M. Pacilli, I. Giovannelli, Federica Spaccatini, S. Pagliaro, Marco Brambilla, M. Barreto, S. Sacchi
{"title":"Heroes or traitors? Perception of whistleblowers depends on the self-relevance of the group being reported","authors":"M. Pacilli, I. Giovannelli, Federica Spaccatini, S. Pagliaro, Marco Brambilla, M. Barreto, S. Sacchi","doi":"10.1177/13684302221123923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302221123923","url":null,"abstract":"Whistleblowing is the action by which members of an organization report misconduct that occurs within their group to other persons inside or outside the organization. In the present research, we examined perception of whistleblowers in terms of global impressions, emotions, and behavioural intentions. Study 1 reveals negative reactions to whistleblowers, while Study 2 shows positive reactions to whistleblowers. To reconcile these findings, Study 3 varies the self-relevance of the context and reveals that whistleblowers are derogated when the context is highly self-relevant (as in Study 1) and positively evaluated when it is not (as in Study 2). Across the studies, we also show that emotions and the subjective importance of loyalty and fairness influence the evaluation of whistleblowers. Our findings help unveiling the conditions in which whistleblowers are alternatively regarded as heroes or traitors, depending on the perceivers’ point of view.","PeriodicalId":48099,"journal":{"name":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations","volume":"15 1","pages":"1478 - 1498"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85295644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth L. Haines, Rebecca Schachtman, P. Glick, Juliana Earvolino
{"title":"Trash talk about the other gender: Content of, reactions to, and willingness to confront stereotypical comments about men and women","authors":"Elizabeth L. Haines, Rebecca Schachtman, P. Glick, Juliana Earvolino","doi":"10.1177/13684302221125182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302221125182","url":null,"abstract":"We examined the content of and reactions to stereotypical comments about men and women. In Study 1, daily comments participants recalled hearing people make about “what men/women are like” were generally negative and targeted the other gender. Men rejected negative comments about both genders, whereas women rejected negative comments about women more than comments about men. In Study 2, college participants could confront an online interaction partner who made an other-gender sexist comment. Women confronted a comment targeting women and had more negative reactions to sexism directed at a woman than at a man; men had equivalent, negative reactions to sexism that did not depend on target gender. Study 3 extended and replicated Study 2 by including both other-gender and same gender sexism. Results showed that (a) women were more attuned to men’s sexism toward women compared to all other types and (b) men responded negatively to sexism about either gender, but were more likely to confront sexism directed at women than sexism directed at men. We suggest that women’s tendency to confront sexism when it targets women but not men may reinforce stereotypes that undermine gender equality.","PeriodicalId":48099,"journal":{"name":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations","volume":"109 1","pages":"1660 - 1680"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79594927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Léïla Eisner, Richard Settersten, Felicity Turner-Zwinkels, Tabea Hässler
{"title":"Perceptions of intolerant norms both facilitate and inhibit collective action among sexual minorities.","authors":"Léïla Eisner, Richard Settersten, Felicity Turner-Zwinkels, Tabea Hässler","doi":"10.1177/13684302211024335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302211024335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article presents the results of three studies that examine how the perceived opinions of others are related to sexual minorities' support for social change toward greater equality. Results of two cross-sectional studies (Study 1: <i>N</i> = 1,220; Study 2: <i>N</i> = 904) reveal that perceived intolerance (i.e., perceived intolerant societal norms) is indirectly related to intentions to engage in collective action in both negative and positive ways: the negative effect was mediated by lower perceptions of perceived efficacy; positive effects were mediated by greater anger (about the legal situation and public opinion) and greater perceived need for a movement. Study 3 (<i>N</i> = 408) replicates this conflicting effect with a delayed outcome measure by showing that perceived intolerant norms were indirectly, both negatively and positively, associated with actual collective action engagement. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our expanded social identity model of collective action.</p>","PeriodicalId":48099,"journal":{"name":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations","volume":"25 7","pages":"1797-1818"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/76/58/10.1177_13684302211024335.PMC9493407.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33485181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jennifer C. Cole, Alexandra Flores, G. Jiga‐Boy, O. Klein, D. Sherman, Leaf Van Boven
