittany E. Hayes , Ráchael A. Powers","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Persons with disabilities who represent the largest marginalized group in the United States, face a significant risk of violent victimization, and experience worse consequences when victimized. Yet, few works have examined whether these findings extend to forms of victimization that does not require the victim and offender converge, such as identity theft. The study seeks to determine whether 1) persons with disabilities face a greater risk of multiple forms of identity theft victimization than their counterparts, and 2) whether persons with disabilities face worse emotional and physical consequences following identity theft victimization than their counterparts. Using data from the 2021 NCVS-Identity Theft Supplement, a nationally representative sample, risk and consequences of identity theft were examined across disaggregated forms of disability. Persons with cognitive and physical disabilities faced greater risk of all forms of identity theft. Victims with cognitive disabilities experienced worse emotional and physical consequences. Findings indicate the need for evidence-based prevention policies that are tailored towards individuals with disabilities and targeted intervention strategies for individuals with cognitive disabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102333"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prosecutorial discretion not to invoke the criminal process and its impact on firearm cases 检察官不援引刑事诉讼程序的酌处权及其对枪支案件的影响

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102313

Francesca A. Amaral , Charles E. Loeffler , Greg Ridgeway

{"title":"Prosecutorial discretion not to invoke the criminal process and its impact on firearm cases","authors":"Francesca A. Amaral , Charles E. Loeffler , Greg Ridgeway","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Using detailed case-level data on firearm arrests in Philadelphia, both before and after the formal adoption of progressive prosecution policies, this paper examines the multiple organizational channels through which progressive prosecution has been theorized to impact firearm prosecutions. These include direct policy impacts, indirect policy spillovers, returns from resource reallocation, and personnel changes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To examine these effects throughout the life of a case, we combine descriptive and formal statistical models, including regression, proportional hazards models, and overlap indices.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There is little evidence that high-profile progressive prosecution policies impacted initial charging decisions on gun prosecutions. Conversely, there is also no evidence that reprioritization away from non-violent offenses, at least in the short-term, increased the available resources to address gun cases. However, there is evidence that the arrival of progressive prosecution in Philadelphia led to a temporary decline in the experience of prosecutors working gun cases and that this change could at least partially explain an observed short-term increase in case dismissals and open cases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings suggest progressive prosecution, while not begun as an effort to impact gun prosecution, still may have impacted it, albeit to a much smaller extent than that observed for its focal priorities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102313"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102316

Adam Lankford , Jason R. Silva

{"title":"Similarities between copycat mass shooters and their role models: An empirical analysis with implications for threat assessment and violence prevention","authors":"Adam Lankford , Jason R. Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although an important subset of mass shooters has admitted copying previous shooters, there has been almost no empirical research on the similarities between mass shooting role models and their copycats. Such analysis is essential for understanding who is most susceptible to the influence of high-profile mass shooters and what behaviors they are likely to copy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We first compiled all documented instances we could find globally of public mass shooters and active shooters becoming a role model for a copycat from 1966 to 2022 (<em>n</em> = 205) and calculated how often their risk profiles and behaviors were similar. Next, we ran simulated matches (<em>n</em> = 2000) and used binary logistic regression to test whether copycats were significantly more similar to their role models than to a random shooter.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Compared to a random shooter, copycat attackers were significantly closer to their role models in age and more likely to share the same sex, race, country, incident location type, and offender outcome. Nearly 80% of copycats attacked more than one year after their role model, and the average temporal gap was approximately eight years. Copycats averaged significantly fewer victims killed and wounded than their role models.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The risk that high-profile mass shooters influence copycat attackers persists for many years, with the most susceptible individuals sharing characteristics of the role model shooters themselves. These findings could be used to make media coverage of mass shootings safer and to inform triage and case prioritization for threat assessment and violence prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102316"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correlates of victim services for fraud and identity theft among victim service providers 受害者服务提供者为欺诈和身份盗窃受害者提供服务的相关因素

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102318

Cooper A. Maher, Rachel M. Corsello, Timothy A. Engle, James D. Kuhlman, Joseph L. Nedelec

