International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Diagnostic Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in the Evaluation of the Rectus Abdominis.","authors":"Robert C Manske, Chris Wolfe, Phil Page, Michael Voight","doi":"10.26603/001c.144822","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.144822","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rectus abdominis (RA) muscle is a key muscle in the anterior abdominal wall, contributing to motion of trunk flexion, assisting with stabilization of the pelvis, and maintaining intra-abdominal pressure. Its integrity is essential for posture, respiration, and functional movement, and it is frequently implicated in clinical conditions such as abdominal wall hernias, rectus diastasis, muscle strains, and postoperative complications. Accurate evaluation of the RA is therefore critical for both diagnostic and rehabilitative purposes. Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSKUS) has emerged as a valuable imaging modality for assessing the structure and function of the RA muscle. Offering real-time, dynamic visualization without ionizing radiation, MSKUS enables clinicians and researchers to examine muscle morphology, thickness, echogenicity, and contractile behavior with high precision. Compared with other imaging modalities such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, MSKUS is more accessible, cost-effective, and well-suited for repeated assessments in both clinical and research settings. Recent advances in MSKUS have expanded its role in evaluating abdominal wall musculature, particularly in populations ranging from athletes and postoperative patients to postpartum women. By providing detailed, noninvasive insights into the RA muscle, MSKUS contributes to improved diagnosis, monitoring of rehabilitation progress, and the development of targeted interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"20 10","pages":"1557-1563"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12487957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145214064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Movement Screening Profile of College Rodeo Athletes.","authors":"Andy Wolfe, Gillian Braden, Meghan Younger, Andrea Green, Annalee Krahn","doi":"10.26603/001c.144828","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.144828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sport of rodeo is recognized as a high velocity, high intensity activity with a wide range of varying dynamic movements occurring across different rodeo events. High velocities and extreme dynamic range of motion movements, compounded with uncooperative livestock, contribute to elevated risk of injury. While these factors are generally attributed to rodeo injuries, little is known regarding movement limitations of rodeo athletes.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Therefore, the purpose of the current investigation was to identify movement pattern differences among athletes from various rodeo events using the Functional Movement Screening (FMS™) test.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>College rodeo athletes from a mid-size university in the southwest region were recruited as participants for this study. Athletes were categorized according to their respected rodeo event: steer wrestling (n = 12), breakaway roping (n = 44), goat tying (n = 17), barrel racing (n = 30), team ropers (n = 23) bronc riding (n = 18), tie down roping (n = 8), or bull riding (n = 10). All rodeo athletes completed an FMS™ test to establish movement efficiency. A General Linear Model was applied to assess event/group FMS™ mean differences to control for heterogeneity of variance across the groups. A repeated Measures ANOVA was utilized to illustrate variance in FMS™ scores within rodeo events.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Study participants consisted of 162 collegiate rodeo athletes, including 71 males (m ± sd; age: 20.5 ± 1.35 years) and 91 females (20.2 ± 1.38 years). There was a significant interaction effect between event and FMS™ tests (F(7, 55) = 8.11, p <.0.01) with robust standard errors applied. The aggregate FMS™ scores did not differ significantly (p = 0.438) between athletes of various rodeo events.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest event specific movement patterns associated with various rodeo events may affect FMS™ test results for rodeo athletes. Additionally, event specific, preventative exercise prescription can be derived from these findings and may serve as a useful strategy for decreasing potential injury.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>3.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"20 10","pages":"1519-1533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12490897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145233785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Exploratory, Retrospective Study on Injury Occurrence in Triathletes and Marathon Runners.","authors":"Chad Woodard, Ashley Engler, Joseph Tarascavage","doi":"10.26603/001c.144831","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.144831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Injury in populations of runners and triathletes is common. However, while variation in training type and modality is suspected to change the incidence of injury, these factors have not been fully explored.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate injury incidence in triathletes and marathon runners to determine which variables are associated with changes in injury reports.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective exploratory analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Athletes who participated in marathons and triathlons were recruited via social media and endurance athletic groups to participate in a survey on injury history, training history, and training modality. Data were analyzed to assess relationships between factors using Chi-square and regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three hundred and eighty-four marathon runners and triathletes participated (mean age 32; 130 males, 253 females, and one undetermined). There was a positive correlation between increased use of cycling as a training modality and overall injuries (t = 3.43, p = 0.00) Increased time spent cross training was positively correlated with overall injuries (t = 2.57, p = 0.01). Volume and frequency of running showed a significant negative correlation with overall injuries (t = -.12, p = 0 .02) as well as a negative correlation between increased weekly swimming time and overall injuries (t = -3.25, p = 0.00).