Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献

{"title":"Justice without bias: A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions aimed at reducing jury bias in Rape and sexual assault trials","authors":"Jared Walters ,&nbsp;Lan Nguyen ,&nbsp;Yixuan Liu ,&nbsp;Shay Monreal Ijurco ,&nbsp;Skhye Evans ,&nbsp;Noah Chacos ,&nbsp;Mathew Duran ,&nbsp;Christine Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Jury bias in Rape and Serious Sexual Offence (RASSO) trials remains a serious concern, shaping perceptions of victims and defendants and influencing verdicts and sentencing. Jurors often rely on cognitive and social biases (e.g., rape myths, credibility bias, and racial prejudice) leading to wrongful acquittals or convictions. These biases also drive sentencing disparities, where extralegal factors like race, gender, or victim behavior affect punishment severity, undermining legal consistency and public trust. Although research has explored interventions to reduce bias, mixed results have limited their adoption in courtroom practice. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized findings from 44 studies assessing the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing juror bias (29 victim-focused, 12 defendant-focused, 3 both). For victim-related biases, expert testimony and juror education were most effective, while judicial instruction was less effective (though all showed small effect sizes). For defendant-related biases, only expert testimony was effective. Victim-focused interventions reduced credibility and rape myth biases, whereas defendant-focused interventions reduced rape myth, racial, and media biases. Future research should refine methodologies, improve ecological validity, and examine long-term impacts in courtroom settings. Additionally, strategies addressing other biases (e.g., gender identity, neurodiversity) require development. This review supports evidence-based interventions to mitigate bias and promote impartiality in RASSO trials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 102491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretable Machine Learning and Criminological Theories: Global Evidence on Bullying Perpetration and Victimization (2001–2014)","authors":"Heejin Lee ,&nbsp;Pamela Wilcox ,&nbsp;Won Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While existing criminological theories offer valuable insights into the risk factors associated with bullying perpetration and victimization, further empirical assessments are needed—particularly across diverse temporal and cultural contexts. This study applies interpretable machine learning (IML), specifically random forest algorithms with feature importance measures, to explore the predictive relevance of key factors using four waves (2001–2014) of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey across approximately 40 countries. The findings reveal that antisocial lifestyle factors are the most salient predictors of bullying perpetration, whereas physical and psychological traits are more strongly associated with victimization. These patterns demonstrate notable consistency across both time and region, reinforcing the applicability of existing theoretical frameworks. By using the transparency of IML, this study not only evaluates core theoretical claims but also contributes to the development of targeted, evidence-based policies and interventions for bullying prevention in school settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 102474"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental effects of a restrictive housing step-down program on violent and non-violent misconduct","authors":"Jennifer J. Tostlebe ,&nbsp;David C. Pyrooz ,&nbsp;Ryan M. Labrecque ,&nbsp;Bert Useem","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study addresses two issues that challenge policy, practice, and research on restrictive housing in prisons. First, the overarching need to reduce the footprint of restrictive housing and improve conditions of confinement. Second, the longstanding need to generate credible evidence of the effects of restrictive housing by ruling out selection bias. The Oregon Department of Corrections developed and implemented a step-down program for prisoners in long-term segregation and this study offers experimental evidence of its effects on misconduct.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Between 2020 and 2022, 211 prisoners were randomly assigned to either remain in the business-as-usual condition (<em>n</em>=102), the intensive management unit, or voluntarily transfer to the treatment condition (<em>n</em>=109), a newly designed step-down unit. Official records for the full sample are paired with interviews conducted with 112 prisoners about three months post-randomization. Intent-to-treat (ITT) and local average treatment effects (LATE) are reported, testing preregistered hypotheses of official records and self-reports of misconduct in restrictive housing and general population settings.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Post-randomization ITT and LATE estimates of the step-down unit condition on official report and self-report measures of misconduct in restrictive housing largely indicated null effects, with the exception of an increase in official records of violent misconduct in restrictive housing. Estimates of post-restrictive housing official misconduct in the general population indicated no meaningful group differences between the step-down unit and the business-as-usual conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The interpretation of findings is limited by the incomplete implementation of the step-down program and disruptions caused by COVID-19. However, the results suggest it is possible to house people in less restrictive conditions without increases in misconduct upon reentry to the general prison population. This study serves as a baseline for future assessments and exemplifies how global events can impact correctional research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102466"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal population mix (SPM) as a criminogenic