International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy最新文献

{"title":"A Qualitative Study of Factors Perceived to Influence Physical Activity among Young Athletes after ACL Reconstruction.","authors":"Christin Zwolski, Timothy Rethorn, Staci Thomas, Jacqueline Goodway, Mark Paterno, Catherine Quatman-Yates, Laura Schmitt","doi":"10.26603/001c.122324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.122324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite evidence of alarming declines in physical activity levels after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), very little is known about how young athletes perceive their experiences with engagement in sports and physical activity in the years following ACLR.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to answer the research question, \"<i>what are the lived experiences and perceptions of factors that facilitate or hinder physical activity among young athletes following ACLR?</i>\".</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Qualitative Study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten participants were included in this qualitative study at a median of 5.9 (4.3-10.2) years after adolescent ACLR. Using an interpretive phenomenological methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with each participant. Data collection focused on participants' lived experiences related to physical activity participation in the years after ACLR. Iterative coding with two independent coders and a peer debriefing process were used to identify themes from the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Factors perceived to influence physical activity after ACLR spanned all levels of the socioecological framework. Three overarching themes were generated during thematic analysis: 1) navigation of barriers (common obstacles, injury-related limitations, unique adaptations), 2) movement motives (ingrained desire to move, external motivators, internal motivation), and 3) movement mindset (envisions for future physical activity, perceived impact of injury, belief in the power of sports).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The themes identified in this study indicate that the adolescent ACLR experience has the potential to significantly influence one's physical activity into young adulthood, both positively and negatively. These findings serve as an important foundation for future studies to explore the psychological and environmental factors identified as important to one's physical activity participation in the years following adolescent ACLR.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"19 9","pages":"1052-1067"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11392025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142298737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Functional Ability in Lacrosse Players in Relation to Development of Sport-Related Onset of Musculoskeletal Pain.","authors":"Zane Thompson, Joseph G Wasser, Kevin R Vincent, Heather K Vincent","doi":"10.26603/001c.122323","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.122323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Unlike other sports, the relationship between performance deficits and pain/injury in lacrosse players has not been well-investigated.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purposes of this study were to: 1) determine whether age and sex differences exist in dynamic physical function tests and drop jump performance among lacrosse players, and 2) determine whether pre-seasonal physical function scores predict onset of either lower extremity or low back pain over time.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective observational study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Lacrosse players (N=128) were stratified into three groups: 12-14.9 yrs, 15-18 yrs and >18 yrs. Thomas test (hip flexibility), Ober's test (iliotibial band tightness), and Ely's test (rectus femoris tightness) were performed. Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) scores were collected while players performed drop jumps. Sagittal and frontal plane movement from 2D video during single and double legged squats was assessed. Musculoskeletal pain symptoms or injury were tracked for six months. Age bracket, sex and physical function scores were entered into logistic regression models to determine risk factors that predicted onset of lower extremity pain and low back pain onset.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LESS scores and single-leg squat movement quality test scores were lowest in the 12-14.9 yr groups and highest in the >18 yr group (all p<0.05). Single leg squat performance score increased the odds risk (OR) for lower extremity pain (OR=2.62 [95% CI 1.06-6.48], p=.038) and LESS scores elevated risk for low back pain onset over six months (OR = 2.09 [95% CI 1.07- 4.06], p= .031).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LESS scores and single legged squat performance may help identify lacrosse players at risk for musculoskeletal pain or injury onset. Detecting these pertinent biomechanical errors and subsequently developing proper training programs could help prevent lower extremity and low back pain onset.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>III.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"19 9","pages":"1088-1096"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Anthropometric Measures, Range of Motion, or Movement Control Tests Associated with Lumbopelvic Flexion during Barbell Back Squats?","authors":"Lars Berglund, Fredrik Öhberg, Edit Strömbäck, Daniel Papacosta","doi":"10.26603/001c.122637","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.122637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Resistance training with the barbell back squat (BBS) exercise is practiced in sports, recreation, and rehabilitation. Although extensively debated, it is commonly believed and recommended that maintaining a neutral lumbopelvic alignment during BBS is an important technical aspect that might reduce the risk of injury. There is limited knowledge of how objectively measurable factors affect the extent to which the lumbopelvic region moves into flexion during a BBS.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of the study was to investigate the association among anthropometric measurements, range of motion in the hips and ankle joints, lumbopelvic movement control tests, and flexion of the lumbopelvic region during execution of the BBS.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Observational, cross sectional.