Topics in Cognitive Science最新文献_第6页

One Size Does Not Fit All: Idiographic Computational Models Reveal Individual Differences in Learning and Meta‐Learning Strategies 一刀切：成语计算模型揭示学习和元学习策略的个体差异

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12730

Theodros M. Haile, Chantel S. Prat, Andrea Stocco

{"title":"One Size Does Not Fit All: Idiographic Computational Models Reveal Individual Differences in Learning and Meta‐Learning Strategies","authors":"Theodros M. Haile, Chantel S. Prat, Andrea Stocco","doi":"10.1111/tops.12730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12730","url":null,"abstract":"Complex skill learning depends on the joint contribution of multiple interacting systems: working memory (WM), declarative long‐term memory (LTM) and reinforcement learning (RL). The present study aims to understand individual differences in the relative contributions of these systems during learning. We built four idiographic, ACT‐R models of performance on the stimulus‐response learning, Reinforcement Learning Working Memory task. The task consisted of short 3‐image, and long 6‐image, feedback‐based learning blocks. A no‐feedback test phase was administered after learning, with an interfering task inserted between learning and test. Our four models included two single‐mechanism RL and LTM models, and two integrated RL‐LTM models: (a) RL‐based meta‐learning, which selects RL or LTM to learn based on recent success, and (b) a parameterized RL‐LTM selection model at fixed proportions independent of learning success. Each model was the best fit for some proportion of our learners (LTM: 68.7%, RL: 4.8%, Meta‐RL: 13.25%, bias‐RL:13.25% of participants), suggesting fundamental differences in the way individuals deploy basic learning mechanisms, even for a simple stimulus‐response task. Finally, long‐term declarative memory seems to be the preferred learning strategy for this task regardless of block length (3‐ vs 6‐image blocks), as determined by the large number of subjects whose learning characteristics were best captured by the LTM only model, and a preference for LTM over RL in both of our integrated‐models, owing to the strength of our idiographic approach.","PeriodicalId":47822,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140570117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Conspiracy Theory as Individual and Group Behavior: Observations from the Flat Earth International Conference. 作为个人和群体行为的阴谋论：来自平地国际会议的观察。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-18 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12662

Philip M Fernbach, Jonathan E Bogard

{"title":"Conspiracy Theory as Individual and Group Behavior: Observations from the Flat Earth International Conference.","authors":"Philip M Fernbach, Jonathan E Bogard","doi":"10.1111/tops.12662","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tops.12662","url":null,"abstract":"Conspiratorial thinking has been with humanity for a long time but has recently grown as a source of societal concern and as a subject of research in the cognitive and social sciences. We propose a three-tiered framework for the study of conspiracy theories: (1) cognitive processes, (2) the individual, and (3) social processes and communities of knowledge. At the level of cognitive processes, we identify explanatory coherence and faulty belief updating as critical ideas. At the level of the community of knowledge, we explore how conspiracy communities facilitate false belief by promoting a contagious sense of understanding, and how community norms catalyze the biased assimilation of evidence. We review recent research on conspiracy theories and explain how conspiratorial thinking emerges from the interaction of individual and group processes. As a case study, we describe observations the first author made while attending the Flat Earth International Conference, a meeting of conspiracy theorists who believe the Earth is flat. Rather than treating conspiracy belief as pathological, we take the perspective that is an extreme outcome of common cognitive processes.","PeriodicalId":47822,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":"187-205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9480646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Collaborative Recall and the Construction of Collective Memory Organization: The Impact of Group Structure. 协作回忆与集体记忆组织的构建：群体结构的影响