mechanism: Testing environmental-criminology hypotheses with mobility clusters derived from mobile-device geotracking","authors":"Olga B. Semukhina ,&nbsp;Junghwan Bae ,&nbsp;Stan Korotchenko ,&nbsp;Christopher Copeland","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crime pattern theory and contemporary environmental criminology posit that crime risk is shaped not only by where people are but by how they circulate, converge, and anchor in urban space. This study advances that theoretical tradition by introducing the Spatiotemporal Population Mix (SPM)—a multidimensional construct that captures visitor-origin diversity, travel distance, stop frequency, dwell duration, and nighttime-resident share. Using year-long GPS traces from 166 census block groups in Arlington, Texas, three SPM profiles were identified via k-means clustering (Stable-Residential, Moderate-Mobility, and High-Transience) and evaluated with generalized spatial two-stage least-squares models. Block groups exhibiting a High-Transience SPM recorded violent, property, and drug-crime rates two-to-three times higher than Stable-Residential areas, net of social disorganization, land use, and spatial spillovers. Complementary continuous analyses confirmed that transient SPM facets—long travel, frequent stops, and diverse origins—elevate crime risk, while residential anchoring—long dwell and high nighttime-resident share—suppresses it. By demonstrating that the SPM explains crime above and beyond static population counts, the study refines routine activity and crime-pattern theory, offers a replicable behavioral metric for place-based research, and points practitioners to a small set of transient micro-areas that disproportionately drive urban crime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102473"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of therapeutic alternatives to segregation placement: Progress toward rehabilitative goals or a euphemistic rebranding?","authors":"Ashley B. Batastini ,&nbsp;Jonathan Singer ,&nbsp;Michael D. Trood ,&nbsp;Keegan J. Diehl ,&nbsp;Suzanne Gray ,&nbsp;Robert D. Morgan","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of segregation in U.S. correctional institutions is an overused method of containing high-risk and difficult-to-manage behavior, resulting in increasing calls for reform. To meet these demands, many agencies have initiated therapeutic alternatives, predominately in the form of diversion or step-down programs. To date, there have been no known attempts to systematically review what these programs look like in the field and whether they seem to be effective in improving psychological or behavioral functioning. Of the 699 documents produced from a comprehensive search, 10 met inclusionary criteria for a systematic review. Most evaluations were conducted in U.S. state departments of corrections and with men. While some studies showed favorable outcomes for alternative programs, many of these studies were rated as having lower scientific rigor. Overall, evidence of efficacy was mixed. Further, many articles provided limited or unclear details about the program content/structure, its delivery, demographics of the client population, or staffing requirements. We aggregate other key points from these studies and make a case for researchers and corrections departments to be more proactive and transparent about their efforts to reduce the reliance on segregation, including clearly reporting relevant outcomes associated with alternative programming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102468"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does variation across judicial circuits matter? Examining the role of bail schedules and pretrial detention on drug case outcomes in Florida","authors":"Daniela Oramas Mora ,&nbsp;Ojmarrh Mitchell ,&nbsp;Cassia Spohn","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pretrial detention rates in the United States have been rising for decades, primarily driven by the bail system's overreliance on monetary bail. Although research on bail and pretrial detention has increased, empirical studies have yet to examine how bail schedules affect detention rates and jurisdictional variations in pre- and post-conviction outcomes. This article empirically investigates how bail schedules contribute to disparities in criminal courts by assessing how variations in bail schedules across judicial circuits affect the relationship between bail, detention, and subsequent case outcomes. Using a sample of 3058 felony drug offenses filed in Florida's Circuit Courts in 2017, we estimated multilevel regressions to examine circuit-level variation in bail and pretrial detention outcomes, as well as estimated predicted probabilities of pretrial and sentencing outcomes by detention status. The results show significant variation in both initial bail amounts—largely determined by bail schedules—and the likelihood of pretrial detention across Florida's judicial circuits, even after controlling for relevant factors. Additionally, higher initial bail amounts were found to significantly increase the likelihood of pretrial detention; a pattern consistent across circuits. The results from the predicted probability models further indicate that pretrial detention leads to more punitive pretrial <em>and</em> sentencing outcomes. Taken together, these findings suggest that the implementation of varying bail schedules across judicial circuits in Florida has contributed to systematically more punitive case outcomes for defendants in circuits with higher predetermined bail amounts, and consequently, higher rates of pretrial detention. These findings have implications for bail reform in the United States.