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen experienced powerlifters and Olympic weightlifters were included and measurements of lumbopelvic movements were collected with inertial measurement units during BBS performed at 70 % of 1RM. Examination of anthropometric properties, range of motion in the hip and ankle joints, and lumbopelvic movement control tests were collected as independent variables. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate which independent variables were associated with lumbopelvic flexion during a BBS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The linear regression showed that a higher range of motion in ankle dorsiflexion could statistically significantly explain an increased amplitude of lumbopelvic flexion during the BBS. Anthropometrics, range of motion of the hips, and performance in lumbopelvic movement control tests did not show any statistically significant associations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results suggest that strength and conditioning professionals and clinicians who instruct and assess lifting technique in the BBS and/or use the BBS to assess performance or as an intervention should recognize that a higher range of motion in the ankle joints might affect lumbopelvic flexion during the BBS. In practice, the value of an individual assessment of lifting technique focusing on the goal of the movement should be emphasized.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>3.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"19 9","pages":"1097-1107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship Between the Results of the Landing Error Scoring System and Trunk Muscle Thickness.","authors":"Yuki Muramoto, Hironobu Kuruma","doi":"10.26603/001c.122639","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.122639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A landing error scoring system (LESS) is widely used to evaluate landing maneuvers. Poor landing maneuvers, such as lateral bending of the trunk, are thought to be associated with a risk of lower-extremity injury. However, no studies have examined the association between landing and trunk muscle function, which is associated with a high risk of lower-extremity injury.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/purpose: </strong>This study examined whether an association exists between landing movements and a high risk of lower-extremity injury and trunk muscle function. It was hypothesized that athletes with poor activation of deep trunk muscle (transversus abdominis and internal oblique) would have lower LESS scores.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The trunk muscle thickness at rest and during the plank was measured using ultrasonography. The percent of change in muscle thickness (during plank/at rest) was calculated. The LESS was measured using the Physimax. Based on the LESS scores, patients were divided into high- (LESS > 6) and low-risk (5 > LESS) groups for lower extremity injury. The relationship between the high-risk group and trunk muscle thickness was examined using a stepwise regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The high-risk group had significantly lower muscle thicknesses of the transversus abdominis (p=0.02) and transversus abdominis plus internal oblique abdominis (p=0.03) muscles during the plank. Additionally, the high-risk group showed significantly lower percent of change in muscle thickness of the internal oblique (p=0.02) and transversus abdominis plus internal oblique (p=0.01) muscles. Only the percentage of change in the thickness of the internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles was extracted from the regression as a factor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings indicated that athletes with landing movements and a high risk of injury, as determined based on the LESS results, had low trunk muscle function, and a relationship was observed between the change in thickness of transversus abdominis and internal oblique abdominis muscles.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>3B.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"19 9","pages":"1080-1087"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rehabilitation and Return to Sports after Achilles Tendon Repair.","authors":"William Marrone, Robert Andrews, Aaron Reynolds, Patrick Vignona, Snehal Patel, Martin O'Malley","doi":"10.26603/001c.122643","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.122643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rehabilitation protocols post-Achilles tendon repair vary widely, particularly regarding weight bearing (WB) and immobilization duration, impacting recovery trajectories significantly. This commentary focuses on rehabilitation strategies following acute Achilles tendon repair (ATR), emphasizing early mobilization and progressive loading. Techniques such as blood flow restriction training (BFRT) and progressive loading to restore strength and tendon mechanical properties are discussed in the context of optimizing recovery, minimizing tendon elongation and facilitating safe return to sport (RTS). This manuscript highlights current evidence and clinical insights to guide practitioners in optimizing rehabilitation protocols for athletes recovering from ATR, aiming to improve functional outcomes and support safe return to athletic activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"19 9","pages":"1152-1165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11379499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142156383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy with a Former Triathlete After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Case Report.","authors":"Christopher Keating, Stephanie Muth, Cameron Hui, Lisa T Hoglund","doi":"10.26603/001c.122488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.122488","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction and purpose: &lt;/strong&gt;Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common condition that limits function and reduces quality of life. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a surgical procedure that replaces the joint surfaces to address anatomical changes due to knee OA. While TKA improves symptoms and function, postoperative impairments are common, including reduced quadriceps strength. Blood flow restriction (BFR) may be a viable option for patients following TKA, as it can improve strength with a minimal amount of joint loading compared to traditional strength training. The purpose of this case report is to describe the impact of BFR use in an individual after TKA, employing pain measurements, quantitative sensory testing, patient-reported outcome measures, physical performance tests, and muscle strength and power testing to explore potential treatment effects and identify potential predictors of response for future studies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Case description: &lt;/strong&gt;A 49-year-old former female triathlete with a history of knee injury and arthroscopic surgery underwent a right TKA and sought physical therapy (PT) due to pain, limited range of motion (ROM), and knee instability during weight bearing activity. PT interventions included manual therapy, gait training, and a home program. Despite participating in supervised PT, she had persistent pain, ROM deficits, and muscle weakness 16 weeks following TKA. BFR was incorporated into her home program, 16-weeks postoperatively. The Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 (SF-MPQ-2) and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) were used to measure pain. Quantitative sensory testing included pressure pain threshold (PPT) and two-point discrimination (TPD) to measure change in sensory perception. Patient-reported outcome measures to assess perceived physical function were the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and the KOOS- Joint Replacement (KOOS-JR). Physical performance was measured through the 30-second fast walk test (30SFW), timed stair climb test (SCT), 30-second chair standing test (CST), and the timed up and go (TUG). Knee ROM was assessed through standard goniometry. Knee extensor and flexor muscle strength and power were measured with an instrumented dynamometer for isokinetic and isometric testing, generating a limb symmetry index (LSI).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Outcomes: &lt;/strong&gt;Pain and quantitative sensory testing achieved clinically meaningful improvement suggesting reduced sensitivity during and after BFR utilization. Perceived physical function and symptoms significantly improved, particularly in sports and recreation activities, and were best captured in the KOOS, not the KOOS-JR. Physical performance reached clinically meaningful improvement in walking speed, chair stand repetitions, and timed stair climb tests after BFR. Isokinetic and isometric strength and power in knee extensors and flexors increased significantly after BFR compared to the uninvolved leg as determined by LSI.&lt;/","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"19 9","pages":"1138-1150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11392462/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142298738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hip Strength, Change of Direction, and Falls in Recreational Pickleball Players.","authors":"Betsy Myers, June Hanks","doi":"10.26603/001c.122490","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.122490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While a high incidence of pickleball-related falls is reported, little is known regarding factors differentiating persons with and without a fall history during play.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to determine differences between recreational pickleball players who fell while playing and those who did not. Additional aims were to determine reasons for falling and to investigate associations among assessed factors.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants completed a survey reporting age, fall history, and reasons for falling during play. Hip abduction strength, single leg squat form, ankle dorsiflexion, and change of direction time using a modified T-test on a pickleball court (i.e. pickleball T-test) were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 92 individuals participating in the study, 42% reported a fall while playing and 30% reported falling more than once. Leading reasons for reported falls were lunging and moving backward. Participants who reported falling were significantly older (z = -2.60, p = 0.009) and slower on the pickleball T-test (z = -2.10, p = 0.036) than those who did not report falling. Hip abduction strength was not associated with fall history but was associated with faster time on the pickleball T-test (left <i>r_s</i> = -.41, p < 0.001, right <i>r_s</i> = -.48, p < 0.001). Single leg squat form and dorsiflexion were not related to fall history.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Falls are common among recreational pickleball players, particularly older players. Fall prevention programs for pickleball players should be considered including multi-directional lunging, lower extremity strength and power development, and change of direction training that includes moving backward.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>2.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"19 9","pages":"1116-1125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Tibial Bone Stress Injury Rehabilitation: An Exploratory Case Series.","authors":"Andrew P Golden, Kathleen K Hogan, Jamie B Morris, Bryan B Pickens","doi":"10.26603/001c.122641","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.122641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lower extremity bone stress injuries (BSI) are common injuries among athletes and military members. Typical management involves a period of restricted weightbearing which can have rapid detrimental effects upon both muscle and bone physiology. Few studies have investigated the effect of blood flow restriction (BFR) training on bone in the rehabilitative setting.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lower extremity exercise with the addition of BFR upon bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and lean body mass in military members with tibial BSIs.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Case series.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty military members with MRI-confirmed tibial BSI were recruited to complete lower extremity exercise with the addition of BFR twice per week for four weeks. The BFR cuff was applied proximally to the participant's involved limb while they performed gluteal, thigh, and leg resistance exercises. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and four weeks. The primary outcomes were whole leg bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and lean body mass (LM) as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Secondary outcomes included thigh and leg circumference measures and patient-reported outcomes, including the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 57 (PROMIS-57), and Global Rating of Change (GROC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences were found in BMD (p=0.720) or BMC (p=0.749) between limbs or within limbs over time. LM was generally less in the involved limb (p=0.019), however there were no significant differences between or within limbs over time (p=0.404). For thigh circumference, significant main effects were found for time (p=0.012) and limb (p=0.015), however there was no significant interaction effect (p=0.510). No significant differences were found for leg circumference (p=0.738). Participants showed significant mean changes in LEFS (15.15 points), PROMIS physical function (8.98 points), PROMIS social participation (7.60 points), PROMIS anxiety (3.26 points), and PROMIS pain interference (8.39 points) at four weeks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The utilization of BFR in the early rehabilitative management of tibial BSI may help mitigate decrements in both bone and muscle tissue during periods of decreased physical loading.