Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献_第4页

A global comparison of long prison sentences

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102341

Lila Kazemian , Sebastián Galleguillos

{"title":"A global comparison of long prison sentences","authors":"Lila Kazemian , Sebastián Galleguillos","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While it is widely known that American criminal justice policies are generally more punitive than those of peer industrialized nations, there is limited comparative research on the prevalence of long sentences (i.e., 10 or more years) across different countries. This study fills this gap by drawing on publicly available sentencing data from various U.S. states and countries across the globe. On average, U.S. prisoners convicted of homicide are sentenced to longer terms in prison compared to their counterparts in other countries. Despite having lower homicide rates, U.S. states generally incarcerate more people, and for longer periods of time, when compared with many Latin American countries. The average sentence length imposed in the U.S. is more aligned with the criminal justice policies of the Global South than with those of peer industrialized nations. Our analyses also draw attention to the importance of considering homicide rates in comparative analyses of punitiveness. We highlight the unique features of the U.S. system that may contribute to more punitive sentencing practices, such as the decentralized structure of the political and criminal legal systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Psychiatric and neurological morbidity predicts sexual offending: A nationwide, population-based, case-control study

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102355

Kelly M. Babchishin , Michael C. Seto , Niklas Långström

{"title":"Psychiatric and neurological morbidity predicts sexual offending: A nationwide, population-based, case-control study","authors":"Kelly M. Babchishin , Michael C. Seto , Niklas Långström","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examined if psychiatric and neurological disorders and conditions predict sexual offending onset in a population-based, linked-registry nested case-control study of all males in Sweden suspected or convicted of a sexual (<em>N</em> = 48,951) or non-sexual violent offence (<em>N</em> = 358,653) from 1973 to 2013 and matched (1:5) to non-offending Swedish general population males (241,829 and 1,786,317, respectively). We included presence of any principal or comorbid psychiatric and neurological disorders and conditions diagnosed before offending onset as predictors: any psychiatric disorder, any severe psychiatric disorder (any affective, psychotic, or personality disorder), substance use-related disorder, any self-harm or suicide attempt, and any neurological disorder (concussion, epilepsy, or traumatic brain injury). Individual disorders and conditions were bivariately associated with offending (Odds Ratios [ORs] 2.00 to 2.42 for sexual; 2.09 to 2.39 for non-sexual violent offending). Affective disorder (adjusted OR [AOR] = 0.92), concussion (AOR = 1.43), and traumatic brain injury (AOR = 1.96) independently and significantly predicted sexual offending when adjusting for other disorders and conditions. Six variables independently and significantly predicted onset of <em>non-sexual violent offending</em>: affective disorder (AOR = 0.92), substance use-related (AOR = 1.07) disorder, self-harm or suicide attempts (AOR = 0.89), concussion (AOR = 1.51), epilepsy (AOR = 1.11), and traumatic brain injury (AOR = 1.97). Neurological and some psychiatric disorders and conditions predicted sexual and non-sexual offending onset, suggesting that effective interventions to manage these conditions may reduce sexual and non-sexual violent offending.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102355"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The structure of cooperation among organized crime groups: A network study of Merseyside, UK

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102348

Paolo Campana , Andrea Giovannetti

{"title":"The structure of cooperation among organized crime groups: A network study of Merseyside, UK","authors":"Paolo Campana , Andrea Giovannetti","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study reconstructs the cooperation network among 134 organized crime groups (OCGs) operating in an urban setting by leveraging a dataset of 5239 police crime reports (January 2015 to March 2018). While 63 % of groups cooperated with at least another group (median 2.8, maximum 9), cooperation remains subject to constraints, with a maximum of 3.3 % of all possible ties being established, and there is a strong tendency towards clusterization.</div><div>Moving to the determinants of such structure, the study finds that only one type of revenue-generating criminal activity has a <em>structuring</em> effect on the OCG landscape: drug trafficking. This sets drug trafficking apart from acquisitive crime. Results also suggest that OCGs decrease risk by collaborating with groups that also collaborate with a partner OCG. This holds when controlling for spatial proximity. This work also shows that more central groups in the cooperation network tend to use violence more often.</div><div>This study points to two main implications. Firstly, it highlights the importance of considering self-organized groups of offenders as entities in their own right when developing interventions; secondly, it stresses the importance of group-level relational mapping and associated mechanisms. Methodologically, it emphasizes the importance of criminal groups as a unit of analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102348"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Law enforcement assisted diversion (LEAD) in North Carolina: A longitudinal analysis of criminal-legal outcomes

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102323

Allison R. Gilbert , Josie Caves Sivaraman , Reginald Lerebours , Michele M. Easter , Reah Siegel

引用次数: 0

Population growth and its paradox: An investigation into the correlates of four forms of violence in a rapidly expanding suburb

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102343

Michael S. Barton , Briana Anderson , Caitlin Charles , Matthew A. Valasik

{"title":"Population growth and its paradox: An investigation into the correlates of four forms of violence in a rapidly expanding suburb","authors":"Michael S. Barton , Briana Anderson , Caitlin Charles , Matthew A. Valasik","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Population growth and demographic changes were an important part of recent discourse about suburban areas, but research on the importance of rapid population growth for crime in suburban areas has been limited. A recent study found that rapid population growth in this city was not associated with changes in arrests for violent or property crime, which was counter to what was expected given the substantial body of research about increased violence in rapidly developing rural boomtowns. The findings of that study raised questions about whether rapid population growth was associated with changes in crime in all contexts and whether commonly assessed neighborhood level predictors of violence in urban and rural studies operated in the same fashion in suburban areas. The current study engages with this by examining the importance of population growth for changes in calls for service for four forms of violence in a rapidly growing suburban city. Findings indicate rapid population growth was not associated with an increase in violence overall, but that certain forms of violent behavior were more likely to increase. Further, the findings suggest neighborhood level population changes had different implications for changes in specific forms of violence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Co-offending among outlaw motorcycle gang members: The role of social and geographical proximity