{"title":"Correlates of victim services for fraud and identity theft among victim service providers","authors":"Cooper A. Maher, Rachel M. Corsello, Timothy A. Engle, James D. Kuhlman, Joseph L. Nedelec","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Victim service providers assist thousands of victims of crime in the United States each year. However, little is known about the extent to which these organizations serve victims of crime often perpetrated online, such as identity theft and financial fraud. Moreover, absent from the literature is an empirical assessment of what factors predict the inclusion of services for victims of these crimes. Using a sample from the 2019 National Survey of Victim Service Providers (<em>n</em> = 1649) the current study investigated factors related to the provision of services for victims of financial fraud and identity theft, and the number of victims served for each of these crime types. Findings suggested that certain organizational services such as providing restitution claim assistance and document replacement services were associated with greater odds providing services to financial fraud and identity theft victims. Organizational characteristics, such as having a hotline/chatline, the number of external partnerships, and the number of volunteers also predicted providing those services. The findings suggest the importance of logistical constraints on providing these services and are discussed in light of previous research on the topic, as well as policy implications and limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102318"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Quantifying the impact: From prevalence to harm in evaluating police misconduct” [Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 93 (2024) 1–13]

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102285

Lisa M. Dario, Gabriel T. Cesar, Kristina Jalbert, Frank de la Torre

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the impact of sexual assault training on police officers: A systematic review and meta-analysis 评估性侵犯培训对警官的影响：系统回顾和荟萃分析

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102321

David S. Lapsey Jr , Bradley A. Campbell , Amanda Goodson , Gennaro F. Vito , Alondra D. Garza , Cortney A. Franklin

{"title":"Evaluating the impact of sexual assault training on police officers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"David S. Lapsey Jr , Bradley A. Campbell , Amanda Goodson , Gennaro F. Vito , Alondra D. Garza , Cortney A. Franklin","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>We evaluated and summarized the current literature on police sexual assault training. To do so, we examined the overall effects of police sexual assault training and assessed for potential moderating factors impacting training effectiveness.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a meta-analysis using robust variance estimation (RVE) to estimate the mean effects sizes and assess for potential moderating factors. Our sample included 294 effect sizes, 31 studies, and 22 independent datasets.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Sexual assault training had a substantial impact across all outcomes, and was positively associated with improvements in officers' perceptions, hypothetical case processing decisions, content knowledge, and police behaviors. Analysis of long-term follow-up data found training effects remained robust and significant over time. In addition, training effects remained stable across moderator analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Findings reveal that sexual assault training programs of varying duration/dosage can significantly improve police perceptions, knowledge, and behavior. Evaluation research should continue to assess training through the use of rigorous research designs and with measures of police behavior. Ultimately, training has considerable utility for enhancing police response to sexual assault.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102321"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Head injury, sleep disturbance, and delinquent offending: Evidence from a longitudinal sample of juvenile detainees 头部受伤、睡眠障碍和违法犯罪：来自青少年被拘留者纵向样本的证据

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102310

Kristina Block , Eric J. Connolly

{"title":"Head injury, sleep disturbance, and delinquent offending: Evidence from a longitudinal sample of juvenile detainees","authors":"Kristina Block , Eric J. Connolly","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Juvenile youth are disproportionately more likely to experience head injury (HI), and HI is associated with reoffending. Yet, little is currently known about the extent to which common symptoms of HI – such as sleep disturbance – condition this relationship. The current study uses prospective data to investigate within-individual changes in HI and reoffending and the moderating role of sleep disturbance on these associations across males and females. Data are drawn from the Northwestern Juvenile Project (NJP), a longitudinal sample of previously adjudicated juveniles. Random intercept cross-lagged models are estimated to assess within-individual changes in HI, violent offending, and nonviolent offending over a two-year period as well as the moderating role of sleep disturbance. Findings indicate that within-individual increases in HI are associated with within-individual increases in violent, but not nonviolent offending. The relation between HI and violent offending is stronger at higher levels of sleep disturbance for males, but not females. Taken together, the results suggest that relations between HI and offending are complex, with different mechanisms likely explaining associations across males and females.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102310"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0