Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献

{"title":"Experimental effects of a restrictive housing step-down program on violent and non-violent misconduct","authors":"Jennifer J. Tostlebe ,&nbsp;David C. Pyrooz ,&nbsp;Ryan M. Labrecque ,&nbsp;Bert Useem","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study addresses two issues that challenge policy, practice, and research on restrictive housing in prisons. First, the overarching need to reduce the footprint of restrictive housing and improve conditions of confinement. Second, the longstanding need to generate credible evidence of the effects of restrictive housing by ruling out selection bias. The Oregon Department of Corrections developed and implemented a step-down program for prisoners in long-term segregation and this study offers experimental evidence of its effects on misconduct.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Between 2020 and 2022, 211 prisoners were randomly assigned to either remain in the business-as-usual condition (<em>n</em>=102), the intensive management unit, or voluntarily transfer to the treatment condition (<em>n</em>=109), a newly designed step-down unit. Official records for the full sample are paired with interviews conducted with 112 prisoners about three months post-randomization. Intent-to-treat (ITT) and local average treatment effects (LATE) are reported, testing preregistered hypotheses of official records and self-reports of misconduct in restrictive housing and general population settings.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Post-randomization ITT and LATE estimates of the step-down unit condition on official report and self-report measures of misconduct in restrictive housing largely indicated null effects, with the exception of an increase in official records of violent misconduct in restrictive housing. Estimates of post-restrictive housing official misconduct in the general population indicated no meaningful group differences between the step-down unit and the business-as-usual conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The interpretation of findings is limited by the incomplete implementation of the step-down program and disruptions caused by COVID-19. However, the results suggest it is possible to house people in less restrictive conditions without increases in misconduct upon reentry to the general prison population. This study serves as a baseline for future assessments and exemplifies how global events can impact correctional research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102466"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal population mix (SPM) as a criminogenic mechanism: Testing environmental-criminology hypotheses with mobility clusters derived from mobile-device geotracking","authors":"Olga B. Semukhina ,&nbsp;Junghwan Bae ,&nbsp;Stan Korotchenko ,&nbsp;Christopher Copeland","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crime pattern theory and contemporary environmental criminology posit that crime risk is shaped not only by where people are but by how they circulate, converge, and anchor in urban space. This study advances that theoretical tradition by introducing the Spatiotemporal Population Mix (SPM)—a multidimensional construct that captures visitor-origin diversity, travel distance, stop frequency, dwell duration, and nighttime-resident share. Using year-long GPS traces from 166 census block groups in Arlington, Texas, three SPM profiles were identified via k-means clustering (Stable-Residential, Moderate-Mobility, and High-Transience) and evaluated with generalized spatial two-stage least-squares models. Block groups exhibiting a High-Transience SPM recorded violent, property, and drug-crime rates two-to-three times higher than Stable-Residential areas, net of social disorganization, land use, and spatial spillovers. Complementary continuous analyses confirmed that transient SPM facets—long travel, frequent stops, and diverse origins—elevate crime risk, while residential anchoring—long dwell and high nighttime-resident share—suppresses it. By demonstrating that the SPM explains crime above and beyond static population counts, the study refines routine activity and crime-pattern theory, offers a replicable behavioral metric for place-based research, and points practitioners to a small set of transient micro-areas that disproportionately drive urban crime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102473"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of therapeutic alternatives to segregation placement: Progress toward rehabilitative goals or a euphemistic rebranding?","authors":"Ashley B. Batastini ,&nbsp;Jonathan Singer ,&nbsp;Michael D. Trood ,&nbsp;Keegan J. Diehl ,&nbsp;Suzanne Gray ,&nbsp;Robert D. Morgan","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of segregation in U.S. correctional institutions is an overused method of containing high-risk and difficult-to-manage behavior, resulting in increasing calls for reform. To meet these demands, many agencies have initiated therapeutic alternatives, predominately in the form of diversion or step-down programs. To date, there have been no known attempts to systematically review what these programs look like in the field and whether they seem to be effective in improving psychological or behavioral functioning. Of the 699 documents produced from a comprehensive search, 10 met inclusionary criteria for a systematic review. Most evaluations were conducted in U.S. state departments of corrections and with men. While some studies showed favorable outcomes for alternative programs, many of these studies were rated as having lower scientific rigor. Overall, evidence of efficacy was mixed. Further, many articles provided limited or unclear details about the program content/structure, its delivery, demographics of the client population, or staffing requirements. We aggregate other key points from these studies and make a case for researchers and corrections departments to be more proactive and transparent about their efforts to reduce the reliance on segregation, including clearly