{"title":"An inquiry into Grammarly’s precision and recall: A comparative study with human annotators","authors":"Svetlana Koltovskaia , Hooman Saeli , Payam Rahmati","doi":"10.1016/j.jslw.2026.101283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jslw.2026.101283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study aimed to investigate Grammarly’s precision and recall using a corpus of 53 samples of argumentative writing. The analysis of Grammarly’s error flaggings and corrections led to the development of a coding scheme in which various error types and error categories were identified. Next, these flaggings and corrections were tallied, and comparatively, juxtaposed with a coding scheme developed by two human annotators. The analysis of Grammarly’s performance regarding precision (i.e., error detection and correction) shows that the system was highly accurate in providing corrections for the flagged errors. However, further analysis showed that Grammarly’s recall rate was 51 %, which means that the tool failed to identify almost half of the sentence-level issues identified by the human annotators. Overall, the results suggest that, while Grammarly is highly precise in correcting the errors it flags, this system cannot effectively identify many errors second language (L2) learners may make in their writing. These results suggest that Grammarly has the potential to serve as a supplementary tool and an additional source of corrective feedback in the L2 writing classroom. However, its low recall rate should be brought to their attention, as this could have detrimental effects on their writing quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Second Language Writing","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101283"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The development and interactions of complexity and accuracy in L2 Chinese writing","authors":"Yilei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>From the perspective of Complex Dynamic Systems Theory, this study tracked the weekly writing of 12 L2 Chinese learners over one study-abroad semester. 11 measures and mixed-effects modeling were employed to capture group trends and detect subgroups in a fine-grained way. Interviews were conducted to reveal the interplay between writing development and learners’ strategies, beliefs, and emotions. Results showed that most linguistic dimensions experienced an uptrend, with the lexical system and complex phrases exhibiting greater variability. Syntactic development progressed more slowly, particularly in predicate phrases. There was a growing supportive relationship within the complexity system, but learners eventually prioritized accuracy over complexity. Interviews evidenced these changes and showed distinct patterns of two subgroups. The more sophisticated writers not only took the lead in phrasal complexity, but also mobilized diverse resources and developed further metalinguistic awareness, approaching writing with more positive emotions. Implications for intermediate-level Chinese instruction are also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Second Language Writing","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101275"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"Jiaqi Zhu, Yang Yao, Qiujun Su","doi":"10.1016/j.jslw.2026.101285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jslw.2026.101285","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Second Language Writing","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101285"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"Ying Ding , Tsy Yih","doi":"10.1016/j.jslw.2026.101281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jslw.2026.101281","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Second Language Writing","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101281"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"Bee Chamcharatsri","doi":"10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101277","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Second Language Writing","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101277"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Global Englishes language teaching and second language writing: A disciplinary dialogue","authors":"Icy Lee , Pauline Mak","doi":"10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101257","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Second Language Writing","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101257"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From algorithms to annotations: Rethinking feedback practices in academic writing through AI-human comparison","authors":"Hadi Kashiha","doi":"10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While ChatGPT has gained prominence in education for its efficiency, little is known about how its feedback compares to that of human instructors, particularly in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) settings with second language (L2) writers. This study examined how ChatGPT and instructors used epistemic strategies (assertiveness vs. mitigation) and delivery methods (monologic vs. dialogic) in their evaluative comments on 200 academic introductions written by Malaysian L2 students. The findings revealed that both feedback sources employed mitigation comparably to foster a face-saving environment for receiving academic criticism. However, instructors demonstrated greater assertiveness and relied more on dialogic feedback, reflecting their authoritative role in guiding revisions and prompting interaction. Conversely, ChatGPT predominantly provided monologic feedback, offering immediate and grammatically sound but static comments. The most common blend in both sources was mitigation combined with dialogic delivery, which highlights a balance between flexibility and engagement. Overall, the study indicates that while AI feedback can complement human input, it often lacks the adaptability and interpersonal depth of instructor responses. These insights inform EAP and L2 writing pedagogy by pointing to the value of blended feedback models that leverage AI’s efficiency while retaining the interactive and authoritative qualities of human expertise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Second Language Writing","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101254"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Timely and timeless topic: Global Englishes in L2 writing pedagogy and challenges","authors":"Ryuko Kubota","doi":"10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101252","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Second Language Writing","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101252"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"‘A quest gone too far’: Rhetorical citizenship in secondary students’ L2 English writing","authors":"Ingrid Rodrick Beiler , Kristin Torjesen Marti","doi":"10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In contrast to studies of academic writing, research on secondary students’ L2 writing has tended to emphasize formal characteristics. Highlighting instead meaning-making in L2 English writing, this study aims to explore secondary student writers’ enactment of rhetorical citizenship, that is, the discursive constitution of membership in a community. The focal data consist of 34 argumentative essays, which are contextualized by ethnographic data (e.g., fieldnotes, classroom recordings, interviews) from two English classes at a Norwegian upper secondary school. Combining metaphor and discourse analysis, the study investigates rhetorical functions of metaphors and rhetorical framing of societal issues. Findings show, firstly, that students use metaphors to emphasize distinctions between actors and heighten the stakes of arguments. Secondly, students tend to map societal problems onto countries other than their own, in ways that mirror classroom discourse, while their personal positioning shapes the force of argumentation about issues that have received less attention in class. We discuss implications for L2 English writing education, including the importance of learning to both express opinions and engage substantively with the perspectives of others, within a critical self-reflexive frame. The study contributes to reframing L2 English writing as emergent democratic participation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Second Language Writing","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101262"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145525838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Syntactic complexity and L2 Chinese proficiency: An analysis of Malaysian CSL learners’ writing","authors":"Zhouye Zhu, Wenxin Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A substantial body of research has investigated the role of syntactic complexity in gauging second language (L2) learners’ writing performance, but Malaysian Chinese-as-a-second-language (CSL) learners remain largely underexplored. This study examined the relationship between syntactic complexity and L2 Chinese proficiency in Malaysian CSL learners’ writing. Our data consisted of a corpus of 976 essays written by Malaysian CSL learners over eight consecutive semesters spanning four academic years. Each essay was analyzed using 13 syntactic complexity measures based on length, quantity and dependency distance at both global and phrasal levels. Results revealed that 12 of the 13 indices showed significant differences across four proficiency levels, with mean dependency distance of sentence having the largest effect size. Our findings contribute to the multidimensional measurement of L2 syntactic complexity, promote a more inclusive representation of learner diversity in L2 writing research, and offer valuable insights for L2 Chinese writing research and pedagogy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Second Language Writing","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101242"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}