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102340

Sjoukje van Deuren , Tomáš Diviák , Arjan Blokland

{"title":"Co-offending among outlaw motorcycle gang members: The role of social and geographical proximity","authors":"Sjoukje van Deuren , Tomáš Diviák , Arjan Blokland","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Members of outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs) have been shown to be disproportionally engaged in criminal behavior, including serious and organized crime. Fellow OMCG members have furthermore been found to facilitate this criminal behavior both indirectly, by providing a moral climate and opportunity structure conducive to crime, and directly, by acting as co-offenders. Although co-offending among OMCG members is prevalent, the driving factors in OMCG members' co-offender choice remain largely unknown. In the present study, we examine whether co-offending among OMCG members is best explained by social proximity, measured here as similarity in age and rank within the club, and shared club and chapter membership, or rather by geographical proximity, measure here as the distance (in kilometers) between chapters' clubhouses. To examine the driving factors of OMCG members' co-offending we apply the recently developed Poisson Quadratic Assignment Procedure regression on the officially registered co-offending data of a sample of 1096 members of four of the most notorious Dutch OMCGs. This study examines co-offending of OMCG members in general and for organized, violent and property crime in particular. The results show that in their choice of co-offenders, social rather than geographical proximity predicts the frequency of co-offending among OMCG members.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102340"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Beyond the collective: Personal networks in the study of street gang processes

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102338

Caterina G. Roman, Thuy-Trinh Nguyen

引用次数: 0

A multiplex network approach to understanding extremist organizations: A case study of the Proud Boys

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102353

Jack G.R. Wippell, Dana L. Haynie

{"title":"A multiplex network approach to understanding extremist organizations: A case study of the Proud Boys","authors":"Jack G.R. Wippell, Dana L. Haynie","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This paper explores the network dynamics of extremist organizations through a detailed case study of the Proud Boys. Using a multiplex network approach, informed by recent advances in research on gangs, we examine how various types of ties influence extremist behavior.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We first describe three focal networks through which the Proud Boys operate – chapter affiliations, online connectivity through social media, and co-membership in other extremist groups – and the resultant multiplex network linking members across the organization. We then describe a fourth network of offline co-activism and use multiple regression with the quadratic assignment procedure (MRQAP) to assess how ties within different multiplex network layers are associated with co-activism.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Findings indicate high variability in member connectivity across different types of ties, but certain metrics do reveal key figures within the organization. Each focal network is significantly associated with co-activism. Regional proximity and shared leadership roles also emerge as relevant factors, underscoring the potential influence of structural and organizational dynamics.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provides a nuanced understanding of the structure and linkages within an extremist organization, demonstrates the value of a gang-informed approach, and offers insight into the drivers of extremist mobilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Understanding corrections fatigue and perceptions of natural landscaping at work: An exploratory study with staff at a corrections center for women

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102349

Barb Toews , Lindsay McCunn

{"title":"Understanding corrections fatigue and perceptions of natural landscaping at work: An exploratory study with staff at a corrections center for women","authors":"Barb Toews , Lindsay McCunn","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Correctional employees face dangers inherent to correctional work which, when coupled with organizational and operational stressors, may converge into corrections fatigue (CF). Because such fatigue may relate to lower job commitment and fewer positive work behaviors, it is imperative to understand how staff cope with, and find respite from, their jobs. One such strategy may be engagement with the facility's natural environment. This quantitative and qualitative exploratory survey study measured 72 employees' perceptions and use of landscaped areas of a women's prison, and whether these data correlated with staffs' CF, affective organizational commitment (AOC), organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), and their ability to find respite on the job. Staff reported neutral levels of CF, low levels of AOC, an inability to relax, and high levels of OCBs. Overall, staff rarely used the landscaped areas around the facility and did not perceive those areas as beneficial to them. Those experiencing higher levels of fatigue and less ability to relax used the landscape less. Those with stronger AOC report more positive use and perceptions of the landscape. These findings provide preliminary support for efforts to design and build more landscaped areas to support prison staffs' personal and professional health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102349"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How much does criminal history contribute to racial differences in arraignment outcomes?

IF 3.3 1区社会学

Journal of Criminal Justice Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102352

Catherine A. Grodensky, Ian A. Silver, Matthew DeMichele

{"title":"How much does criminal history contribute to racial differences in arraignment outcomes?","authors":"Catherine A. Grodensky, Ian A. Silver, Matthew DeMichele","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Differences based on race are prevalent across multiple processes and outcomes in the US criminal legal system, and one potential driver is the greater likelihood of Black individuals to possess a criminal history. Decisions made at arraignment about whether to detain an individual pretrial and require bail are typically influenced by judges' perceptions of their culpability and danger to society, which are influenced by criminal history. The current study employs a Structural Equation Model (SEM) to assess the extent to which criminal history mediates the association between race and arraignment outcomes in a sample of >15,000 cases in a large Southeastern county. Findings show that the sample of cases is disproportionately Black when compared with the surrounding population (85 % vs. 45 %, respectively), and that Black individuals are significantly more likely to be detained pretrial than White individuals (24 % vs. 21 %, respectively). SEM results indicate that criminal history accounts for all racial differences in pretrial detention and predicts pretrial detention more strongly among White than Black individuals. Neither criminal history nor race was significantly associated with assignment of bail. Strategies to reduce racial differences in pretrial detention may need to target how past criminal history informs pretrial release decisions at arraignment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102352"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0