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Morality as Fuel for Violence? Disentangling the Role of Religion in Violent Conflict 道德是暴力的燃料？宗教在暴力冲突中的作用
IF 1.9 4区 心理学
Social Cognition Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.166
K. Cousar, N. Carnes, Sasha Y. Kimel
{"title":"Morality as Fuel for Violence? Disentangling the Role of Religion in Violent Conflict","authors":"K. Cousar, N. Carnes, Sasha Y. Kimel","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.166","url":null,"abstract":"Past research finds contradictory evidence suggesting that religion both reduces and increases violent conflict. We argue that morality is an important hub mechanism that can help us understand this disputed relationship. Moreover, to reconcile this, as well as the factors underlying religion’s impact on increased violence (i.e., belief versus practice), we draw on Virtuous Violence Theory and newly synthesize it with research on both moral cognition and social identity. We suggest that the combined effect of moral cognition and social identity may substantially increase violence beyond what either facilitates alone. We test our claims using multilevel analysis of data from the World Values Survey and find a nuanced effect of religion on people’s beliefs about violence. Specifically, religious individuals were less likely to condone violence while religious countries were more likely to. This combination of theoretical and empirical work helps disentangle the interwoven nature of morality, religion, and violence.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":"39 1","pages":"166-182"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46478564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Introduction to Morality as a Hub: Connections Within and Beyond Social Cognition 道德作为枢纽导论:社会认知内外的联系
IF 1.9 4区 心理学
Social Cognition Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.1
Larisa Heiphetz, F. Cushman
{"title":"Introduction to Morality as a Hub: Connections Within and Beyond Social Cognition","authors":"Larisa Heiphetz, F. Cushman","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":"39 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41769907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the Moral Functions of Language 论语言的道德功能
IF 1.9 4区 心理学
Social Cognition Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.99
Leon Li, M. Tomasello
{"title":"On the Moral Functions of Language","authors":"Leon Li, M. Tomasello","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.99","url":null,"abstract":"Previous comparisons of language and morality have taken a cognitively internalist (i.e., within-minds) perspective. We take a socially externalist (i.e., between-minds) perspective, viewing both language and morality as forms of social action. During human evolution, social cognitive adaptations for cooperation evolved, including cooperative communication (social acts to mentally coordinate with others for common goals) and social normativity (social acts to regulate cooperative social relationships). As human cooperation scaled up in complexity, cooperative communication and social normativity scaled up as well, leading to the development of culturally elaborated forms of language and morality. Language facilitates all aspects of morality and is even necessary for certain aspects. Humans use language to (1) initiate, (2) preserve, (3) revise, and (4) act on morality in ways such as forming joint commitments, teaching norms, modifying social realities, and engaging in moral reason-giving.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":"39 1","pages":"99-116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47360287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Connecting the Moral Core: Examining Moral Baby Research Through an Attachment Theory Perspective 连接道德内核：从依恋理论视角审视道德婴儿研究
IF 1.9 4区 心理学
Social Cognition Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.4
Audrey-Ann Deneault, Stuart I. Hammond
{"title":"Connecting the Moral Core: Examining Moral Baby Research Through an Attachment Theory Perspective","authors":"Audrey-Ann Deneault, Stuart I. Hammond","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Infants care for and are cared for by others from early in life, a fact reflected in infants' morality and attachment. According to moral core researchers, infants are born with a moral sense that allows them to care about and evaluate the actions of third parties. In attachment theory, care manifests through infants' relationships with caregivers, which forms representations called internal working models that shape how babies think, feel, and act. Although accumulating evidence supports the existence of a moral core directed toward others, nevertheless, without a notion of care connected to infants' own lives, the core is an incomplete and underpowered construct. We show how the moral core, like attachment, could emerge in first- and second-person working models that develop through social interaction and incorporate representational forms (embodied, social, cognitive, emotional, moral), which contribute to the emergence of third-person representations and give infants' moral sense its vitality and meaning.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":"39 1","pages":"4-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43206032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Easy to Make, Hard to Revise: Updating Spontaneous Trait Inferences in the Presence of Trait-Inconsistent Information 易做难改:在特征不一致的信息下更新自发的特征推断
IF 1.9 4区 心理学
Social Cognition Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2020.38.6.571
Irmak Olcaysoy Okten, G. Moskowitz
{"title":"Easy to Make, Hard to Revise: Updating Spontaneous Trait Inferences in the Presence of Trait-Inconsistent Information","authors":"Irmak Olcaysoy Okten, G. Moskowitz","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2020.38.6.571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2020.38.6.571","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research has shown that perceivers spontaneously form trait inferences from others' behaviors received at a single point in time. The present work examined the persistence of spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) in the presence of trait-inconsistent information about others. We hypothesized that STIs should be resistant to change over time and in the presence of new trait-inconsistent information due to perceivers forming and storing multiple STIs independently in memory. Consistently, Experiments 1a and 1b showed that initial STIs were not affected by new trait-inconsistent information. Experiments 2 and 3 revealed that STIs were persistent over 48 hours. Two experiments also tested memory reconsolidation as a possible mechanism of updating first impressions. While STIs were not substantially affected, spontaneous goal inferences (SGIs) were elevated among those with a better explicit memory of behaviors after learning trait-inconsistent information following a memory reactivation procedure. Implications of these findings on impression formation and updating processes are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":"38 1","pages":"571-625"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48620990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Author Index to Volume 38, 2020 Social Cognition 2020年《社会认知》第38卷作者索引