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the number of events and type of event participated in had no statistically significant result on injury rate, the number of hours spent cycling and cross training demonstrated a positive relationship to injury, and number of hours spent swimming and running had a negative relationship on injury rate.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"20 10","pages":"1502-1507"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12490887/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145233838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strength, Agility, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Elite Male Futsal Players.","authors":"Huynh Viet Nam, Vo Van Vu, Bui Trong Toai, Rodrigo Zacca, Rangsarit Jamrern, Phornpot Chainok","doi":"10.26603/001c.144051","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.144051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Characterized by intense efforts and rapid changes of direction, futsal performance relies on strength, agility and dynamic balance. Isokinetic testing evaluates neuromuscular strength and asymmetry, providing insights into their relationships with functional strength, aerobic capacity and performance outcomes for elite players.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examined the relationships between lower-limb isokinetic strength and key performance measures, including functional strength (3RM leg extension and leg curl), maximal oxygen uptake, agility and balance, as well as isokinetic asymmetry indices and performance-related asymmetry variables in elite male Vietnamese futsal players.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Observation cohort study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen elite male futsal players (20.8 ± 3.2 years) were underwent isokinetic strength testing of the hip flexion/extension (45°·s-1), knee (60°·s-1) and ankle plantar /dorsi flexion (60°·s-1), along with 3RM tests for leg extension and leg curl, maximal oxygen uptake (yoyo IR-1 test), agility (arrowhead agility test), and the Y- Balance Test for neuromuscular control/balance. The Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was employed to investigate the correlations among these variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant positive correlations were found between knee flexor asymmetry index and 3RM leg extension (r = 0.66, p < 0.01) and leg curl (r = 0.59, p < 0.01). A negative association was found between 3RM asymmetry index and hip flexor peak torque in dominant (r = - 0.57, p < 0.05) and non-dominant limbs (r = - 0.52, p < 0.05) and knee extensor peak torque in non-dominant limb (r = 0.50, p < 0.05). Lower limb isokinetic asymmetry index and its associated asymmetry index was foud between the knee flexors and arrowhead agility (r = - 0.53, p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings indicate that interlimb strength asymmetries, especially at the knee, correlate with functional strength outcomes in elite male futsal players, potentially guiding future strategies for monitoring and addressing muscular imbalances to enhance performance and potentially reduce injuries.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>3b.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"20 10","pages":"1457-1467"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12490889/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145233809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpreting Quadriceps Strength Thresholds for Patients Following ACL-Reconstruction: A Clinical Commentary.","authors":"Stephan Bodkin, David Bennion, Megan Pales-Taylor, Masaru Teramoto, Travis Maak","doi":"10.26603/001c.144774","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.144774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rehabilitation following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR) is a complex process involving the restoration of muscular strength, movement patterns, and functional confidence. Clinical thresholds, defined target values tied to successful outcomes, are frequently used to guide rehabilitation and assess patient progress. While these thresholds may promote rehabilitation advancement and the establishment of structured goals, substantial variability exists in their values and how they are developed. Clinical thresholds are typically established by linking an independent variable (e.g., quadriceps strength) to a dichotomized outcome (e.g., return to running, return to sport, patient-reported function cutoff, etc.). Statistical tools like Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analyses are used to determine a single strength value that best predicts a successful outcome, based on the sensitivity and specificity of predicting the outcome. Despite this standardized approach, existing thresholds differ significantly due to variations in outcome definitions, cohort characteristics, and strength testing protocols. This clinical commentary aims to (1) describe the methodology used to establish clinical thresholds, (2) discuss statistical considerations for interpreting these thresholds, and (3) examine the implications of variability in quadriceps strength targets for patient following ACLR.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>5.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"20 10","pages":"1534-1540"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12490894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145233806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-Specific Muscle Activity and Kinematics of the Posterior Kinetic Chain Targeting Hamstring Strengthening Exercises and Sprinting: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Adelso Jorge, Ralf Roth","doi":"10.26603/001c.144583","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.144583","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neuromuscular and kinematic peculiarities in the lower extremities between the sexes could influence the way the posterior kinetic chain interacts during exercises and sprinting, potentially altering hamstring strengthening exercise selection.