reporting relevant outcomes associated with alternative programming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102468"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does variation across judicial circuits matter? Examining the role of bail schedules and pretrial detention on drug case outcomes in Florida","authors":"Daniela Oramas Mora ,&nbsp;Ojmarrh Mitchell ,&nbsp;Cassia Spohn","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pretrial detention rates in the United States have been rising for decades, primarily driven by the bail system's overreliance on monetary bail. Although research on bail and pretrial detention has increased, empirical studies have yet to examine how bail schedules affect detention rates and jurisdictional variations in pre- and post-conviction outcomes. This article empirically investigates how bail schedules contribute to disparities in criminal courts by assessing how variations in bail schedules across judicial circuits affect the relationship between bail, detention, and subsequent case outcomes. Using a sample of 3058 felony drug offenses filed in Florida's Circuit Courts in 2017, we estimated multilevel regressions to examine circuit-level variation in bail and pretrial detention outcomes, as well as estimated predicted probabilities of pretrial and sentencing outcomes by detention status. The results show significant variation in both initial bail amounts—largely determined by bail schedules—and the likelihood of pretrial detention across Florida's judicial circuits, even after controlling for relevant factors. Additionally, higher initial bail amounts were found to significantly increase the likelihood of pretrial detention; a pattern consistent across circuits. The results from the predicted probability models further indicate that pretrial detention leads to more punitive pretrial <em>and</em> sentencing outcomes. Taken together, these findings suggest that the implementation of varying bail schedules across judicial circuits in Florida has contributed to systematically more punitive case outcomes for defendants in circuits with higher predetermined bail amounts, and consequently, higher rates of pretrial detention. These findings have implications for bail reform in the United States.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102464"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A life-course analysis of radicalization among extremists in the Philippines using the life history calendar","authors":"Sheila Royo Maxwell","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scholarly investigation into the life trajectories of extremist and radicalized individuals is under-explored in terrorism research. This is primarily due to the logistical challenges inherent in accessing and interviewing radicalized individuals. Despite these challenges, some studies employing the life-course paradigm have emerged in scholarly journals over the past decade showing the utility of examining extremists' life trajectories, particularly changes in risks, social controls and bonds across the life course that led to radicalization. This study advances knowledge by analyzing trajectories across four developmental stages: childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood and adulthood, using the Life History Calendar (LHC) to mark event dates across a life-course. Interviews were conducted in the Philippines of incarcerated and former extremists from the Islamic Abu Sayyaf (ASG) group, and the communist New People's Army (NPA) group. Results showed few adverse childhood events for both groups. Transitions into radicalization occurred across developmental stages but mostly during adolescence and emerging adulthood, triggered by unjust arrests for the ASG group, and targeted recruitment for the NPA group. This study highlights the importance of examining data from the global south to expand knowledge of diverse trajectories, triggers and transitions towards radicalization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The hidden harms of bond reform: Examining the impact of bond reform on restrictive conditions of release","authors":"Erin Eife ,&nbsp;Traci Schlesinger ,&nbsp;Hayley Jean Carlisle ,&nbsp;Chardonae Pendleton ,&nbsp;Ian de Wet","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, jurisdictions across the US have implemented different versions of bond reform with the intent to eliminate certain inequalities associated with money bond. Importantly, community members have noted concurrent increases in pretrial requirements, such as electronic monitoring (EM) and drug testing, and worry that instead of decreasing state punishment, bond reform builds larger and softer carceral nets, amounting to what abolitionists call a “reformist reform.” This study examined this relationship in Cook County, Illinois with non-participant observations of bond court before and after one such bond reform, Order 18.8A in 2017, which required that bond be set in affordable amounts. With these data, we first analyzed whether bond type changes after implementation and found increased rates of release on recognize. Then, we utilized logistic regressions that showed first, strong evidence that the use of restrictive conditions increased after implementation and second, mixed evidence on the impact of EM. In particular, we show that racism drives EM assignment, wherein Blackness is the strongest predictor of receiving EM post-implementation With these findings, we suggested that bond reform may lead to less incarceration, but that proponents of reform should consider possible consequences of reform. We proposed that instead of utilizing restrictive conditions of release, jurisdictions should instead implement transformative systems of supports not associated with the criminal legal system. Thus, bond reform may decrease the rate of pretrial incarceration and by doing so may incorporate legally innocent people into the carceral state through new and more diffuse forms of surveillance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Against optimization: Solitary confinement and the research-policy