Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献

{"title":"Delineating the paradox: Gauging foreign nationals' “Target Suitability” to robbery in the United States","authors":"Krystlelynn Caraballo","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Robbery is among the most researched crimes in the criminological literature, with increasing attention on foreign-born robbery victims. However, prior work has been limited by ungeneralizable samples that either do not include foreign nationals, or aggregate migrants across statuses into a single “foreign-born” group. Drawing from the National Latino and Asian American Survey (NLAAS), this study contributes to our knowledge of foreign nationals' “target suitability” by a) using five proxy statuses coded based on the parameters of U.S. Immigration Laws to make intra-group comparisons, b) drawing from prior robbery research to examine historical and migrant-specific risk factors, and c) using a nationally representative dataset that oversampled foreign-born Latinx and Asian individuals. This study examines two research questions: Do robbery outcomes in the U.S. vary across foreign-born groups based on legal status? Which vulnerabilities are the strongest predictors of foreign nationals' robbery victimization in the United States? Weighted descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression models were estimated using STATA 17. The results suggest that refugees have the greatest likelihood of U.S.-based robbery. Among migrant-specific vulnerabilities, years in the U.S. and being questioned about legal status were significant, suggesting that opportunity and stereotyping may play important roles in victimization. The methodological, theoretical, and policy implications of these findings are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 102414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential compliance with the reporting of hate crime statistics as a function of state laws","authors":"Matthew Vanden Bosch,&nbsp;Brendan Lantz","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organizational compliance with legislative mandates relies heavily on organizational meaning-making, where organizations determine how to comply – whether “ceremoniously” or in reality – while protecting organizational goals from legislative interference. The present work examines an example of this problem in the form of police compliance with federal hate crime data collection, conceptualizing this problem as a product of the “law-in-between.” Specifically, we focus on how variation in state-level policies impact police compliance with hate crime reporting. Results indicate that state laws can be influential in determining compliance strategies, in some cases decreasing ceremonious reporting behavior. First, we find that the presence of a law reduces the likelihood of ceremonious compliance, but increases non-compliance and true compliance. Second, while compliance strategies were largely unaffected by which groups were included, the inclusion of gender as a protected category was associated with reduced ceremonious compliance. Most importantly, results indicate that the inclusion of mandatory police training in hate crime legislation is associated with increased true compliance, relative to ceremonious compliance and non-compliance, suggesting policy implications for improving reporting. These results have implications for understanding institutional responses to legislative mandates broadly, as well as criminal justice agency responses to crime and hate crimes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 102415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring crime through physical and social neighborhood factors: Greenspace and social disconnection in Los Angeles","authors":"James C. Wo ,&nbsp;Young-An Kim ,&nbsp;Mark T. Berg","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study examines how crime varies across Los Angeles census tracts, emphasizing two key neighborhood characteristics: (1) greenspace as a feature of the physical environment and (2) social disconnection as a measure of resident interaction.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We employ negative binomial regression models to assess the effects of greenspace and social disconnection on violent and property crime. Greenspace is measured using two indicators: the percentage of tree canopy and the percentage of grass within census tracts. These measures are analyzed alongside social disconnection and additional neighborhood characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Findings indicate that both tree canopy and grass are associated with lower counts of violent and property crimes. In contrast, social disconnection does not demonstrate a significant relationship with either crime outcome. Additionally, the crime-reducing effect of tree canopy is most pronounced in neighborhoods with high levels of poverty, highlighting the role of socioeconomic conditions in shaping its impact.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings support routine activities theory and opportunity perspectives, as greenspace effects—most notably for tree canopy—were not only statistically significant but also substantial compared to other common predictors of crime. Given its crime-reducing potential, policymakers may consider greenspace as a strategy for “designing out crime” through urban planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 102410"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case dismissal and noncarceral sentences: High volume, low visibility decision-making in a large urban court","authors":"Richard D. Hartley,&nbsp;Marie Skubak Tillyer,&nbsp;Brandon Tregle,&nbsp;Michael R. Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While research on court outcomes has proliferated in the last half century, advancing knowledge of courtroom actor decision-making practices, gaps in understanding still exist in the criminal case processing literature. One of these areas relates to low visibility decisions by prosecutors to dismiss cases; another concerns sentencing outcomes at the county level where judges have wider discretion to impose noncarceral punishments. The current study examines prosecutorial decisions to dismiss cases, and judicial decisions to sentence defendants to probation, or deferred adjudication in a large urban county over a 6-year period (2017 to 2022). Results from multivariate models reveal that legal, extra-legal, and case processing factors were associated with dismissals and non-incarceration. We discuss the implications of these findings for case processing at the local level and current knowledge of courtroom actor discretion regarding high volume, low visibility decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 102411"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“I knew if I did that, they'd catch me again”: Changes in deterrability over the criminal career","authors":"Lynne M. Vieraitis ,&nbsp;Rashaan A. DeShay","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Through the lens of deterrence, we use data from in-depth interviews with formerly incarcerated men to explore how their experiences with formal sanctions influenced their assessments of the risks of further offending over the course of their criminal careers. Specifically, we look at how deterrability changed during their lifetimes and influenced the intermittent patterns of offending. We found that they discussed moving among the three phases of deterrability: (1) deterrable but not deterred, (2) not deterrable and not deterred, and (3) deterrable and deterred. For most of the participants, these phases were fluid throughout their criminal careers. We argue that understanding the situational and contextual factors associated with deterrability informs our understanding of intermittency in offending.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 102413"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-person and remote video visitation and reentry outcomes among those released during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Susan McNeeley","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Prison visitation has been linked to positive aspects of reentry, including employment and desistance. However, few studies have examined how remote video visitation is related to these outcomes. Furthermore, changes to visitation during the COVID-19 pandemic created a unique opportunity to study how visitation relates to reentry.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using administrative data from 2000 individuals released from Minnesota state prisons in 2021 after being incarcerated at least one year, this study tests whether in-person and video visitation during the final year of incarceration are associated with reentry outcomes such as recidivism and employment. Multi-group propensity score methods were used to reduce observable selection bias between those receiving different types of visits.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The number of in-person and video visits received during the final year of incarceration were negatively related to two measures of recidivism (reconviction and reincarceration for a new felony). In-person visitation was also associated with lower rearrest and better employment outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Corrections agencies should continue to facilitate and encourage visits with friends and family, both in-person and virtually. Remote video visits are a useful supplement for in-person visits, especially when there are operational limits to in-person visitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 102408"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solitary confinement, parole, and criminalization","authors":"Claudia N. Anderson ,&nbsp;Jonathan Ben-Menachem ,&nbsp;Samuel Donahue ,&nbsp;Jessica T. Simes ,&nbsp;Bruce Western","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To explore the criminogenic effects of incarceration, a burgeoning research literature aims to estimate the impact of solitary confinement on recidivism. While solitary confinement has been found to be associated with re-incarceration, it also reduces the likelihood of parole. Parole, in turn, has the criminalizing effect of increasing re-incarceration net of criminal offending. Accurately estimating the criminogenic effect of solitary confinement thus involves accounting for parole status. Using prison administrative data for 2007 to 2020, we conduct a survival analysis to estimate the association between solitary confinement and reincarceration, accounting for parole status and other covariates. Survival analysis shows that the risk of reincarceration is about 6 % higher for those in solitary confinement, once parole is accounted for. Reincarceration rates are 15 to 25 % higher for those held in solitary confinement for 90 days or longer. In this observational analysis, unobserved and nonrandom selection into solitary confinement may account for the estimated effects, but results are robust to controls for a large set of covariates and data subsets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 