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study compared sex-differences in four exercises (the rocker, perpetuum mobile fast and slow [PMfast and PMslow] and the Nordic Hamstring exercise) on their potential to simulate sprint-like muscle activity and kinematics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Muscle activity of the posterior kinetic chain (biceps femoris [BFlh], semitendinosus [ST], gluteus maximus [GMax] and gastrocnemius medialis [GCM]) was measured with surface electromyography (sEMG) during each exercise and treadmill running at 75% of the individual maximal sprint velocity. sEMG data was normalized to maximal sprinting. 3D-motion capture was employed to assess hip and knee angles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight male and 12 female athletes were included (age: 22.4 years ± 3.1; body mass: 61.0 kg ± 7.1; height: 1.67 m ± 0.07). Peak (MD: 31, p= 0.003, [95%CI: 14-48], SMD: 1.1) and average hamstring activity (MD: 16, p< 0.001, [95%CI: 8-24], SMD: 1.4) was greater in females for every examined task. A sex and muscle interaction showed that females displayed significantly greater peak (MD: 39, p=0.002, [95%CI: 21-60], SMD: 1.3) and mean activity (MD: 20, p< 0.001, [95%CI: 12-29], SMD: 1.5) for ST but not BFlh. Joint angles of peak muscle activity showed significantly greater hip angles during the PMfast in females (MD: 30°, p= 0.014, [95%CI: 15-46°], SMD: 2.1) and an overall significantly smaller knee flexion angle for the ST compared to the BFlh (MD: 7°, p= 0.02, [95%CI: 1-12°], SMD: 0.4). Neither hamstring elongation stress nor muscle selectivity showed significant sex differences.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Aside from overall display of greater hamstring, specifically ST activity in all tasks for females, only minor kinematic and no synergist muscle sex-differences were found. Further research exploring sex-specific hamstring neuromuscular strategies is needed.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>3b.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"20 10","pages":"1468-1478"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12490886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145233778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patients Who Do Not Achieve 90% of the Nonoperative Side on the Anterior Reach Y-Balance Test at 3 Months After ACL Reconstruction Are More Likely to Have Persistent Knee Extension Strength Asymmetry at 6 Months Postoperatively.","authors":"Tomoko Kawasaki, Shunsuke Ohji, Kenji Hirohata, Junya Aizawa, Takehiro Ohmi, Shogo Okamoto, Hidenobu Terada, Sho Mitomo, Hideyuki Koga, Kazuyoshi Yagishita","doi":"10.26603/001c.144052","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.144052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Limb symmetry index (LSI) of the anterior reach Y-Balance test (YBT) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is related to the knee extensor strength LSI. However, a specific cutoff point predicting knee extensor strength LSI at six months postoperatively does not exist. # Purpose To determine a cutoff point for the anterior reach distance LSI at three months postoperatively to identify patients who will not achieve the knee extensor strength LSI ≥90% at six months postoperatively. # Study Design Retrospective cohort study. # Methods Patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft were included for this study. Patients with injured contralateral ACL, knee ligaments other than the ACL or cartilage damage were excluded. Post-ACL reconstruction, athletes were measured for YBT anterior reach distance at three months and isokinetic knee extensor strength at six months; their respective LSIs were calculated. Cutoff points for anterior reach distance LSI at three months postoperatively to identify if knee extensor strength would be achieved at six months postoperatively were determined using a minimum p-value approach, and phi coefficients; sensitivity and specificity were also calculated. # Results Data from 90 patients (53% female, age: 21(12.5) years) who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The cutoff point of 90% for the anterior reach distance LSI yielded the lowest p-value and highest chi-square value (p=0.010, chi-square value=6.553). At the cutoff point, a significant association was found between the anterior reach distance LSI at three months and the knee extension strength LSI at six months (φ=0.270), with a sensitivity of 38.1% and a specificity of 88.9%. # Conclusions Patients with an anterior reach distance LSI of <90% at three months postoperatively are at higher risk of not achieving a knee extension muscle LSI of 90% at six months. Anterior reach distance LSI can be safely measured daily during the early postoperative phase; therefore, it may help guide postoperative planning for rehabilitation until return-to-sport discussions begin.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>3.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"20 10","pages":"1448-1456"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12490895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145233766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radial, Median and Ulnar Nerve Flossing as Essential Preparatory Treatment for Baseball Pitchers in the Prevention of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury: A Clinical Suggestion.","authors":"Sarah Hubball","doi":"10.26603/001c.143780","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.143780","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While smooth, efficient mechanics and robust therapeutic soft tissue treatment may reduce injury risk in overhead throwing athletes, a simple holistic pre-event treatment approach utilizing nerve flossing techniques may be an effective avenue to combat Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) injury among baseball pitchers. The purpose of this clinical suggestion is to consider the impact of nerve care for elite athletes in the prevention of UCL injury.