nexus","authors":"Keramet Reiter ,&nbsp;Dallas Augustine ,&nbsp;Melissa Barragan ,&nbsp;Gabriela Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Natalie Pifer ,&nbsp;Justin Strong ,&nbsp;Rebecca Tublitz","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article identifies and analyzes interrelated research and policy debates over how to appropriately define, measure, and operationalize different aspects of solitary confinement. Specifically, we focus on five persistent and emergent debates: competing definitions of what constitutes solitary confinement, ambiguity about procedures sorting people into solitary confinement, confusion over whether solitary confinement is a singular or repetitive experience, challenges isolating and describing the harms of solitary confinement, and lack of attention to the experiences and influence of line staff working in solitary confinement. Drawing on our own work studying solitary confinement in California and Washington over more than a decade, as well as a growing body of solitary confinement research across multiple U.S. and international jurisdictions, we argue for the importance of understanding institution-level contexts, integrating qualitative observational and interview data with quantitative administrative data, and re-thinking assumptions about how solitary confinement is defined, deployed, and experienced. Better understanding what solitary confinement is, how it is used, and how it is experienced by those living and working in these spaces will generate new theoretical insights about how we study and understand punishment more broadly, as well as new policy insights with the potential to de-legitimize a perpetually harmful practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102470"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining facility-level differences in the early decisions of the disciplinary process and use of disciplinary segregation","authors":"Michael Palmieri,&nbsp;Susan McNeeley","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Disciplinary segregation (DS) – a type of restrictive housing (RH) in which incarcerated people who violate prison rules are held for a fixed term – is widely used in U.S. prisons. Most research on DS has focused on its effects on incarcerated people. Fewer studies have examined the application of DS. Using focal concerns and cumulative disadvantage perspectives, we explore whether compositional effects or facility-level differences in earlier discipline processing can explain facility-level differences in the use of DS. This study utilized a retrospective non-experimental, cross-sectional design to examine who receives discipline, for what, and for how long in Minnesota prisons. We use a sample of approximately 2600 incarcerated people's first formal discipline case. Findings tell us that, within Minnesota prisons, the differences in disciplinary outcomes are not solely the result of compositional differences in the people who are incarcerated or the types of cases that are seen. Findings also indicate that upstream decisions can have significant downstream consequences, suggesting a compounding effect. Policy implications and recommendations are also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102471"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The health burdens of segregation for older incarcerated adults","authors":"Meghan A. Novisky ,&nbsp;Stephanie Grace Prost","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Older adults are a rapidly growing segment of the United States (US) prison population. This population also suffers disproportionately from chronic health conditions. Despite the growing number of older adults confined in US correctional facilities and their health risks, empirical attention has not kept pace with examining their experiences of segregation, and how experiences with segregation are related to health. Drawing on data from in-depth interviews with 28 older men housed in segregation at a super maximum security prison in the Northeastern region of the US, this research addresses the ways that segregation has the capacity to uniquely shape health and health care for older adults. Results reveal that participants' perceptions were concentrated in three areas: (1) fears surrounding medical emergencies; (2) concerns about treatment restrictions; and (3) worry regarding unsanitary conditions. Findings underscore the importance of curtailing the use of solitary confinement for older adults, particularly for long periods of time. Additional research and policy revision surrounding the health-related implications of placing older adults in segregation is essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining how structural characteristics and the physical environment simultaneously impact crime in neighborhoods: Using a semi-parametric strategy","authors":"Young-An Kim,&nbsp;John R. Hipp","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the associations between various social and physical environmental characteristics and their interrelated influence on neighborhood crime. Using Kernel Regularized Least Squares (KRLS), we estimate the marginal effects of each independent variable at each datapoint by providing pointwise estimates of partial derivatives. Then we regress the derivative values for each independent variable on each other variable in the model to examine whether these derivative estimates (marginal effects) vary by other variables in the model. We found that the effects of the physical environment on different types of crime in neighborhoods vary by different levels of social structural characteristics. We simultaneously assess how the two different types of neighborhood environments can work together in a semiparametric way, theoretically integrate both social disorganization and criminal opportunity perspectives, and thus provide a more comprehensive as well as nuanced explanation of neighborhood crime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102482"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144748886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}