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12639

Garrett D Greeley, Vanessa Chan, Hae-Yoon Choi, Suparna Rajaram

{"title":"Collaborative Recall and the Construction of Collective Memory Organization: The Impact of Group Structure.","authors":"Garrett D Greeley, Vanessa Chan, Hae-Yoon Choi, Suparna Rajaram","doi":"10.1111/tops.12639","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tops.12639","url":null,"abstract":"Collaborative recall synchronizes downstream individual retrieval processes, giving rise to collective organization. However, little is known about whether particular stimulus features (e.g., semantic relatedness) are necessary for constructing collective organization and how group dynamics (e.g., reconfiguration) moderates it. We leveraged novel quantitative measures and a rich dataset reported in recent articles to address, (a) whether collective organization emerges even for semantically unrelated material and (b) how group reconfiguration-changing partners from one recall to the next-influences collective organization. Participants studied unrelated words and completed three consecutive recalls in one of three conditions: Always recalling individually (III), collaborating with the same partners twice before recalling alone (CCI), or collaborating with different group members during two initial recalls, before recalling alone (CRI). Collective organization increased significantly following any collaboration (CCI or CRI), relative to \"groups\" who never collaborated (III). Interestingly, collaborating repeatedly with the same partners (CCI) did not increase collective organization compared to reconfigured groups, irrespective of the reference group structure (from Recall 1 or 2). Individuals, however, did tend to base their final individual retrieval on the most recent group recall. We discuss how the fundamental processes that underlie dynamic social interactions align the cognitive processes of many, laying the foundation for other collective phenomena, including shared biases, attitudes, and beliefs.","PeriodicalId":47822,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":"282-301"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9263931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Introduction to topiCS Volume 16, Issue 2. TopiCS 简介》第 16 卷第 2 期。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-30 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12732

Andrea Bender

引用次数: 0

The Wisdom of the Crowd is not a Forgone Conclusion. Effects of Self-Selection on (Collaborative) Knowledge Construction. 群众的智慧不是被遗忘的结论。自我选择对（合作）知识构建的影响。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-22 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12647

Marie-Christin Krebs, Aileen Oeberst, Ina von der Beck

{"title":"The Wisdom of the Crowd is not a Forgone Conclusion. Effects of Self-Selection on (Collaborative) Knowledge Construction.","authors":"Marie-Christin Krebs, Aileen Oeberst, Ina von der Beck","doi":"10.1111/tops.12647","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tops.12647","url":null,"abstract":"Web 2.0 has elevated the possibilities of collaboration to unprecedented levels. Therein lies great potential, as the aptly coined phenomenon \"Wisdom of the Crowd\" implies. When it comes to controversial topics, however, there is no safety in numbers alone. On the contrary, collaboration among only like-minded people may even exacerbate biases (e.g., Echo Chambers). Yet, it is human nature to seek out like-minded others. Consequently, the process of self-selection is crucial if the heterogeneity of opinions serves as a safeguard against undesirable effects of group processes (e.g., attitude polarization). Accordingly, online environments that invite more heterogeneous (vs. homogeneous) users should produce less biased content. We tested this hypothesis in a field study, comparing articles on the same 20 controversial topics from the online encyclopedias Conservapedia and RationalWiki with Wikipedia (and Britannica serving as a gold standard) and exploring the opinions of discussants in the three online encyclopedias. As expected, articles from Conservapedia and RationalWiki were significantly less balanced than articles from Wikipedia and Britannica. We replicated this finding in a lab study with 257 participants who self-selected to one of three online wikis (Vegan Love, Nutrition, Meat & Fish) and individually as well as collaboratively wrote an encyclopedia-like article about \"Diets.\" As expected, Wikis with a specific focus (Vegan Love, Meat & Fish) predominantly attracted authors with a positive attitude toward this focus and, as a consequence, resulted in more biased content than in the Nutrition Wiki. Overall, our results suggest that crowds alone do not guarantee wisdom-self-selection is a crucial process that needs to be taken into account.","PeriodicalId":47822,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":"206-224"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9658149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What Makes Us Smart? 是什么让我们变得聪明？

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-22 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12656

Joseph Henrich, Michael Muthukrishna

{"title":"What Makes Us Smart?","authors":"Joseph Henrich, Michael Muthukrishna","doi":"10.1111/tops.12656","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tops.12656","url":null,"abstract":"How did humans become clever enough to live in nearly every major ecosystem on earth, create vaccines against deadly plagues, explore the oceans depths, and routinely traverse the globe at 30,000 feet in aluminum tubes while nibbling on roasted almonds? Drawing on recent developments in our understanding of human evolution, we consider what makes us distinctively smarter than other animals. Contrary to conventional wisdom, human brilliance emerges not from our innate brainpower or raw computational capacities, but from the sharing of information in communities and networks over generations. We review how larger, more diverse, and more optimally interconnected networks of minds give rise to faster innovation and how the cognitive products of this cumulative cultural evolutionary process feedback to make us individually \"smarter\"-in the sense of being better at meeting the challenges and problems posed by our societies and socioecologies. Here, we consider not only how cultural evolution supplies us with \"thinking tools\" (like counting systems and fractions) but also how it has shaped our ontologies (e.g., do germs and witches exist?) and epistemologies, including our notions of what constitutes a \"good reason\" or \"good evidence\" (e.g., are dreams a source of evidence?). Building on this, we consider how cultural evolution has organized and distributed cultural knowledge and cognitive tasks among subpopulations, effectively shifting both thinking and production to the level of the community, population, or network, resulting in collective information processing and group decisions. Cultural evolution can turn mindless mobs into wise crowds by facilitating and constraining cognition through a wide variety of epistemic institutions-political, legal, and scientific. These institutions process information and aid better decision-making by suppressing or encouraging the use of different cultural epistemologies and ontologies.","PeriodicalId":47822,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":"322-342"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9386827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How to Become a Memory: The Individual and Collective Aspects of Mnemicity. 如何成为记忆：记忆的个人和集体方面。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12646