{"title":"Party over pandemic: Polarized trust in political leaders and experts explains public support for COVID-19 policies","authors":"Jennifer C. Cole, Alexandra Flores, G. Jiga‐Boy, O. Klein, D. Sherman, Leaf Van Boven","doi":"10.1177/13684302221118534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302221118534","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments examined the polarization of public support for COVID-19 policies due to people’s (lack of) trust in political leaders and nonpartisan experts. In diverse samples in the United States (Experiment 1; N = 1,802) and the United Kingdom (Experiment 2; N = 1,825), participants evaluated COVID-19 policies that were framed as proposed by ingroup political leaders, outgroup political leaders, nonpartisan experts, or, in the United States, a bipartisan group of political leaders. At the time of the study in April 2020, COVID-19 was an unfamiliar and shared threat. Therefore, there were theoretical reasons suggesting that attitudes toward COVID-19 policy may not have been politically polarized. Yet, our results demonstrated that even relatively early in the pandemic people supported policies from ingroup political leaders more than the same policies from outgroup leaders, extending prior research on how people align their policy stances to political elites from their own parties. People also trusted experts and ingroup political leaders more than they did outgroup political leaders. Partly because of this polarized trust, policies from experts and bipartisan groups were more widely supported than policies from ingroup political leaders. These results illustrate the potentially detrimental role political leaders may play and the potential for effective leadership by bipartisan groups and nonpartisan experts in shaping public policy attitudes during crises.","PeriodicalId":48099,"journal":{"name":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations","volume":"338 1","pages":"1611 - 1640"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76996751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A rising tide lifts all boats: Group performance and intragroup status","authors":"Francis J. Flynn, Chunchen Xu","doi":"10.1177/13684302221122667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302221122667","url":null,"abstract":"Early theories of status dynamics in small groups portrayed intragroup status as a limited resource—as the status of one group member rises, the status of another must fall. Recent theorizing presents an alternative view: that the amount of status available to group members can be variable rather than fixed. Building on this view, we theorize that the average level of intragroup status changes as a function of group performance, such that the intragroup status of an average group member is higher in groups with higher performance and lower in groups with lower performance. We further theorize that changes in group solidarity partly account for the link between group performance and intragroup status. Across three preregistered studies, we find support for these hypotheses, which we hope will kindle interest in identifying other factors that can account for changes in intragroup status equilibria.","PeriodicalId":48099,"journal":{"name":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations","volume":"37 1","pages":"1457 - 1477"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85517559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanna Szekeres, Eran Halperin, Anna Kende, Tamar Saguy
{"title":"Endorsing negative intergroup attitudes to justify failure to confront prejudice","authors":"Hanna Szekeres, Eran Halperin, Anna Kende, Tamar Saguy","doi":"10.1177/13684302221120488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302221120488","url":null,"abstract":"While most people believe they would speak up against prejudice, many fail to do so. We identify a harmful consequence of such inaction through examining its impact on bystanders’ own prejudice. Ac...","PeriodicalId":48099,"journal":{"name":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations","volume":"13 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138534704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Erin Cooley, J. Brown-Iannuzzi, B. Payne, J. Steele, William Cipolli
{"title":"Groups amplify the perceived threat and justification for using force against Black people protesting for racial equality—especially among social conservatives","authors":"Erin Cooley, J. Brown-Iannuzzi, B. Payne, J. Steele, William Cipolli","doi":"10.1177/13684302221119982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302221119982","url":null,"abstract":"Although most antiracism protests of 2020 were peaceful, at times, there was extreme use of force. Drawing on research that groups amplify intergroup threats, we test whether use of force is perceived as particularly justified against groups of Black people protesting racism. In Study 1, White Americans perceived a group of Black people peacefully protesting racism to be more threatening and more deserving of use of force than the same Black people protesting individually. Notably, when the protest topic did not threaten the racial hierarchy (i.e., environmental protection), Black groups (vs. individuals) no longer amplified perceived threat nor support for force. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated that this tendency for groups to amplify intergroup threat was stronger among White Americans motivated to maintain the status quo (i.e., social conservatives). We conclude that Black groups protesting racism activate intergroup threats with implications for support for using force against them.","PeriodicalId":48099,"journal":{"name":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations","volume":"78 1","pages":"1565 - 1588"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90499418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephanie L Reeves, Crystal Tse, Christine Logel, Steven J Spencer