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>5.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"20 10","pages":"1541-1546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12490892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145233755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility and Concurrent Validity of Pediatric Performance-Based Postural Control Subtests Using a Pressure-Sensitive Exergaming Device: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Jorn Ockerman, Anke Van Bladel, Edouard Auvinet, Jelle Saldien, Hilde Van Waelvelde, Lynn Bar-On","doi":"10.26603/001c.144770","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.144770","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postural control deficits are common among children with and without disabilities. Performance-based postural control tests provide both quantitative and qualitative insights into the severity of these deficits but are underutilized in clinical practice. Digitizing existing postural control tests could increase their overall implementation. # Purpose This study examined the feasibility and validity of 'Matti', a pressure-sensitive device, as a tool for recording simple continuous data for two performance-based postural control subtests: the time in seconds during the One-Board Balance Test (OBBT) and the number of jumps during the Lateral Jump Test (LJT), in typically developing children. # Study Design Cross-sectional study # Methods Both conventional and digitized versions of both the OBBT and LJT were administered. The conventional test condition was rated by an observer, while the digitized version was scored by both an observer and analysis software using Matti's sensor data. Correlation analyses, comparisons of the mean or median, and Bland-Altman plots were used to assess concurrent validity and level of agreement between conventional and digitized test conditions, as well as between observed and digital outcomes of the digitized test condition. The level of enjoyment between conventional and digital testing was evaluated using a Smiley-o-Meter. # Results Forty-six children (average age 8.98 (±1.04) years, 10 female) participated in this study. Digitized testing showed strong correlations between digital and observer-based outcomes for both the digital OBBT (rs=.991, p<0.001) and LJT (r=.962, p<0.001). However, differences were noted between conventional and digitized conditions. Participants reported significantly higher levels of enjoyment during digital testing (Z=-2.530; p = 0.011). # Conclusion The Matti demonstrates good feasibility for a simple digitized performance-based postural control test. However, differences between the scores of conventional and digitized test conditions indicate a lack of concurrent validity with conventional clinical tests. The higher perceived enjoyment reported during digital testing suggests its potential as a valuable tool in pediatric postural control assessment and rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"20 10","pages":"1508-1518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12490891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145233763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Normalized Shoulder Strength and Self-Perceived Function in Healthy Division One Baseball Players Over the Course of a Competitive Season.","authors":"Sean Kennedy, Samuel Roth, John Conway, Jacob Jelmini, Brian Duncan, J Craig Garrison, Natalie Myers","doi":"10.26603/001c.144772","DOIUrl":"10.26603/001c.144772","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Deficits in shoulder strength have been previously established as a risk factor associated with the development of time-loss shoulder and elbow injuries. However, limited data exists on normative shoulder strength changes in collegiate baseball athletes over the course of a competitive season. Hypothesis/Purpose: There were two purposes of this study: 1) to assess changes in shoulder strength over a competitive season, and 2) to assess self-perceived shoulder and elbow function changes over the course of a competitive season in healthy Division I collegiate baseball players. It was hypothesized that shoulder strength would differ over a competitive season with no observed differences in Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic (KJOC) scores over time in healthy baseball athletes.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-nine uninjured NCAA baseball athletes were assessed for bilateral isometric shoulder strength (external [ER] and internal [IR] rotation and scaption [SCAP]) via handheld dynamometry at four time points: fall physicals, preseason, mid-season, and postseason. Additionally, athletes completed the KJOC score at each testing session. A 2x4 repeated measures multivariate analysis of variances was conducted to determine the effect of playing position and time on normalized shoulder strength and KJOC scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a main effect of time on isometric shoulder strength (p < 0.001). There was no effect for position (p = 0.88), or interaction effect of position and time (p = 0.643). Pairwise comparisons demonstrated differences across time in dominant limb ER (p = 0.01) and SCAP (p < 0.001), and non-dominant limb ER (p < 0.001), IR (p = 0.004) and SCAP (p < 0.001). There were no differences over time for dominant limb IR (p = 0.131) or KJOC scores (p = 0.154).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Uninjured collegiate baseball players demonstrated changes in shoulder strength over time that exceeded minimal detectable change scores over the course of a competitive season for both limbs. The results of the present study offers shoulder strength values using a reliable and reproducible normalization method to evaluate shoulder strength in collegiate baseball athletes.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>III.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"20 10","pages":"1489-1501"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12490896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145233599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}