Johannes B Mahr

{"title":"How to Become a Memory: The Individual and Collective Aspects of Mnemicity.","authors":"Johannes B Mahr","doi":"10.1111/tops.12646","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tops.12646","url":null,"abstract":"Human adults distinguish their mental event simulations along various dimensions-most prominently according to their \"mnemicity\": we track whether these simulations are outcomes of past personal experiences or not (i.e., whether we are \"remembering\" or \"imagining\"). This distinction between memory and imagination is commonly thought to reflect a deep architectural distinction in the mind. Against this idea, I argue that mnemicity is not based on a fundamentalstructural difference between memories and imaginations but is instead the result of metacognitive attribution and social construction. On this attributional view, mnemicity is likely a uniquely human capacity that both serves collective functions and has been shaped by collective norms. First, on the individual level, mnemicity attribution is an outcome of metacognitive learning: it relies on acquired interpretations of the phenomenal features of mental event simulations. Such interpretations are in part acquired through interactive reminiscing with other community members. Further, how the distinction between memory and imagination is drawn is likely sensitive to cultural norms about what remembering is, when it is appropriate to claim to remember, what can be remembered, and what remembering entails. As a result, how individuals determine whether they remember or imagine is bound to be deeply enculturated. Second, mnemicity attribution solves an important collective challenge: who to grant epistemic authority about the past. Solving this challenge is important because-for humans-the past represents not just an opportunity to learn about the future but to coordinate present social realities. How a community determines such social realities both draws on individuals' remembering and in turn shapes when, what, and how individuals remember.","PeriodicalId":47822,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":"225-240"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9696696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

By Design: How People Adapt to Cognitive Limitations in Politics. 设计：人们如何适应政治中的认知局限》（How People Adapt to Cognitive Limitations in Politics）。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12690

Arthur Lupia

引用次数: 0

The Collaborative Nature of Testimonial Learning. 证明学习的合作性质。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12707

Pearl Han Li, Erika R DeAngelis, Norwood Glaspie, Melissa A Koenig

引用次数: 0

The Emergence of Specialized Roles Within Groups. 群体内专业角色的出现。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-26 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12644

Robert L Goldstone, Edgar J Andrade-Lotero, Robert D Hawkins, Michael E Roberts

{"title":"The Emergence of Specialized Roles Within Groups.","authors":"Robert L Goldstone, Edgar J Andrade-Lotero, Robert D Hawkins, Michael E Roberts","doi":"10.1111/tops.12644","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tops.12644","url":null,"abstract":"Humans routinely form groups to achieve goals that no individual can accomplish alone. Group coordination often brings to mind synchrony and alignment, where all individuals do the same thing (e.g., driving on the right side of the road, marching in lockstep, or playing musical instruments on a regular beat). Yet, effective coordination also typically involves differentiation, where specialized roles emerge for different members (e.g., prep stations in a kitchen or positions on an athletic team). Role specialization poses a challenge for computational models of group coordination, which have largely focused on achieving synchrony. Here, we present the CARMI framework, which characterizes role specialization processes in terms of five core features that we hope will help guide future model development: Communication, Adaptation to feedback, Repulsion, Multi-level planning, and Intention modeling. Although there are many paths to role formation, we suggest that roles emerge when each agent in a group dynamically allocates their behavior toward a shared goal to complement what they expect others to do. In other words, coordination concerns beliefs (who will do what) rather than simple actions. We describe three related experimental paradigms-\"Group Binary Search,\" \"Battles of the Exes,\" and \"Find the Unicorn\"-that we have used to study differentiation processes in the lab, each emphasizing different aspects of the CARMI framework.","PeriodicalId":47822,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":"257-281"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10780696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0