102407"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microcosms of violence among street gang members: Social contagion, propensity to violence, and gang embeddedness","authors":"Yanick Charette ,&nbsp;Ilvy Goossens","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gang members face a paradox: while they may join a gang for protection from violence, they are actually more likely to be victimized than non-gang members. Although it is known that gang affiliation increases the risk of violence perpetration and victimization, little is understood about the factors within gangs that influence these risks. This study examines the relationship between violent perpetration and victimization within the context of gang networks. Using 20 years of police data, we mapped the incidents of violent victimization and perpetration among 1587 Haitian street gang members and their affiliates in Montreal, Canada. Our results show that violence occurs in clusters within these groups and that victimization and perpetration are more likely to happen in the same locations within the network. Regression models revealed that victimization was strongly related to: (1) having committed violence, (2) having more violent perpetrators in one's entourage, and (3) having more victims in one's entourage. These three effects were interdependent, creating a mutual aggravation effect: members who had perpetrated high levels of violence, high levels of victimization in their network, and who had violent peers were 15 times more victimized than members who were not directly or indirectly involved in violence. The structure of peer relationships was also important. Denser networks provided some protection against victimization, but this was dependent on members' own level of violence. Violent perpetrators did not benefit from the protection offered by a close-knit network. Our findings show that violence within gangs is not equally distributed and is concentrated in certain areas of the network. Perpetration and victimization are linked, and the local density of the network can reduce the impact of violence in the network. Thus, the idea that gangs can provide protection may not be as paradoxical as it seems. In tightly knit groups, and for members not directly involved in violence, gang affiliation did not increase violence risk. This understanding may improve targeted interventions to prevent both the experience and commission of violence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 102405"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drunk and dangerous? Exploring the tenuous links among drunk driving, alcohol arrests, and firearm violence in an urban context","authors":"Chris Melde ,&nbsp;Giovanni Circo ,&nbsp;April Zeoli ,&nbsp;Scott Wolfe ,&nbsp;Richard C. Sadler ,&nbsp;Stephen Oliphant ,&nbsp;Matthew Almanza ,&nbsp;Mallory O'Brien","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent research and policy discussions have focused on prohibiting individuals with repeat alcohol-related offenses from purchasing or possessing firearms. To expand on this work, we use linked administrative data from a cohort sample (<em>n</em> = 36,274) of Milwaukee, Wisconsin residents to assess the association between arrests for alcohol-related offenses and later involvement in gun violence as either a shooting suspect or victim. Findings suggest arrests for operating a vehicle while intoxicated and other alcohol-related offenses were associated with increased risk of firearm-related violence only in models that did not account for other forms of offending, while no association was observed after controlling for non-violent or violent arrest histories. Our findings suggest that alcohol-related offenses do not act as an efficient marker of future firearm violence risk in Milwaukee. Policies that restrict firearm purchase or possession based on alcohol-related offenses may therefore do little to address gun violence in urban contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 102406"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An item response theory approach to punitive attitudes","authors":"Nicolas Trajtenberg ,&nbsp;Pablo Ezquerra","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concerns about how punitive attitudes are measured are long-standing in the academic literature. However, empirical research in this area has often overlooked variations in the difficulty of punitive items and differences in individual dispositions. To address these challenges, this paper explores the measurement of punitive attitudes through the application of Item Response Theory to a representative sample of Uruguayan citizens. By addressing the limitations of Classical Test Theory in criminological research, we provide a more nuanced understanding of punitive attitudes, distinguishing the difficulty of survey items from respondents' underlying traits. Our analysis highlights significant variation in item difficulty and discrimination, showing that assuming that all punitive measures reflect equivalent levels of punitiveness is problematic. Our findings identify gaps in the measurement of individuals with higher levels of punitiveness and suggest that frequently used survey items may fail to capture the full spectrum of punitive attitudes. This research emphasizes the need to refine survey instruments to enhance the validity and reliability of scales of punitive attitudes, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of public opinion regarding crime and punishment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 102402"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}