IF 1.9 4区 心理学
Social Cognition Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.6.627
{"title":"Author Index to Volume 38, 2020 Social Cognition","authors":"","doi":"10.1521/soco.2020.38.6.627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2020.38.6.627","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48466084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Has the Effect of the American Flag on Political Attitudes Declined Over Time? A Case Study of the Historical Context of American Flag Priming 美国国旗对政治态度的影响是否随着时间的推移而减弱？美国国旗启动的历史语境个案研究
IF 1.9 4区 心理学
Social Cognition Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2020.38.6.489
Travis J. Carter, Gayathri Pandey, N. Bolger, Ran R. Hassin, M. Ferguson
{"title":"Has the Effect of the American Flag on Political Attitudes Declined Over Time? A Case Study of the Historical Context of American Flag Priming","authors":"Travis J. Carter, Gayathri Pandey, N. Bolger, Ran R. Hassin, M. Ferguson","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2020.38.6.489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2020.38.6.489","url":null,"abstract":"We report findings from a meta-analysis on all published and unpublished studies from our labs (total N = 9,656) examining the priming effect of the American flag on political attitudes. Our analyses suggest that, consistent with the studies we originally published in 2011 (T. J. Carter et al., 2011b), American flag primes did create politically conservative shifts in attitudes and beliefs during the initial time period when data were collected (even excluding the published studies), but this effect has since declined over time to be roughly zero, though we believe that other interpretations, including false positives, are plausible. We discuss possible interpretations of this decline effect and the importance of considering the historical context inrelation to the priming effects of symbols whose meaning is not static over time. We also highlight the value of publicly posting data, emptying file drawers, and conducting direct as well as conceptual replications.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":"38 1","pages":"489-520"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41909163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
When Practice Fails to Reduce Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot: The Case of Cognitive Load 当实践不能减少射击决策中的种族偏见:认知负荷的案例
IF 1.9 4区 心理学
Social Cognition Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.6.555
Balbir Singh, Jordan R. Axt, Sean M. Hudson, Christopher Mellinger, Bernd Wittenbrink, Joshua Correll
{"title":"When Practice Fails to Reduce Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot: The Case of Cognitive Load","authors":"Balbir Singh, Jordan R. Axt, Sean M. Hudson, Christopher Mellinger, Bernd Wittenbrink, Joshua Correll","doi":"10.1521/soco.2020.38.6.555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2020.38.6.555","url":null,"abstract":"Practice improves performance on a first-person shooter task (FPST), increasing accuracy and decreasing racial bias. But rather than simply promoting cognitively efficient processing, we argue that the benefits of practice on a difficult, cognitively demanding task like the FPST rely, at least in part, on resource-intensive, cognitively effortful processing. If practice-based improvements require cognitive resources, then cognitive load should compromise the value of practice by depriving trained participants of the cognitive resources on which they depend. This experiment shows that inducing cognitive load eliminates the benefits of training, leading to an increase in racial bias, as predicted.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44287148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
When Practice Fails to Reduce Racial Bias on the Decision to Shoot: The Case of Cognitive Load. 当实践无法减少射击决策中的种族偏见时：认知负荷的案例。
IF 1.9 4区 心理学
Social Cognition Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/MWYDV
Balbir Singh, Jordan R. Axt, Sean M. Hudson, Christopher Mellinger, Bernd Wittenbrink, Joshua Correll
{"title":"When Practice Fails to Reduce Racial Bias on the Decision to Shoot: The Case of Cognitive Load.","authors":"Balbir Singh, Jordan R. Axt, Sean M. Hudson, Christopher Mellinger, Bernd Wittenbrink, Joshua Correll","doi":"10.17605/OSF.IO/MWYDV","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MWYDV","url":null,"abstract":"Practice improves performance on a first-person shooter task (FPST), increasing accuracy and decreasing racial bias. But rather than simply promoting cognitively efficient processing, we argue that the benefits of practice on a difficult, cognitively demanding task like the FPST rely, at least in part, on resource-intensive, cognitively effortful processing. If practice-based improvements require cognitive resources, then cognitive load should compromise the value of practice by depriving trained participants of the cognitive resources on which they depend. This experiment shows that inducing cognitive load eliminates the benefits of training, leading to an increase in racial bias, as predicted.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":"38 1","pages":"555-570"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46159377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Letters to our Future Selves? High-Powered Replication Attempts Question Effects on Future Orientation, Delinquent Decisions, and Risky Investments 给我们未来的信卖了吗？高功率复制尝试质疑对未来方向、不良决策和风险投资的影响
IF 1.9 4区 心理学
Social Cognition Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2020.38.6.521
Laura Quinten, Anja Carina Murmann, Hanna A. Genau, R. Warkentin, R. Banse
{"title":"Letters to our Future Selves? High-Powered Replication Attempts Question Effects on Future Orientation, Delinquent Decisions, and Risky Investments","authors":"Laura Quinten, Anja Carina Murmann, Hanna A. Genau, R. Warkentin, R. Banse","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2020.38.6.521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2020.38.6.521","url":null,"abstract":"Enhancing people's future orientation, in particular continuity with their future selves, has been proposed as promising to mitigate self-control–related problem behavior. In two pre-registered, direct replication studies, we tested a subtle manipulation, that is, writing a letter to one's future self, in order to reduce delinquent decisions (van Gelder et al., 2013, Study 1) and risky investments (Monroe et al., 2017, Study 1). With samples of n = 314 and n = 463, which is 2.5 times the original studies' sample sizes, the results suggested that the expected effects are either non-existent or smaller than originally reported, and/or dependent on factors not examined. Vividness of the future self was successfully manipulated in Study 2, but manipulation checks overall indicated that the letter task is not reliable to alter future orientation. We discuss ideas to integrate self-affirmation approaches and to test less subtle manipulations in samples with substantial, myopia-related self-control deficits.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":"38 1","pages":"521-554"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47999902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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