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102464"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The hidden harms of bond reform: Examining the impact of bond reform on restrictive conditions of release","authors":"Erin Eife ,&nbsp;Traci Schlesinger ,&nbsp;Hayley Jean Carlisle ,&nbsp;Chardonae Pendleton ,&nbsp;Ian de Wet","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, jurisdictions across the US have implemented different versions of bond reform with the intent to eliminate certain inequalities associated with money bond. Importantly, community members have noted concurrent increases in pretrial requirements, such as electronic monitoring (EM) and drug testing, and worry that instead of decreasing state punishment, bond reform builds larger and softer carceral nets, amounting to what abolitionists call a “reformist reform.” This study examined this relationship in Cook County, Illinois with non-participant observations of bond court before and after one such bond reform, Order 18.8A in 2017, which required that bond be set in affordable amounts. With these data, we first analyzed whether bond type changes after implementation and found increased rates of release on recognize. Then, we utilized logistic regressions that showed first, strong evidence that the use of restrictive conditions increased after implementation and second, mixed evidence on the impact of EM. In particular, we show that racism drives EM assignment, wherein Blackness is the strongest predictor of receiving EM post-implementation With these findings, we suggested that bond reform may lead to less incarceration, but that proponents of reform should consider possible consequences of reform. We proposed that instead of utilizing restrictive conditions of release, jurisdictions should instead implement transformative systems of supports not associated with the criminal legal system. Thus, bond reform may decrease the rate of pretrial incarceration and by doing so may incorporate legally innocent people into the carceral state through new and more diffuse forms of surveillance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A life-course analysis of radicalization among extremists in the Philippines using the life history calendar","authors":"Sheila Royo Maxwell","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scholarly investigation into the life trajectories of extremist and radicalized individuals is under-explored in terrorism research. This is primarily due to the logistical challenges inherent in accessing and interviewing radicalized individuals. Despite these challenges, some studies employing the life-course paradigm have emerged in scholarly journals over the past decade showing the utility of examining extremists' life trajectories, particularly changes in risks, social controls and bonds across the life course that led to radicalization. This study advances knowledge by analyzing trajectories across four developmental stages: childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood and adulthood, using the Life History Calendar (LHC) to mark event dates across a life-course. Interviews were conducted in the Philippines of incarcerated and former extremists from the Islamic Abu Sayyaf (ASG) group, and the communist New People's Army (NPA) group. Results showed few adverse childhood events for both groups. Transitions into radicalization occurred across developmental stages but mostly during adolescence and emerging adulthood, triggered by unjust arrests for the ASG group, and targeted recruitment for the NPA group. This study highlights the importance of examining data from the global south to expand knowledge of diverse trajectories, triggers and transitions towards radicalization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The health burdens of segregation for older incarcerated adults","authors":"Meghan A. Novisky ,&nbsp;Stephanie Grace Prost","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Older adults are a rapidly growing segment of the United States (US) prison population. This population also suffers disproportionately from chronic health conditions. Despite the growing number of older adults confined in US correctional facilities and their health risks, empirical attention has not kept pace with examining their experiences of segregation, and how experiences with segregation are related to health. Drawing on data from in-depth interviews with 28 older men housed in segregation at a super maximum security prison in the Northeastern region of the US, this research addresses the ways that segregation has the capacity to uniquely shape health and health care for older adults. Results reveal that participants' perceptions were concentrated in three areas: (1) fears surrounding medical emergencies; (2) concerns about treatment restrictions; and (3) worry regarding unsanitary conditions. Findings underscore the importance of curtailing the use of solitary confinement for older adults, particularly for long periods of time. Additional research and policy revision surrounding the health-related implications of placing older adults in segregation is essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining how structural characteristics and the physical environment simultaneously impact crime in neighborhoods: Using a semi-parametric strategy","authors":"Young-An Kim,&nbsp;John R. Hipp","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the associations between various social and physical environmental characteristics and their interrelated influence on neighborhood crime. Using Kernel Regularized Least Squares (KRLS), we estimate the marginal effects of each independent variable at each datapoint by providing pointwise estimates of partial derivatives. Then we regress the derivative values for each independent variable on each other variable in the model to examine whether these derivative estimates (marginal effects) vary by other variables in the model. We found that the effects of the physical environment on different types of crime in neighborhoods vary by different levels of social structural characteristics. We simultaneously assess how the two different types of neighborhood environments can work together in a semiparametric way, theoretically integrate both social disorganization and criminal opportunity perspectives, and thus provide a more comprehensive as well as nuanced explanation of neighborhood crime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 102482"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144748886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}