{"title":"When seeing stigma creates paternalism: Learning about disadvantage leads to perceptions of incompetence.","authors":"Stephanie L Reeves, Crystal Tse, Christine Logel, Steven J Spencer","doi":"10.1177/13684302211009590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302211009590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present research examines the conditions under which educating non-stigmatized individuals about the experiences of members of stigmatized groups leads to paternalistic or more respectful views of the target. We propose that when these efforts ask members of non-stigmatized groups to focus only on the difficulties experienced by stigmatized targets, they will lead to more paternalistic views of targets because they portray targets as being in need of help. In contrast, we propose that when these efforts take a broader focus on stigmatized targets and include their resilience in the face of their difficulties, they will lead to more respectful views of targets. Four studies supported these predictions. Across studies, White participants who focused only on a Black target's difficulties subsequently perceived the target as more helpless and less competent than controls. Participants who focused on the target's resilience in the face of difficulties perceived him as more competent.</p>","PeriodicalId":48099,"journal":{"name":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations","volume":"25 5","pages":"1202-1222"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/13684302211009590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40557683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"I will help you survive but not thrive: Helping decisions in situations that empower women","authors":"Orly Bareket, Danit Ein-Gar, Tehila Kogut","doi":"10.1177/13684302221108437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302221108437","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines gender-based helping behavior from a social dominance perspective. We focused on the interplay between the gender of a prospective donor and the gender of the recipient in shaping donation decisions in contexts that either empower recipients or not. In two studies (N = 866), male (but not female) donors chose to donate less often (Study 2) and to give lower amounts (Studies 1–2) to women in need than to men when donations were made in a potentially empowering context – a business context (e.g., donating to a person whose shop burned down), than in a nonempowering context – a domestic context (e.g., donating to a person whose house burned down). Lack of empathy for the female recipient among men partially mediated this gender–donation bias effect (Study 2). These findings suggest that men are less likely to help women in situations that empower women and challenge the existing gender hierarchy.","PeriodicalId":48099,"journal":{"name":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations","volume":"40 1","pages":"1641 - 1659"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84276903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The irony of (romantic) harmony: Heterosexual romantic relationships can drive women’s justification of the gender hierarchy","authors":"Danit Sobol-Sarag, Noa Schori-Eyal, Saulo Fernández, Tamar Saguy","doi":"10.1177/13684302221100403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302221100403","url":null,"abstract":"Even though gender inequality is evident across life domains, women often justify the gender hierarchy. We examined whether the very closeness that heterosexual women share with their male romantic partners predicts their justification of gender inequality. We drew on intergroup-related research, showing that positive perceptions that minority groups develop within harmonious intergroup interactions, generalize to affect their views of group-based inequality. We expected that to the extent that women experience their romantic relationships positively, they will be more accepting of gender inequality within their homes, and these perceptions will generalize to predict justification of macro-level gender inequality. Five correlational and two experimental studies supported this prediction. The more women rated (or were primed with) their relationship as positive, the more they justified the gender social system. This was mediated by women’s perception of their housework division as fair, and was less pronounced among feminists. Implications regarding social change are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48099,"journal":{"name":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations","volume":"26 1","pages":"1099 - 1118"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45076016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}