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>4.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"19 9","pages":"1126-1137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limitations of Separating Athletes into High or Low-Risk Groups based on a Cut-Off. A Clinical Commentary.","authors":"Justin M Losciale, Linda K Truong, Patrick Ward, Gary S Collins, Garrett S Bullock","doi":"10.26603/001c.122644","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.122644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Athlete injury risk assessment and management is an important, yet challenging task for sport and exercise medicine professionals. A common approach to injury risk screening is to stratify athletes into risk groups based on their performance on a test relative to a cut-off threshold. However, one potential reason for ineffective injury prevention efforts is the over-reliance on identifying these 'at-risk' groups using arbitrary cut-offs for these tests and measures. The purpose of this commentary is to discuss the conceptual and technical issues related to the use of a cut-off in both research and clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Clinical question: </strong>How can we better assess and interpret clinical tests or measures to enable a more effective injury risk assessment in athletes?</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Cut-offs typically lack strong biologic plausibility to support them; and are typically derived in a data-driven manner and thus not generalizable to other samples. When a cut-off is used in analyses, information is lost, leading to potentially misleading results and less accurate injury risk prediction. Dichotomizing a continuous variable using a cut-off should be avoided. Using continuous variables on its original scale is advantageous because information is not discarded, outcome prediction accuracy is not lost, and personalized medicine can be facilitated.</p><p><strong>Clinical application: </strong>Researchers and clinicians are encouraged to analyze and interpret the results of tests and measures using continuous variables and avoid relying on singular cut-offs to guide decisions. Injury risk can be predicted more accurately when using continuous variables in their natural form. A more accurate risk prediction will facilitate personalized approaches to injury risk mitigation and may lead to a decline in injury rates.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>5.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"19 9","pages":"1151-1164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validity, Agreement and Reliability of the ForceFrame Dynamometer in Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury.","authors":"Kamilla Arp, Thomas Frydendal, Troels Kjeldsen, Ulrik Dalgas, Signe Timm, Bjarke Viberg, Kim Ingwersen, Claus Varnum","doi":"10.26603/001c.122486","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.122486","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Restoring maximal muscle strength of the knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF) following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and ACL reconstruction is of great importance to reduce the re-injury rate after ACL reconstruction and to reduce the risk of knee osteoarthritis. Therefore, it is essential that clinicians and healthcare providers use valid and reliable measures to assess knee muscle strength to ensure a safe return to sport.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Purpose: &lt;/strong&gt;To evaluate the reliability (test-retest reliability, inter-tester reliability and test-retest agreement) and validity (concurrent validity, convergent validity and ForceFrame (FF) vs. isokinetic dynamometer (ID) agreement) of the ForceFrame (FF) dynamometer during isometric testing of the knee extensors and flexors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Study design: &lt;/strong&gt;Cross-sectional study.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Material and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Twenty-seven participants with ACL injury or reconstruction were recruited for participation in this study. maximal voluntary isometric contration (MVIC) of the knee extensors and flexors was tested on two separate days. Day one included validity assessments with FF, a gold-standard ID and a handheld dynamometer (HHD). Day two included reliability assessments with FF performed by two assessors. Main outcome measures were day-to-day test-retest reliability and agreement and inter-tester reliability of FF, and concurrent validity (FF vs. an ID and a HHD). Reliability was tested as test-retest and inter-tester reliability using interclass correlation coefficient (ICC), while agreement was tested using Bland & Altman plots with limits of agreement (LOA), standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable change (SDC). Concurrent validity between FF, ID, and HHD was assessed using Pearson's correlations and mean difference was evaluated by Bland & Altman plots.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Twenty-seven participants (10 females, 17 males) with a median age of 25 years (range 19-60) were included in this study. There was a good day-to-day test-retest reliability for MVIC of KE (ICC=0.77, CI95:0.48-0.90) and KF (ICC=0.83, CI95:0.61-0.92) and excellent inter-tester reliability for MVIC of KE (ICC=0.97, CI95:0.94-0.98) and KF (ICC=0.93, 95CI:0.85-0.97). Standard error of measurement (SEM) was 8% and 9%, while the smallest detectable change (SDC) was 22% and 27% for KE and KF, respectively. FF showed fair concurrent validity compared to ID for KE (r=0.56), poor concurrent validity for knee flexors (KF (r=0.24) and compared to HHD a moderate correlation for KE (r=0.74) and poor correlation for KF (r=0.12). Bland & Altman plots between FF and the ID showed a mean difference of -0.51 Nm/kg for KE and -0.32Nm/kg for KF.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;FF can be used to obtain reliable and valid results to assess MVIC of the KE, but not the KF. It should be noted that absolute results produced by the FF may be considered an underes","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"19 9","pages":"1068-1079"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368445/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}